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PubMed1980

[Epidemiological control of intestinal nematodoses in a rural area of Zaïre (author's transl)].

In order to establish the rational organization of a mass campaign intended to control intestinal parasites in villages of a rural zone in Lower Zaïre, a prevalence study was made of a total population of 3,056 inhabitants. Coprologic examination allowed to determine the following mean levels of prevalence: Ascaris, Lumbricoides 57 per cent, ankylostoma 51 per cent, Stronglyoides stercoralis 14 per cent and Trichuris trichiura 11 per cent. In a prospective survey of nine months allowed to determine the optimal therapeutic coverage to be realized in the municipalities concerned using the epidemiological date as a reference.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Praziquantel in the treatment of human echinococcosis].

In the period from 1989 to 1993, 73 patients with Echinococcus granulosus cysts were treated by prazyquantel. To differentiate cysts tests of indirect immunofluoroscence and hemagglutination were used. The tests were performed during and after the completed treatment. During the treatment three patients were excluded so that 70 patients completed the treatment. Fifty five (78.9%) patients were treated only with drug with a success of 67% (37 patients). The preventive treatment, due to cyst perforation, was performed in 3 (4.3%) patients. Dissemination of illness occurred in no patients. Twelve (16.8%) patients were treated surgically. The parasite was not alive in 7 (58.5%) patients. The vitality of the parasite was controlled by microscopic examination of protoscolex and by their inoculation into rats of AO strain. The total success of treatment was 67.4% (47) of patients. In two patients the treatment was discontinued due to allergic manifestations. In our opinion, the drug treatment was the therapy of choice in patients with Echinococcus granulosus. It should be given prophylactically, preoperatively, to sterilize the cyst and also as a curative treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The biomedical aspects of the persistence of bacteria].

A correlation between the structure and function of bacteria was analyzed in the process of their persistence in the host body. A variety of persistent forms of bacteria was shown to be based on the isolation of their morphological substrate, peptidoglycane, which a cell "masked" (screening by surface bacterial structures, antigenic mimicry), "lost" (L-forms of bacteria, mycoplasmas) or protected against the system of host immunity by secreted factors. A new group of secreted bacterial (antilysozyme, anti-interferon, anti-immunoglobulin, anticomplement) factors, permitting microbial persistence in the host body, was described. Different methodological approaches to their determination were developed on the basis of the principle of "delayed antagonism". Applied aspects of the problem of persistence of bacteria were reviewed. The efficacy of new methods developed for the isolation and identification of a causative agent under the control of persistence markers was demonstrated on facultative microflora in different surgical, obstetrical, gynecological, urological diseases and diseases of internal organs. The facts concerning the use of the factors of bacterial persistence were presented for the solution of therapeutic (selection of means for controlling cell parasites), prognostic (development of carrier state in convalescents) and ecological (microbiological monitoring of the environment) problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Malaria control and longitudinal changes in levels of DDT and its metabolites in human serum from KwaZulu.

Blood samples were obtained on four occasions over a 12-month period from individuals living in KwaZulu, South Africa, who had been exposed to DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) as a consequence of its use in their homes to control transmission of malaria. The longitudinal changes in serum DDT and its major metabolities, DDE and DDD, were determined. No additional risk was considered to have been presented by the increases that occurred following application of the pesticide. There were significant increases in DDT, DDE and sigma DDT (DDT + its metabolites) for the age group > or = 21 years, but for the age group 3-20 years a reduction in serum levels occurred over 12 months. Two concurrent processes probably govern the increase and decrease in serum levels, and the relative contributions of each interchange as the individual becomes older. The results suggest that children in KwaZulu experience conditions that differ from those of their parents, as well as from those that affect children in developed countries. In consequence, it is desirable that risk assessments of vector control chemicals consider all sectors of a population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Use of malaria prevention measures in Malawian households.

