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PubMed1995

Descending projections from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus to the spinal cord: anterograde tracing study in the rat.

We investigated the direct projections from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) to the spinal cord. When Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was injected into the PVH, labeled descending fibers were observed running bilaterally through three pathways. The first pathway ran into the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and projected to the central gray matter, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, nucleus of the locus ceruleus and parabrachial nucleus. The second and third pathways coursed through the medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area, and ventral part of the medulla oblongata. At the medulla oblongata, the second pathway curved dorsolaterally and joined Rexed's lamina V of C1 after giving many projections to the nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and a few to the area postrema. The fibers descended through lamina V until C5, and coursed through lamina I from C6 to the upper coccygeal segments. They gave collateral projections to lamina I from the cervical through the upper coccygeal segments. The third pathway coursed laterally and descended through the lateral funiculus after giving projections to the lateral reticular nucleus and the marginal layer of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These fibers gave off many projections to the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic cord and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. Lamina X received many projections from the fibers of the lateral funiculus at C5 through the b-segment of sacral spinal cord. These results indicate that the PVH may integrate directly with the medullary and spinal autonomic regulatory nuclei, including the vagus complex, sympathetic intermediolateral cell column, laminae I and X, and sacral parasympathetic nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Reducing alcohol problems through community action research projects: contexts, strategies, implications, and challenges.

Community-based action research projects may include a number of challenges. The secular context may impede a project; for example, reducing aggregate rates of drinking-related problems may involve curtailing very popular high-risk drinking occasions. These projects may also embrace important but unrealistic goals, require matching competing goals emerging from multifoci project teams, or involve convoluted funding arrangements. Attention to team development, priority setting, and project design and evaluation issues is essential. Many projects downplay conceptual issues, such as understanding the nature of communities, organizations, systems, their operation, and social change and prevention models. Focus populations, community members and leaders, change agents team members, funding agencies, and policymakers can benefit from these projects.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1993

Foreshortening and the perception of parallel projections.

Does picture perception follow polar projective geometry? Parallel projection drawings, which are not produced by using rules of polar projection, are widely regarded as visually acceptable representations of three-dimensional (3-D) objects in free viewing. One explanation is that they are perceived by means of a system in which there is no foreshortening. If so, edges of a 3-D block in 1:1 proportions should be denoted by lines in 1:1 proportions on the picture surface. However, three experiments suggest that the perception of parallel projections of a block involves foreshortening. In Experiment 1, 90 subjects were shown a set of parallel projections of a cube, in which each drawing depicted three sides of the cube, drawn as a square with obliques--a frontal square with receding edges shown by parallel obliques of various lengths. The subjects preferred a drawing with a receding side length that was considerably foreshortened in relation to the front side. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects viewed drawings of three blocks that differed in the ratios of the lengths of their receding edges to their frontal edges (1:1, 1:2, and 1:0.65). In Experiment 2, the subjects were shown square-with-obliques drawings of the three blocks with receding edges shown by parallel obliques of various lengths. Again, the subjects preferred drawings with a receding side that was foreshortened. In Experiment 3, the drawings showed two sides of a block. The receding dimension was drawn with parallel or converging lines. The preferred foreshortening was not a fixed ratio of the dimensions of the 3-D blocks. We suggest that square-with-obliques parallel projections showing cubes are taken by vision to be approximations to projections using foreshortening. We suggest also that as the line showing the receding edge elongates, foreshortening becomes less of a factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[JICA Leprosy Control and Basic Health Services Project in Myanmar].

