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PubMed1996

Dose assessment activities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

Dose assessments, both retrospective and prospective, comprise one important function of a radiological study commissioned by the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) government in late 1989. Estimating past or future exposure requires the synthesis of information from historical data, results from a recently completed field monitoring program, laboratory measurements, and some experimental studies. Most of the activities in the RMI to date have emphasized a pragmatic rather than theoretical approach. In particular, most of the recent effort has been expended on conducting an independent radiological monitoring program to determine the degree of deposition and the geographical extent of weapons test fallout over the nation. Contamination levels on 70% of the land mass of the Marshall Islands were unknown prior to 1994. The environmental radioactivity data play an integral role in both retrospective and prospective assessments. One recent use of dose assessment has been to interpret environmental measurements of radioactivity into annual doses that might be expected at every atoll. A second use for dose assessment has been to determine compliance with a dose action level for the rehabilitation of Rongelap Island. Careful examination of exposure pathways relevant to the island lifestyle has been necessary to accommodate these purposes. Examples of specific issues studied include defining traditional island diets as well as current day variations, sources of drinking water, uses of tropical plants including those consumed for food and for medicinal purposes, the nature and microvariability of plutonium particles in the soil and unusual pathways of exposure, e.g., that which might be associated with cooking and washing outdoors and inadvertent soil ingestion. A study on the prevalence of thyroid disease is also being conducted and the geographic pattern of disease may be useful as a bioindicator of the geographic pattern of exposure to radioiodine. Finally, an examination is underway of gummed film, fixed-instrument, and aerial survey data accumulated during the 1950's by the Health and Safety Laboratory of the U.S. AEC. This article gives an overview of these many different activities and a summary of recent dose assessments.

Diet↗
PubMed1993

137Cs concentration in soil, prairie plants, and milk from sites in southern Chile.

Soil, prairie plants, and milk samples were collected at 39 dairy farms in the 9th and 10th Region in Southern Chile (38 degrees 44'-41 degrees 08' S) between 1982 and 1990. 137Cs concentrations found in soil, plant, and milk samples ranged from 3.8-17.1 Bq kg-1 for soil, from < 0.3-20 Bq kg-1 dry mass for plants, and from 0.10-0.71 Bq kg-1 for milk. Cesium concentration levels resulting from soil sample measurements exhibit a close similarity with corresponding values found in soils from Central Europe before 1986. The concentration ratio prairie plants:soil ranged from 0.05-0.62, 0.52-5.0, and < 0.02-0.40 corresponding to Dystrandepts, Placandepts, and Palehumults soil groups, respectively. At seven selected dairy farms in the vicinity of Valdivia city (10th Region), soil, prairie plant, and milk samples were taken yearly during the grazing period between 1982 and 1990. Results obtained from soil samples taken after April 1986 show no significant increase of the 137Cs concentration. Concentrations in plants and milk for 137Cs decreased during the observation time. 134Cs (as an indicator of Chernobyl fallout) was not found in soil, plant, or milk samples during 1986-1990.

Animals↗