Information on malaria prevention practices in households was obtained in a nation-wide knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey in Malawi. Of the 1,531 heads of household questioned, 55% were able to identify mosquitoes as the cause of malaria. Use of any type of malaria prevention method was reported by 52% of respondents. Among users, 47% used commercial products (insecticide, mosquito coils, bednets), and 64% used natural measures (burning leaves, dung, or wood); 11% used both. The most common commercial measure used was mosquito coils (16%) followed by insecticide spray (11%) and bednets (7%). Increasing household income and educational level of the household head were strongly correlated with use of commercial methods to prevent malaria; households with an income ranked moderate or greater were eight times more likely to have used a purchased product. Use of natural measures was correlated with lower income and educational level. Thirty-six percent of respondents reported having heard or seen information on malaria in the previous year. Use of household malaria preventive measures in Malawi is very low and income-dependent. Educational messages are required to improve understanding and use of affordable measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Socioeconomic factors in malaria control.

A knowledge of people's perceptions of malaria and of the socioeconomic implications of the disease is of considerable value when control programmes are being planned and implemented. Observations on these matters are reported from Ghana.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of national malaria control programmes in Africa.

Evaluation is an essential management tool for the improvement of public health programmes or projects. As malaria morbidity and mortality continue to increase in most countries in Africa, international agencies and malaria control programme managers have identified the strengthening of programme evaluation as an important strategy for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of malaria control programmes. Managers can develop an evaluation strategy only after they have defined programme objectives and planned specific programme activities. Indicators should be directly related to programme objectives and should be selected on the basis of the following criteria: their validity; reliability; ability to detect change within a reasonable time period and as a result of successful programme implementation; ability to be interpreted; and usefulness in guiding programme change. Only those indicators that can be measured with available programme resources should be selected. Managers will also need to identify the sources of indicator data and to determine how often each indicator will be measured. Programme managers should develop criteria or indicators for the following: programme policies and plans; the process of programme implementation; the outcomes of malaria control interventions in disease management and prevention; and programme impact in terms of reductions in malaria-related mortality and morbidity. Key issues related to the management of evaluation activities within a national programme include the need to begin with available resources and build incrementally; to explore options for administering evaluation activities; to select, train and supervise staff who carry out evaluation activities; to develop quality control strategies; and to ensure that data are managed and communicated in ways that support effective programme decision-making. For evaluation to lead to improvements in malaria control programmes it must be clearly defined as a part of the programme management process. Programme managers should lead this developmental process, ensuring that evaluation methods produce the information they need to monitor and improve their programmes at reasonable cost.

Africa↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of malaria fever episodes among children in Malawi: results of a KAP survey.

Caretakers of children (< 10 years of age) were questioned about management of pediatric malarial fever episodes in a nation-wide knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey conducted in Malawi. A total of 1,531 households in 30 randomly selected clusters of 51 households each were sampled and interviewed. Overall 557 caretakers reported a fever in their child in the previous 2 weeks; 43%-judged the illness as severe. Fifty-two percent of caretakers brought their febrile children to clinic. Clinic attendance was positively correlated with young age of the child (< 4 years), severe illness, and higher socioeconomic status. Seventy-four percent of clinic attenders gave their child an antimalarial; in contrast, only 42% of those not attending clinic gave an antimalarial. Optimal therapy (administration of an antimalarial promptly and at the proper dosage) was received by only 7% of febrile children. Children taken to clinic were twice as likely to receive optimal therapy as were non-attenders. Identification of critical points in the optimal therapy algorithm and characteristics of caretakers linked with sub-optimal therapy may help malaria control programs target specific groups and health education messages to improve treatment of malaria fever episodes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador: popular perceptions, knowledge, and treatment.

Popular perceptions and knowledge about cutaneous leishmaniasis and its treatment were studied in an endemic area of subtropical Northwest Ecuador. Although most of the adults surveyed were familiar with the disease, the vector, and traditional treatments, many showed a lack of knowledge about transmission of the disease, ulcer healing, and conventional treatment. Gender was found to have a significant impact on disease risk, perceptions, and treatment knowledge. Males experienced a risk of contracting cutaneous leishmaniasis that was almost triple that of women. Men were also more likely to perceive that the disease seriously diminished the victim's capacity to work. Women, on the other hand, were more prone to perceive that cutaneous leishmaniasis was a serious disease that significantly decreased self-esteem. Although 80% of the subjects knew at least one method of treating the disease, women tended to know more methods than men. Most of 150 different therapies reported involved the use of indigenous plants, chemicals, acids, antibiotics, heat treatments, or petroleum by-products. Some of these treatments could have clinical value. However, only 7% of the subjects knew about pentavalent antimonials. Almost 70% of the subjects with a past or present infection history were treated solely by traditional methods; only 12% received a full course of Glucantime, while 7.5% got an incomplete course. The findings indicate that it will be important to consider the identified gaps in knowledge and gender perceptions regarding the disease and its treatment when planning future control programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge, attitude and beliefs about malaria in a tribal area of Bastar district (Madhya Pradesh).

