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PubMed1983

Quantitative changes in in vitro and in vivo protein synthesis in aging and rejuvenated soybean cotyledons.

Cotyledons of light-grown soybean (Glycine max L. var Wayne) seedlings were used as a model system to study the possibility that aging requires qualitative changes in protein synthesis. Cotyledons reached a final stage of senescence and then abscised about 22 days after imbibition. Cotyledon senescence was reversed at 20 days after germination by epicotyl removal. Thereafter, the cotyledons regained much of the chlorophyll, RNA, protein, and polyribosomes lost during aging.Total poly(A)mRNA was extracted from 4-, 12-, 20-day-old, and rejuvenated cotyledons and translated in a wheat germ system. Comparison of translation products on two-dimensional O'Farrell gels showed that many translation products increased in quantity during aging, while roughly half as many decreased. Rejuvenation returned the translation products to approximately 4-day-old levels in roughly half of those products which were diminished with age. Conversely, almost one-third of the products which had increased with age decreased with rejuvenation. None of the translation products were totally lost nor were newly synthesized products detected during aging. Therefore, aging in this system probably does not involve complete gene repression or depression. The observation that epicotyl removal causes a reversal in the levels of various proteins synthesized in vitro was corroborated by similar observations following in vivo labeling of cotyledon sections and analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Densitometric scans of fluorograms revealed a gradual shift in profiles of both in vitro and in vivo translation products during aging. Rejuvenated cotyledon proteins had a profile resembling that of 4-day-old cotyledons. The overall level of [(35)S]methionine incorporation into protein in vivo declined gradually during aging but was restored to 4-day-old levels within 2 days after epicotyl removal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Complete suppression of protein synthesis during anoxia with no post-anoxia protein synthesis debt in the red-eared slider turtle Trachemys scripta elegans.

Two previous studies of the effects of anoxia on protein synthesis in anoxia-tolerant turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, Chrysemys picta bellii) have generated opposing results. Using the flooding-dose method, we measured the rate of protein synthesis following injection and incorporation of a large dose of radiolabelled phenylalanine to resolve the question of whether anoxia results in a downregulation of protein synthesis. After 1 h of anoxia, levels of protein-incorporated radiolabel indicated that protein synthesis rates in the intestine, heart, liver, brain, muscle and lungs were not significantly different from those of normoxic controls. However, from 1 to 6 h of anoxia, quantities of protein-incorporated radiolabel did not increase, suggesting that protein synthesis had ceased or had decreased below a measurable level. There was also no significant post-anoxia increase in protein synthesis rates above normoxic control levels during 3 h of recovery from anoxia. RNA-to-protein ratios did not change significantly in any tissue except the heart, in which RNA levels decreased below normoxic control levels after 6 h of anoxia. Except in the heart, downregulation of protein synthesis during anoxia does not appear to be mediated by changes in tissue RNA concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA size heterogeneity in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome.

As an approach to understanding the abnormalities of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene regulation in human ACTH-secreting tumours, we have analysed the POMC mRNA content of nine such tumours using the Northern blot technique. Most of the tumours and normal human pituitary contained easily detectable quantities of POMC mRNA. The length of this message in most tumours was similar to, or slightly larger than, that in the normal pituitary (1150-1200 bases). Ribonuclease H studies suggested that the origin of any size heterogeneity was a longer poly(A) tail in the tumour RNA. Some tumours, however, expressed a short POMC mRNA (800 bases) which may lack the first two exons of the POMC gene as has been described. A third POMC mRNA size variant (1500 bases) was also seen in low levels in two cases, and as the principal mRNA species in one case. Primer extension and S1 nuclease protection studies suggested that most transcripts in the tumours analysed originated from the conventional promoter, and thus the use of an alternative promoter is not an adequate explanation for the expression of this gene in ectopic ACTH-secreting tumours.

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic↗
PubMed1994

The effect of fasting on insulin-like growth factor-I nuclear transcript abundance in rat liver.