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) implemented a 5-year long bilateral technical cooperation project, "Leprosy Control and Basic Health Services Project" in Myanmar. The project was implemented by National Leprosy Control Program, Department of Health with close technical collaboration of JICA experts mainly from International Medical Center of Japan (IMCJ) and National Sanatoriums of leprosy in Japan. It accelerated to achieve the elimination of leprosy at national level, which was declared in January 2003, and at sub-national level onward. It also developed the appropriate technologies for prevention of disability and prevention of worsening of disability (POD/POWD), which were introduced in 9 townships as a pilot service program. The Government stratified the POD/POWD services as a national program since 2005 by taking up the former pilot area to start with. The project also strengthened the function of referral system of leprosy control (Diagnosis and treatment), POD/POWD and physical rehabilitation. Beside leprosy, the project conducted a series of refresher trainings for primary health care givers, Basic Health Service Staff (BHS), of project areas (48 townships) to improve the services on tuberculosis, Malaria, Leprosy, Trachoma and HIV/AIDS for 3 years (2001-2003), which was evaluated in 2004. It contributed to improve the services at township level hospitals in procurement of audio-visual equipments and in conducting microscope training on leprosy, Malaria and tuberculosis at project areas.

Health Services↗
PubMed2006

[Development of a new method of high-speed rotation multiplied projection single photon emission computed tomography of the triple-headed type: lung MAA SPECT based on phantom study].

PURPOSE: A chest phantom study was conducted to evaluate the image quality of newly developed high-speed rotation multiplied projection-single photon emission computed tomography (HSRMP-SPECT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HSRMP-SPECT images of a chest phantom consisting of a simulated lung structure filled with 5000 ml of water containing 185 MBq Tc-99m-pertechnetate, and several small 11 mm simulated lung nodules of glass balls and one large 35 mm simulated lung nodule of a plastic sphere filled with water were obtained using a triple-headed SPECT system. During image acquisition, this phantom was regularly moving in the head-to-caudal direction with a range of 12 mm at a frequency of 15 cycles/min to simulate respiratory motion, and 360 degrees projection data of this moving phantom was acquired with an image acquisition time of 20 sec, which was repeated 10 times. To eliminate the setting time between projection and acquisition of multiple temporal samples of data, each detector was continuously rotated in the clockwise direction for 20 sec around a 120-degree arc. On the perspective SPECT images reconstructed from various numbers of the 20-sec projection data, the perfusion heterogeneity of the simulated lungs and perfusion defect clarity of the simulated nodules were assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) of pixel counts and the defect-to-lung radioactivity ratios, respectively. The results were compared with those on conventional SPECT images of the moving phantom obtained with a data acquisition time of 8 min, and SPECT images of the standing phantom obtained with the same data acquisition time. RESULTS: The average CV value of 0.28+/-0.01 on the SPECT image reconstructed from 5 projection data sets was not significantly different from that of 0.27+/-0.01 on the SPECT image reconstructed from 10 projection data sets (p<0.05). The perfusion defect contrast of the simulated nodules obtained from 5 projection data was significantly higher than that on conventional SPECT images (0.50 vs. 0.73) . CONCLUSIONS: The present phantom study indicated that HSRMP-SPECT could be a useful technique for quickly obtaining high-quality SPECT images of a moving subject, thereby improving perfusion defect clarity in comparison with the conventional technique. This technique may have potential utility for obtaining high-quality breath-hold SPECT images of the chest in clinical practice.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1999

Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat.

No previous report in any species has examined comprehensively the projections of the median raphe (MR) nucleus with modern tracing techniques. The present report represents an in depth analysis of the projections of MR by use of the anterograde anatomical tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. MR fibers descend along the midline within the brainstem and mainly ascend within the medial forebrain bundle in the forebrain. MR fibers distribute densely to the following brainstem/forebrain sites: caudal raphe nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, medial mammillary body, supramammillary nucleus, posterior nucleus and perifornical region of the hypothalamus, midline and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus, dopamine-containing cell region of medial zona incerta, lateral habenula, horizontal and vertical limbs of the diagonal band nuclei, medial septum, and hippocampal formation. Virtually all of these structures lie on or close to the midline, indicating that the MR represents a midline/para-midline system of projections. Overall, MR projections to the cortex are light. MR projects moderately to the perirhinal, entorhinal and frontal cortices, but sparingly to remaining regions of cortex. A comparison of MR with dorsal raphe (DR) projections (Vertes RP. 1991. J Comp Neurol 313:643-668) shows that these two major serotonin-containing cell groups of the midbrain distribute to essentially nonoverlapping regions of the forebrain; that is, the MR and DR project to complementary sites in the forebrain. A direct role for the MR in the desynchronization of the electroencephalographic activity of the hippocampus and its possible consequences for memory-associated functions of the hippocampus is discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Using Medicare data for short-run projections of the elderly population.