A sample survey of K.A.P. about malaria was carried out among sample of 359 inhabitants selected by random sampling in a tribal area of Baster district, which is a hyper-endemic area of the disease, predominantly by P.falciparum infection and understanding about the problem of malaria was poor, only about 50% (ranging from 30% to 60%) of the respondents were aware about cause and signs and symptoms of malaria, breeding & resting habit of mosquito, usefulness of insecticidal spray and ill effect of mud plastering following residual spraying. Proper health education and community involvement are, therefore, necessary to achieve control of malaria in the locality.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes to malaria, traditional practices and bednets (mosquito nets) as vector control measures: a comparative study in five west African countries.

Five West African communities were visited to assess the knowledge of the cause of malaria and to document traditional ways of treating and preventing the infection. Knowledge of the cause of malaria was low in the five communities visited. People were more concerned about mosquitoes being a nuisance than a cause of the infection. Various herbs were used as mosquito repellents. Malaria was treated by a number of traditional practices, including herbal remedies. Bednets were used to a varying extent, from 44% Ghana to 86% Gambia, in each community to protect against mosquito bites but also for other purposes such as privacy, decoration and protection from roof debris dropping on the bed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Studies on the incidence and pathogenesis of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in slaughtered sheep in Riyadh abattoir, Saudi Arabia.

The incidence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in slaughtered sheep both local and imported was carried out in Al Riyadh abattoir. A percentage of 28 was found among condemned livers. The highest rate of Dicrocoelium infection was among Naheemi sheep imported from Turkey. Recommendations to control this parasitic disease are necessary since it is a modern dangerous zoonotic parasite.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1996

More nutrients, fewer parasites, better learning.

By 1997 it is intended that all of India's 160 million primary-school children will be given a free daily midday meal. Since 1994 almost 3 million such children in Gujarat, already benefiting from this initiative, have been receiving, in addition, supplements of iron, iodine and vitamin A, and deworming treatment with albendazole. As a consequence there have been significant, highly cost-effective and sustainable improvements in growth rates and haemoglobin levels, and decreases in the prevalence of ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency and in intestinal parasitic infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Success against lymphatic filariasis.

A campaign against lymphatic filariasis began in China's Shandong Province during 1956. Epidemiological surveillance since 1984 indicates that the transmission of infection has been interrupted. The factors accounting for this are discussed and the continuing challenges presented by the disease are outlined.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Knowledge and treatment of malaria in rural Senegal].

Evaluating knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of malaria is a prerequisite for both understanding the development of chemoresistance and improving ongoing programs of chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. To gain such knowledge we distributed a questionnaire to 900 household heads in twelve villages in the M'Backe district of Senegal. Awareness of the main symptoms of malaria was satisfactory in comparison with previous references. Public health care facilities such as dispensaries were cited as the first resort for treatment by 72.6% of respondents. Chloroquine was mentioned as the first line antimalarial by 23% of respondents who practiced self-medication. Improper dosages were stated by 60% of the respondents. A total of 52.3% of respondents practiced chemoprophylaxis mainly using chloroquine. In 65.8% of cases antimalarial drugs were obtained from public health care units but drugs were purchased on the market in 15.7% of cases. These findings indicate the threefold Bamako initiative should be reinforced and that a campaign should be undertaken to educate people living in rural areas about malaria.

Antimalarials↗
PubMed1976

[The influence of Ascaris suum infection upon growth rates in pigs (author's tranls)].

The influence of experimental Ascaris suum infection upon growth rates in pigs has been studied in two experiments with disease-free pigs. In pigs where a patent Ascaris infection was established growth rates were decreased by appr. 20% compared with parasite-free controls. The experiments have revealed that the negative influence of Ascaris suum upon growth is caused both by the larvae during migration through the lungs and by the presence of adult worms in the intestine.

Animals↗