The abundance of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) messenger RNA (mRNA) is decreased in the liver of fasting, protein-restricted, and energy-restricted rats. The extent to which this decrease in steady state mRNA abundance may be attributed to a decrease in IGF-I gene transcription remains unresolved. In the present study, we used an RNase protection assay to quantify IGF-I nuclear transcript (pre-mRNA) and mRNA abundance in whole cellular RNA isolated from liver of fasted and nonfasted male rats (4-6 weeks of age). The results of the RNase protection assay of IGF-I nuclear transcripts were strongly correlated with the results of nuclear transcription elongation (run-on) assays (r > 0.90; P < 0.001). In addition, the RNase protection assay allows for a greater capability for sensitively monitoring gene transcription in a large number of samples. In four different experiments, a consistent decrease in the quantity of IGF-I nuclear transcripts was observed in liver of animals fasted for 72 h, whereas IGF-I pre-mRNA abundance in animals fed ad libitum was highly variable (average intraassay coefficient of variation = 74% vs. 34% for nonfasted and fasted groups). When data from the four experiments were pooled, fasting reduced IGF-I pre-mRNA and mRNA levels by 78% and 70% (P < 0.001), respectively. Fasting also caused a significant decrease in mRNA and nuclear transcript abundance for another nutritionally sensitive gene, the gene encoding transthyretin (TTR). To determine whether the decrease in IGF-I and TTR nuclear transcripts was gene specific, levels of nuclear transcripts for serum albumin, H-ferritin, and ribosomal RNA were also quantified. The results indicated that serum albumin, H-ferritin, and ribosomal RNA nuclear transcripts were not decreased by fasting, demonstrating that the negative effect of fasting was specific for IGF-I and TTR. In summary, these results indicate that IGF-I and TTR nuclear transcripts are specifically decreased by fasting. The decrease in IGF-I mRNA is matched by a similar decrease in IGF-I nuclear transcripts, suggesting that fasting controls IGF-I gene expression primarily at the transcriptional level.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of hepatic copper, zinc, metallothionein and metallothionein-Ia mRNA in developing sheep.

The concentrations of zinc, copper, metallothionein and metallothionein-Ia mRNA in sheep livers during development was determined. It was found that early sheep foetuses (30-40 days gestation) had very high concentrations of hepatic zinc (2305 +/- 814 micrograms/g dry mass), and that these levels declined steadily to 644 +/- 304 micrograms/g near to term. The copper concentrations in the foetal livers were not higher than those in the adult. The concentrations of metallothionein and metallothionein-Ia mRNA were also very high in the foetal livers and declined steadily during gestation from 261 +/- 94 molecules/pg RNA to 71 +/- 18 molecules/pg near to term. Metallothionein-Ia mRNA concentrations were closely correlated with hepatic zinc concentrations but not with copper. Metallothionein concentrations also decreased during gestation: e.g. 3044 micrograms/g (wet mass) in one foetus on day 34 of gestation to 862 micrograms/g on day 125. After birth, however, the concentrations of metallothionein declined to less than 100 micrograms/g and this decline occurred despite the presence of significant quantities of mRNA. The ratio of metallothionein/metallothionein-Ia mRNA decreased from 1.3 to 3.2 x 10(5) molecules metallothionein/molecule of metallothionein-Ia mRNA during gestation to between 0.28-0.64 x 10(5) molecules/molecule in the postnatal animals. We conclude that the major function of metallothioneins in the foetal liver is protection of the liver against the potentially toxic accumulation of zinc. In the postnatal sheep there appears to be a decreased synthesis or increased degradation of metallothionein.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Study on the diagnostic significance of detecting the expression of AChR-gamma mRNA in rhabdomyosarcoma tissues].