As the elderly population of the United States grows in absolute number and as a proportion of total population, accurate projections of that population become increasingly important for sound policy decisions. Cohort component techniques are typically used for state and local projections of the elderly population, but are often outdated or even nonexistent for many local areas. This paper suggests an alternative approach, based on Medicare data and simple projection techniques. Projections for several base periods and projection horizons are made for all states and for counties in Florida and are compared with actual Medicare enrollment. On the basis of these comparisons it appears that Medicare data and simple projection techniques can produce very useful short-run projections of the elderly population for states and local areas.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Guideline report. Projecting MRI utilization: two new approaches.

In today's competitive marketplace, hospitals must carefully analyze the financial impact of acquiring new technologies. The high cost of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most prominent new technologies, makes it critical for hospitals to evaluate thoroughly the financial risks of providing this service. To determine whether it is likely to generate a sufficient number of MRI scans to break even financially, a hospital must carefully analyze its patient case mix. In 1984, the American Hospital Association (AHA) developed a method, the AHA MRI Utilization Model, for performing such an analysis. The original AHA model projected a hospital's potential demand for MRI procedures based on an analysis of that hospital's inpatient discharge data. The widespread use of the original AHA MRI Utilization Model by over 500 hospitals and a number of state health planning agencies has significantly influenced the diffusion of MRI throughout the United States. The original AHA model had several limitations, however: it ignored scans that might be performed to evaluate secondary diagnoses; its estimate of follow-up scans and replacement of CT by MRI was based on information from 1978; and it lacked a mechanism for considering outpatient scans. These limitations, together with the rapid evolution in clinical applications for MRI, led the AHA to improve its original MRI utilization projection methodology. In 1986, the AHA developed a new second generation MRI Utilization Model that employs two independently derived methodologies. The AHA's revised ICD-9-CM Projection method was developed by Richard diMonda, M.S.B.M.E., M.B.A.; the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) Projection Method was developed by Earl P. Steinberg, M.D., M.P.P. The second generation model has several advantages over the original model: it utilizes the opinions of a greater number of experts, as well as experts from more varied backgrounds; experts' opinions were obtained in 1986, rather than 1984, and so are more relevant to current patterns of practice; experts' opinions are employed to project CT, as well as MRI volume when both technologies are available, and the extent to which MRI will replace CT; total inpatient and outpatient scans are calculated; and hospital-specific adjustment factors are used to adjust for variations in patterns of practice across institutions. The DRG projection method also adds the ability to consider MRI and CT scans used to evaluate comorbid conditions and complications, as well as scans performed on patients who turned out to have no pathology. In addition, the DRG method provides a projection of potential MRI and CT volume in 1990, as well as currently.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗
PubMed1999

End-stage renal disease in Canada: prevalence projections to 2005.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have increased greatly in Canada over the last 2 decades. Because of the high cost of therapy, predicting numbers of patients who will require dialysis and transplantation is necessary for nephrologists and health care planners. METHODS: The authors projected ESRD incidence rates and therapy-specific prevalence by province to the year 2005 using 1981-1996 data obtained from the Canadian Organ Replacement Register. The model incorporated Poisson regression to project incidence rates, and a Markov model for patient follow-up. RESULTS: Continued large increases in ESRD incidence and prevalence were projected, particularly among people with diabetes mellitus. As of Dec. 31, 1996, there were 17,807 patients receiving renal replacement therapy in Canada. This number was projected to climb to 32,952 by the end of 2005, for a relative increase of 85% and a mean annual increase of 5.8%. The increased prevalence was projected to be greatest for peritoneal dialysis (6.0% annually), followed by hemodialysis (5.9%) and functioning kidney transplant (5.7%). The projected annual increases in prevalence by province ranged from 4.4%, in Saskatchewan, to 7.5%, in Alberta. INTERPRETATION: The projected increases are plausible when one considers that the incidence of ESRD per million population in the United States and other countries far exceeds that in Canada. The authors predict a continued and increasing short-fall in resources to accommodate the expected increased in ESRD prevalence.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Urocortin expression in rat brain: evidence against a pervasive relationship of urocortin-containing projections with targets bearing type 2 CRF receptors.