OBJECTIVE: To detect over-expression of AChR-gamma mRNA in rhabdomyosarcoma tissues by duplex RT-PCR and discuss its potential in diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. METHODS: Duplex RT-PCR was applied to the simultaneous detection of AChR-alpha and gamma subunit messenger RNA in 17 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (9 ERMS, 6 ARMS, 2 PRMS). 20 cases of non-rhabdomyosarcomous small round cell tumors (6 poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas, 6 ES/PNET, 6 lymphomas, 2 neuroblastomas) and three normal muscle samples were also detected for AChR-alpha and gamma mRNA by the same method. RESULTS: AChR-alpha and AChR-gamma mRNA were expressed in all the cases of rhabdomyosarcoma. The rate of quantity in both transcripts was AChR-gamma/AChR-alpha >or= 1, but the rate for three normal muscle samples was < 1. Cases of non-rhabdomyosarcomous small round cell tumors were all negative for AChR-gamma. CONCLUSION: AChR-gamma mRNA expression detected by molecular genetic methods is useful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1997

The role of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.

PURPOSE: The role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is still undefined. Elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha have been measured in infants with NEC, while elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) have been reported in newborn infants with clinical sepsis. However, the cellular source of the NO or cytokines is unknown. The authors hypothesized that local intestinal production of NO induced by cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of bowel necrosis in NEC by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis of the enterocytes. We examined the levels of inflammatory cytokines and NO in the intestine of infants undergoing surgical resection for NEC, and the cellular localization of human inducible NO synthase (NOS-2) in the inflamed gut. METHODS: We compared 15 patients undergoing bowel resection for NEC, with six infants (of similar age) undergoing intestinal resection for ileal atresia or stricture, meconium peritonitis, intussusception, or cecal perforation (control). Diagnosis of NEC was confirmed histologically. Representative segments of the surgical specimen were examined for messenger RNA (mRNA) for NOS-2 by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Cytokine mRNA was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because mRNA could not be detected by Northern blotting. The site of NO production was determined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was measured using in situ DNA strand break extension (TUNEL). Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was assessed to determine if NO mediates cellular injury via peroxynitrite formation. RESULTS: Messenger RNA for NOS-2 was detected in nearly all patients with NEC except for one infant who underwent proximal diverting jejunostomy alone, and who did not have histological evidence of NEC at that site. NOS-2 mRNA was detected less frequently in control patients. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that the enterocytes were the predominant source of NOS-2 activity in the intestine of NEC patients. Extensive apoptosis was seen in enterocytes in the apical villi of infants with NEC, and correlated with nitrotyrosine staining. NOS-2 activity was markedly diminished at the time of stoma closure, but remained elevated in infants who died from progressive disease. PCR showed variable cytokine mRNA expression in the intestine. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta expression was nearly identical in NEC and control. However, interferon (IFN)-gamma was present in 9 of 10 NEC, but only in one of six control patients. CONCLUSION: The data show that NO is produced in large quantity by enterocytes in the intestinal wall of infants with NEC and leads to apoptosis of enterocytes in apical villi through peroxynitrite formation.

Cytokines↗
PubMed2000

Up-regulation of adrenal cortical and medullary atrial natriuretic peptide and gene expression in rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt treatment.

Our previous study demonstrated that human adrenal medulla is a site of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) synthesis. To further evaluate the role of adrenal ANP in body fluid homeostasis, we investigated the changes in adrenal ANP in rats receiving deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study showed that adrenal ANP messenger RNA (mRNA) and ANP-like immunoreactivities (ANP-LI) were mainly localized in the zona glomerulosa and medulla of vehicle-treated rats. DOCA-salt treatment activated ANP mRNA and peptide expression in all adrenal zones, especially in the zona fasciculata/reticularis from 12 h to the entire 8-day study period. Using a semiquantitative RT-PCR technique, the relative quantities of ANP mRNA in the adrenals of the DOCA-salt-treated group were significantly increased from 1 to 8 days, whereas the adrenal weights of DOCA-salt-treated rats were significantly decreased from day 2 to day 8. Our results are the first to indicate that ANP is synthesized not only in the adrenal medulla but also in the adrenal cortex and their syntheses are markedly increased in DOCA-salt-treated rats. These results imply that adrenal ANP may participate in the intraadrenal regulation of adrenal function on water-electrolyte homeostasis in an autocrine or paracrine manner.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2006

The relationship among nephrin, podocin, CD2AP, and alpha-actinin might not be a true 'interaction' in podocyte.