Histochemical and axonal transport methods were used to clarify the central organization of cells and fibers that express urocortin (UCN), a recently discovered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related neuropeptide, which has been proposed as an endogenous ligand for type 2 CRF receptors (CRF-R2). Neurons that display both UCN mRNA and peptide expression were found to be centered in the Edinger-Westphal (EW), lateral superior olivary (LSO), and supraoptic nuclei; lower levels of expression are seen in certain cranial nerve and spinal motoneurons and in small populations of neurons in the forebrain. Additional sites of UCN mRNA and peptide expression detected only in colchicine-treated rats are considered to be minor ones. UCN-immunoreactive projections in brain are predominantly descending and largely consistent with central projections attributed to the EW and LSO, targeting principally accessory optic, precerebellar, and auditory structures, as well as the spinal intermediate gray. Although neither the EW nor LSO are known to project to the forebrain, UCN-ir neurons in the EW were identified that project to the lateral septal nucleus, which houses a prominent UCN-ir terminal field. Although substantial UCN-ir projections were observed to several brainstem cell groups that express CRF-R2, including the dorsal raphe and interpeduncular nuclei and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), most prominent seats of CRF-R2 expression were found to contain inputs immunopositive for piscine urotensin I, but not rat UCN. The results define a central UCN system whose organization suggests a principal involvement in motor control and sensorimotor integration; its participation in stress-related mechanisms would appear to derive principally by virtue of projections to the spinal intermediolateral column, the NTS, and the paraventricular nucleus. Several observations, including the lack of a pervasive relationship of UCN-ir projections with CRF-R2-expressing targets, support the existence of still additional CRF-related peptides in mammalian brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

[A comparative analysis of the descending projections of areas 5 and 7 of the parietal cortex to the cat brain stem].

Relative quantity of descending fibres of parietal fields 5 and 7 of cat brain stem was studied. Maximal projections of these field were determined, maximal projections of fields 5 and 7 to red nucleus reticular nucleus of midbrain and nucleus proprius of pons were shown. Topographic and quantitative overlapping of projections of fields 5 and 7 in red nucleus and reticular nucleus of midbrain was noted. Field 5 is maximally presented in ventral nucleus while field 7 has maximal number of projections in lateral nucleus. Projection of fields 5 an 7 to superior colliculus of tectum of the midbrain was determined that was significant although less pronounced than in the above mentioned nuclei. The number of fibres projecting onto the superior colliculus of tectum of the midbrain (its caudal part) from field 7 exceeds that from field 5. There are less fibres in inferior colliculus of tectum of the midbrain than in superior colliculus. The number of fibres projecting from field 5 is greater than those from field 7 in inferior colliculus. In caudal reticular nucleus of pons the presence of fields 5 and 7 was not significant. Comparison of the authors' data with that available in literature allows to suggest the possible inhibitory, i.e. modulating influence of parietal cortex on nuclei of the pons.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Qualitative and quantitative differences in the motor and somatosensory cortical projections of the rat claustrum--combined retrograde transport and stereological studies.