The abnormality of a single podocyte molecule, caused by a single gene mutation, such as NPHS1, NPHS2, CD2AP, and ACTN4, can lead to the hereditary/congenital nephrotic syndromes (NS). Further studies suggested that more than one podocyte molecule were together involved in acquired or experimental NS. However, we do not know much on the relationship among these podocyte molecules, and the molecular response induced by the change of each podocyte protein to the remaining ones. We respectively knockdown the nephrin, podocin, CD2AP, or alpha-actinin-4 mRNA by using reconstructed RNA interference vector--psiRNA-hH1GFPzeo in mouse podocyte clone. The molecular behavior or response was revealed by the quantitative expression both at mRNA and protein levels with RT-PCR and Western blot, and by the molecular distribution detected with confocal microscopy. With nephrin knockdown, only CD2AP increased, whereas podocin showed no change. Contrarily, with podocin or CD2AP knockdown, nephrin decreased, while CD2AP or podocin increased. Nephrin, podocin, or CD2AP knockdown did not change the expression of alpha-actinin-4, whereas alpha-actinin-4 knockdown begetted the reduction of nephrin, and the increment of podocin and CD2AP. The redistributions of nephrin, podocin, and CD2AP were revealed around a predominant nuclear staining compared with the membrane surface staining in the control podocytes. Our data imply that the response between the four podocyte molecules is very complicated and evidently different. There is not always an interaction between podocyte molecules. The normal localization of podocyte molecules would depend on their normal expression quantity and the molecular reactions between them.

Actinin↗
PubMed1985

Partial suppression of an ochre mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by multicopy plasmids containing a normal yeast tRNAGln gene.

We screened a yeast genomic library for recombinant DNA plasmids that complemented the ultraviolet (u.v.) sensitivity of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae designated rad4-3 that is defective in excision repair of DNA. A multicopy plasmid (pNF4000) with a 9.4 X 10(3) base-pair yeast DNA insert partially complemented the u.v. sensitivity of rad4-3, but not of two other rad4 allelic mutants (rad4-2 and rad4-4), or of other u.v.-sensitive rad mutants. The yeast insert was analyzed by restriction mapping, DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA-tRNA hybridization and DNA sequencing. This analysis revealed the presence of a normal tRNAGln gene, a yeast sigma element situated 5' to the transfer RNA gene, a Ty element and a solo delta element. Deletion analysis of pNF4000 showed that the tRNAGln gene is required for partial complementation of the u.v. sensitivity of rad4-3. Furthermore, a multicopy plasmid containing a tRNAGln gene derived from a different region of the yeast genome also partially complemented the u.v. sensitivity of rad4-3. The rad4-3 mutation is suppressed following transformation with a plasmid containing the known ochre suppressor SUP11-o, indicating that it is an ochre mutation. We therefore conclude that when expressed in sufficient quantity, normal tRNAGln (which usually decodes the sense codon CAA) can weakly suppress the nonsense ochre codon UAA, and suggest that this represents an example of wobble occurring at the first rather than at the third position of the codon.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Antisense inhibition of group II phospholipase A2 expression blocks the production of prostaglandin E2 by P388D1 cells.