Using axonal retrograde tracing, combined with morphometric analysis, we compared the distribution and number of claustral neurons projecting to the motor and somatosensory cortical areas in the Wistar rat. Comparable volumes of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold, were injected into the motor or somatosensory cortices. Injections into these areas resulted in labeling of neurons along the entire length of the claustrum. Neurons retrogradely labeled after injection into the motor cortex prevailed in the anterior part of the claustrum, whereas those projecting to the somatosensory cortex predominated in the central part. The mean number of claustral neurons retrogradely labeled after tracer injections into the motor cortex significantly outnumbered that from the somatosensory cortical area (p < 0.01). Similarly, the mean value of the numerical density of the retrogradely labeled neurons was significantly higher for the motor projection zone in the claustrum, than for the somatosensory projection zone (p < 0.001). The contralateral claustral projections, both into the motor and somatosensory cortices, were considerably lower in number than the ipsilateral ones. These findings indicate that: (1) the claustral projections to the various cortical regions seem to be differentiated (2) the distribution of claustral neurons projecting to the motor and somatosensory neocortical areas shows an anteroposterior gradient, (3) the claustrum of the rat appears to be more closely related to the motor than to the somatosensory system, (4) the rat claustrum seems to function more as a satellite than a relay structure in relationship to the cerebral cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Information dissemination and training: two key issues for consolidating and strengthening the results of health telematic projects.

The concepts expressed in this paper concerns the activities to be developed within HEALTHLINE, a European project under the Telematics Application programme. HEALTHLINE is an umbrella project which takes initiatives and provides links to other international projects on health telematics. The projects involved are NIVEMES and RISE; they represent the starting point from which a common approach will be developed. The experience gained from these projects has highlighted two emerging requirements: information dissemination and training. To fulfil the needs of information, an Internet corner will be set up; it will allow citizens and health professionals to find and exchange information as well as to discuss themes concerning health care. Due to the most advanced technologies recently introduced, the Health care sector has had to modify its traditional ways of working to aid professionals in exploiting new training techniques and Health Care provision methods. HEALTHLINE will focus on training and on the development of the use of new tools and services. Furthermore, the project will exploit the training methodologies based on multimedia technology for developing training-on-the-job modules. The entire system, in its final stage, will consist of a network for co-operating training and information dissemination; European sites in the project will share information, training material and provide education and information on tele-health, medical and health-care issues to health care providers, beneficiaries and the general public.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2000

Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both amygdala and temporal cortex: a quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in the rat.

Auditory information from the posterior thalamus reaches the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) by way of two pathways: a direct thalamo-amygdala projection and a polysynaptic thalamo-cortico-amygdala projection. However, the quantitative extent of thalamic neurons that project to the LA or to the auditory association cortex (AAC) is not known. Furthermore, the extent and topographical distribution of bifurcating cells that project to both LA and AAC are also unknown. Therefore, separate tracers were injected into LA and either into all of AAC or within discrete regions of AAC, such as temporal areas TE3 or perirhinal cortex (PRh), and quantitative analyses were performed on labeling within the subregions of the auditory thalamus in rats. Following LA injections, retrogradely labeled cells were most numerous in the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN; 48.0% of all labeled thalamic cells), whereas labeled cells following injections of the entire AAC were most numerous in the dorsal division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGd; 32.9% of all labeled thalamic cells). Following AAC injections localized to only TE3, the MGd again had the majority of labeled cells (35.9%), whereas following AAC injections localized to PRh, the PIN had the most labeled cells (32.8%). Double-labeled cells were found in all the thalamic regions studied and were most commonly observed in the PIN (43.7% of all double-labeled cells following injections into LA and throughout the AAC). The percentage of double-labeled cells as a proportion of either LA-projecting or AAC-projecting cells varied among the thalamic nuclei studied, ranging from 2.9% up to 42.4%. The topographic distribution of double-labeled cells in the thalamic nuclei resembled that of single-labeled cells following LA injections more than single-labeled cells following AAC injection. These findings suggest that double-labeled cells contribute substantially to many of the direct thalamo-amygdala and indirect thalamo-AAC-amygdala projections. Among other functions, these bifurcating cells may help regulate the processing of input to the LA arriving from these two pathways to allow for certain types of plasticity in the LA during fear conditioning.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2000

Study of projections from the entopeduncular nucleus to the thalamus of the rat.