Macrophage-like P388D1 cells release [3H]arachidonic acid and produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) upon stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). To determine whether group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is involved in this release, we treated P388D1 cells with antisense inhibitors specific for group II PLA2 RNA. Treatment with oligonucleotide ASGII decreased PLA2 activity in P388D1 cell homogenates by approximately 60% and reduced the release of [3H]arachidonic acid and PGE2 from activated cells to nearly resting cell levels. The inhibition by antisense oligonucleotide ASGII was blocked when its sense complement, SGII, was included in the incubation mixture. Stably transfected P388D1 cells expressing an antisense construct for group II PLA2 also produced reduced quantities of PGE2 in response to LPS and PAF. These data suggest that prostaglandin production by activated P388D1 cells involves phospholipid hydrolysis by group II PLA2. Oligonucleotide ASGII also blocked the appearance of a heparin-releasable group II PLA2 in the culture supernatants of P388D1 cells. The disappearance of this protein correlated with reduced PGE2 production by activated cells, indicating that an extracellular heparin-associated pool of group II PLA2 is involved in prostaglandin production by P388D1 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Human cytotrophoblast cells cultured in maternal serum progress to a differentiated syncytial phenotype expressing both human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen.

Under appropriate conditions, protease-dispersed cytotrophoblast cells from human term placenta fuse and differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast cells that express hCG. Although human placental lactogen (hPL) is also expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast in vivo, little hPL is expressed by trophoblast cells differentiated in vitro using standard tissue culture medium or keratinocyte growth medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. In this report, we demonstrate that cytotrophoblast cells fuse and differentiate to a phenotype that expresses large amounts of both hCG and hPL when cultured in medium containing maternal serum. When protease-dispersed cytotrophoblast cells were plated in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% second trimester (16-22 week) maternal serum (STMS medium), extensive cell fusion was observed by day 3 in culture. Cell fusion appeared to be essentially complete by day 6, coinciding with the peak of hCG expression and the initiation of hPL expression. The peak of hCG expression occurred between days 4-7 of an experiment; the range for maximal release of hCG was 0.1-3.7 micrograms/24 h.well when cells were plated at a density of 10(6)/well. In contrast, the peak of hPL expression occurred between days 7-11 of an experiment, and the range of maximal hPL release was 0.9-3.5 micrograms/24 h.well. Northern blot analysis indicated that the level of hPL messenger RNA (mRNA) paralleled the release of hormone. However, whereas the hCG beta-subunit mRNA paralleled the release of hCG, the hCG alpha-subunit mRNA did not, suggesting that the two genes are independently regulated. Cells cultured in nonpregnant (male or female) serum-supplemented medium also differentiated to the syncytiotrophoblast phenotype following a temporal pattern almost identical to that observed for cells cultured in STMS. However, the quantity of hormone released was at least 2-fold greater with STMS. Compared to RPMI-1640 or keratinocyte growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, STMS induced equal or greater expression of hCG and substantially greater expression of hPL at the level of both mRNA and protein. The extent of cell fusion, the level of hormone expression, and the regulated patterns of hormone expression suggest that cytotrophoblast cells cultured in maternal serum progress to an advanced stage of trophoblast differentiation.

Blood↗
PubMed1979

Nucleolar reorganization in liver cells of the aging rat.

The nucleoli of rat liver cells duplicate in great detail the life-long series of reorganizational changes encountered in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. The ultrastructural components of the large, loosely organized polymorphous nucleoli, which are dominant in the rapidly multiplying stem cells of embryos, are readily accessible for chemical activities. Smaller, more compact amphinucleoli are dominant in more mature cells, which were characterized by Smetana ('70) as "idling" cells, showing slowly continuing ribosome formation and RNP synthesis. In older cells bipartite nucleoli become dominant and are reorganized in increasing numbers from the younger amphinucleoli. These, however, are not replaced in equal numbers from the shrinking pool of polymorphs of young cells which have greatly reduced mitotic potential. Paralleling the shifts in dominant nucleolar types, the high level of protein synthesis declines in older cells not only in the quantity of proteins synthesized but also in kinds of enzymes produced. These fail to meet the structural and functional requirements of aging cells leading ultimately to the onset of age-related degenerative changes. Again it is noted that separation of the karyosomal DNA from the plasmosomal RNA-protein complex of the nucleolus may lead to possible breakdown of the DNA-dependent RNA-protein transcription system ultimately bringing protein synthesis to a very low level in the senescent animal.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Neutral additives enhance the metal-chelate affinity adsorption of nucleic acids: role of water activity.

Immobilized metal-chelate affinity chromatography has been widely used in the purification of proteins, and we have recently found that it can also be applied to purification of nucleic acids through interactions involving exposed bases, especially purines. Here we report that the inclusion of moderate quantities of neutral solutes in the buffer substantially enhances the binding affinity of nucleic acids for immobilized metal-chelate affinity adsorbents. Addition of 20% (v/v) of solutes such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide enhances the initial affinity of binding of total yeast RNA by 4.4-, 3.8-, 3.7-, 3.0-, and 2.8-fold, respectively for Cu(II)-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) agarose adsorbent, and the weaker adsorption by Cu(II)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose was even more strongly enhanced. The adsorption affinities of the smaller oligodeoxynucleotide molecules A20, G20, C20 and T20 also increase with the addition of ethanol, suggesting that the effect is not significantly mediated by conformational changes. Binding enhancement generally correlates with reduction of water activity by the various solutes, as predicted by several models of solution thermodynamics, consistent with an entropic contribution by displacement of waters from the metal-chelate. Interestingly, the enhancement was not seen with the proteins bovine serum albumin and lysozyme.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1981

Unspliced functional late 19S mRNAs containing intervening sequences are produced by a late leader mutant of simian virus 40.

dl-805 is a viable deletion mutant of simian virus 40 lacking 187 of the 202 nucleotides coding for the principal leader of the wild-type viral late mRNAs. The structures of the mutant late 16S and 19S RNAs and proteins were examined with the following principal findings. (i) The vast majority, if not all, of the 19S RNAs are unspliced over their entire length. These RNAs contain intervening sequences and serve as mRNAs. The vast majority, if not all, of the 16S RNAs, however, retain the characteristic wild-type splice. (ii) Mutant 16S and 19S RNAs do not terminate at residue 243 (located six nucleotides upstream from the 5' end of the deleted DNA segment), the principal 5' terminus of the wild-type late mRNAs; rather, they begin at a series of sites, mostly upstream, used infrequently or not at all by wild-type virus. (iii) Despite the presence of altered late mRNAs, dl-805 late proteins have electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of wild-type late proteins, and mutant virions contain the same relative quantities of late proteins as wild-type virions.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

[Study of the carrying of respiratory tract viruses in steroid-responsive and simple nephrotic syndrome].

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the carrying of respiratory tract viruses and the quantitative change of urinary protein of the steroid-responsive and simple nephrotic syndrome (SRSNS), and to assess the function of respiratory tract viruses in the triggering of the SRSNS, 37 children with nephrotic syndrome underwent the examination of respiratory tract viruses (APAAP method) once a week when they were hospitalized from August 1997 to March 1998. Among them, 17 children had simple nephrotic syndrome and 10 had nephritic nephrosis. Moreover, 18 children with respiratory infection in the same season were chosen as the control and were subjected to the examination of respiratory tract viruses by the same method. In the cases of SRSNS, the percentage for the carrying of respiratory tract viruses increases obviously in the acme, the percentage for the carrying of respiratory tract viruses of SRSNS has close relationship with the quantity of urinary protein (P < 0.05). There is no difference between the constitution of the category of the viruses carried in the acme of SRSNS and that of the viruses in the control (P > 0.05). The most frequently detected respiratory tract viruses in the acme of SRSNS is RNA virus, and that in the control is the same (P > 0.05). In the acme of SRSNS, most children have no symptoms of respiratory infection although respiratory tract viruses were detected. In the SRSNS, the percentage for the carrying of respiratory tract viruses increases obviously in the acme, it has an important relationship with the quantitative change of urinary protein. The category of the respiratory tract viruses detected in the SRSNS has a relationship with the season, this may be the reason why the cases of SRSNS so easily happen and relapse in this season. RNA virus perhaps plays an important role in the triggering of this disease, including the respiratory tract viruses infection and the carrying of respiratory tract viruses without the symptom of respiratory infection.

Carrier State↗