The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major outflow nucleus of the basal ganglia and innervates the lateral habenula, parafascicular, pedunculopontine, ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. This study investigated the morphology of single axons of entopeduncular neurons projecting to the motor thalamus by placing small injections of dextran biotin into the EP and reconstructing drawings of single axons from serial sections. There were two populations of entopeduncular-thalamic projection axons: those that projected only to the motor thalamus (VL and VM) and those that projected to both the motor thalamus and other nuclei (e.g., the habenula). The neurochemistry of EP neurons projecting to the thalamus was investigated by injecting the retrograde tracer FluoroGold into the VL and VM thalamic nuclei to retrogradely fill entopeduncular projection neurons. These were subsequently immunohistochemically labeled for choline acetyl transferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate. Consistent with previous studies, significant proportions of these neurons were GABA immunoreactive. In addition, approximately half of the entopeduncular-thalamic projecting neurons were found to be cholinergic. This excitatory input is most likely derived from axons that branch as they pass through the motor thalamus to the lateral habenula.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Three-dimensional topography of corticopontine projections from rat barrel cortex: correlations with corticostriatal organization.

Subcortical re-entrant projection systems connecting cerebral cortical areas with the basal ganglia and cerebellum are topographically specific and therefore considered to be parallel circuits or "closed loops." The precision of projections within these circuits, however, has not been characterized sufficiently to indicate whether cortical signals are integrated within or among presumed compartments. To address this issue, we studied the first link of the rat cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway with anterograde axonal tracing from physiologically defined, individual whisker "barrels" of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). The labeled axons in the pontine nuclei formed several, sharply delineated clusters. Dual tracer injections into different SI whisker barrels gave rise to partly overlapping, paired clusters, indicating somatotopic specificity. Three-dimensional reconstructions revealed that the clusters were components of concentrically organized lamellar subspaces. Whisker barrels in the same row projected to different pontine lamellae (side by side), the somatotopic representation of which followed an inside-out sequence. By contrast, whisker barrels from separate rows projected to clusters located within the same lamellar subspace (end to end). In the neostriatum, this lamellar topography was the opposite, with barrels in the same row contacting different parts of the same lamellar subspace (end to end). The degree of overlap among pontine clusters varied as a function of the proximity of the cortical injections. Furthermore, corticopontine overlap was higher among projections from barrels in the same row than among projections from different whisker barrel rows. This anisotropy was the same in the corticostriatal projection. These findings have important implications for understanding convergence and local integration in somatosensory-related subcortical circuits.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementing community-oriented primary care projects in an urban family practice residency program.

BACKGROUND: Clinics interested in pursuing community-oriented primary care (COPC) have struggled with the implementation of its theory. Although we are still early in the COPC transformation process, the HealthPartners Family Practice Residency Program has had several successful COPC projects during our 10 years of experience. This article describes these projects and the 8 lessons learned, including some that differ from traditional COPC teaching and practice. In our experience, clinics should select a topic or problem that creates a passion within their clinic. Projects can start small within the clinic and expand outward into larger portions of the urban community. Partnerships begin the process of extending into the community and increasing the project's impact. The evaluation of projects should begin with clinic-based data. A physician champion and a nonphysician staff person increase the success of the project. Resident involvement is enhanced with concrete tasks and community connections. Ultimately, the project needs to be institutionalized within the clinic to survive. The whole COPC endeavor is a long, slow process that requires time, energy, and committed individuals. In our experience, COPC is a journey, not an end, and there are many rich rewards to be found along the way.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Projections of the population by ethnic group: a sufficiently interesting or a definitely necessary exercise to undertake?

This article considers the range of needs which would be met by having available projections of the population by ethnic group, and, in particular, the rôle these projections would usefully play in informing current and future policy issues. The article first identifies and lists the main uses, and potential users, of such projections and gives an appraisal of the likely applications in each context. Some of the challenges involved in using the main datasources--the census and surveys--for making such projections are then addressed; the article considers what is measured by asking questions on ethnicity, and discusses the implications of ethnicity being self-assessed--two important considerations which affect the potential usefulness of ethnic projections. Finally, details are given of a co-operative project involving a multi-disciplinary team of academic experts to explore the feasibility of making such projections.

Data Collection↗