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PubMed1977

Additional features of Ainu dentition. V. Peopling of the pacific.

Crown morphology of 85 plaster dental casts from skeletal and living Ainus of less than 1/8 non-Ainu admixture is described and compared for microevolutionary and origins considerations. There is no significant sex dimorphism and few inter-sample differences through time. Inter-observer differences occur where observation standards are poorly established. Ainu teeth exhibit a simplified pattern and have trait frequencies more like those of Polynesians and Micronesians than like Chinese, Japanese or Europeans. There is no dental evidence in support of a Caucasoid origin or close relationship. Similarities outnumber differences between Ainu teeth and those of Micronesians and Polynesians suggestive of a past biological relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Late results following femoral shaft fractures in childhood].

The results of 102 children with fractures of the femur shaft treated by osteosynthesis with dynamic compression plates (DCP) in comparison to 87 children which underwent a conservative treatment by extension are presented. Of 329 patients in a 15-years period, 238 children had a follow-up examination with evaluable data and 49 patients were excluded because of a different therapy such as plaster traction, cast, osteosynthesis with screws or nails etc. The children were divided into two groups: series I from 1968 to 1977 and series II from 1978 to 1982. 19.6% of the patients had a residual difference of more than 1 cm in the length of the legs. Operated children were twice as often afflicted as the conservative group. The amount of difference in the length depended on the duration of instability and increased when several repositions were required in the conservative group, or when an operation was carried out secondary to inadequate traction therapy. Axial deviation was found to be much more common in the extended group (16.1%) than in the operated group, in which only 4% axial deviations persisted in series II when DC-plates were used exclusively. Predominant in the conservative group was a persisting antecurvation in 13 of 14 children. Residual rotation malalignment of significant degree was found only in the group treated by extension, while the operated group averosed at minor torsion deformities. Children with closed epiphysis on the date of examination, who had a persisting rotation failure, had been treated nearly exclusively by extension (50% versus 15%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for the analysis of dental models.

This paper presents the details and logic of a Fortran computer program which carries out routine clinical analysis of dental models resulting from impressions of the teeth and related structures, which are subsequently cast in plaster of Paris. The program is primarily intended for use by the orthodontist who is engaged in research or clinical practice, and is useful in studies related to changes in the dentition as a result of orthodontic treatment.

Computers↗
PubMed1979

Development of visual cortical orientation specificity after dark-rearing: role of extraocular proprioception.

Six-week-old dark reared kittens exposed to light for 6 h: (1) with head and body tightly cast into plaster; or (2) free to move around in the animal room. A few days before the visual experience, the ophthalmic branch of the 5th nerve was severed bilaterally in experimental kittens, in order to suppress most of the proprioceptive afferents from extraocular muscles. Electrophysiological analysis of the properties of the receptive fields of visual cortical cells shows that only 6% (group 1) and 11% (group 2) of the cells were selective to orientation as opposed to 67% (group 1) or 32% (group 2) observed in the non-operated kittens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Scaffold fabrication by indirect three-dimensional printing.

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has been employed to fabricate porous scaffolds by inkjet printing liquid binder droplets onto particulate matter. Direct 3DP, where the final scaffold materials are utilized during the actual 3DP process, imposes several limitations on the final scaffold structure. This study describes an indirect 3DP protocol, where molds are printed and the final materials are cast into the mold cavity to overcome the limitations of the direct technique. To evaluate the resolution available in this technique, scaffolds with villi features (500 microm diameter, 1 mm height) were produced by solvent casting into plaster molds, followed by particulate leaching. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed highly open, well interconnected, uniform pore architecture ( approximately 100-150 microm). The ability of these scaffolds to support intestinal epithelial cell (IEC6) culture was investigated in vitro. IEC6 cells attached to scaffolds uniformly in vitro and grew preferentially in the villi region. To exploit the freeform nature of this technique with large pore size, anatomically shaped zygoma scaffolds with 300-500 microm interconnected pores were produced and characterized. Indirect 3DP provides an alternative method to complement other direct solid freeform fabrication methods.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2006

Occlusal development in children of African American descent. Types of terminal plane relationships in the primary dentition.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the types and depths of the terminal plane relationships (mesial step, distal step, and flush) in the primary dentitions of African American (AA) and European (E) children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A convenience sample of 189 African American children (103 males and 86 females) was compared to a historical sample of 61 European children (39 males and 22 females, age range 2.1 to 5.2 years, mean age of 4.1 years). Plaster dental casts were analyzed for both samples. Terminal plane depth (TPD) was defined as the anteroposterior distance (APD) between the distal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular second primary molars of dental casts registered in centric occlusion. Sample differences were evaluated using a 2-sample independent group t-test. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of African American children and 63% of European children exhibited a mesial step terminal plane. The average APD of the mesial step in African American children was 1.29 mm compared to 1.13 mm in European children, but this was not statistically significant (P = .18). The samples differed significantly (P = .001) in the average APD distal step relationship (AA, 1.08 mm vs E, 2.26 mm). The prevalence of distal step relationships was lower in African American children (5%) compared to European children (16%). African American children had a lower prevalence of flush terminal plane (6%) compared to European children (21%). CONCLUSIONS: In African American children as in European children, a mesial step, rather than a flush terminal plane, is the norm for the completed primary dentition.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1988

Fractures of the scaphoid bone. How to handle this common wrist injury.

A combination of forces makes the scaphoid bone susceptible to fracture. The common mechanism of trauma is a force applied to the palmar aspect of the wrist while it is in extreme dorsiflexion. Because early fracture diagnosis by x-ray study is difficult, all patients with a suspicious wrist injury and tenderness in the scaphoid region should be treated as if they have a fracture until radiographs at two and four weeks are normal. Treatment usually consists of immobilization using a long or short plaster arm cast. Various treatment methods, including electrical stimulation, are used when nonunion occurs. It is important to remember that patients are mainly concerned with results, not means, as long as such means are fast, safe, and minimally disabling.

Carpal Bones↗
PubMed1987

Beta-receptor-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow during hypoglycemia.

We tested the hypothesis that beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation is involved with the increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during hypoglycemia. Rats were surgically prepared with the use of halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia. A plaster restraining cast was placed around the hindquarters, and anesthesia was discontinued. Hypoglycemia was produced by an intravenous injection of insulin (15 U/kg); normoglycemic control rats were given saline. Propranolol (1.5 mg/kg) was administered to some control and some hypoglycemic rats to block the beta-adrenergic receptors. Regional CBF was measured using 4-[N-methyl-14C]iodoantipyrine. Plasma glucose in the normoglycemic and hypoglycemic groups was approximately 6 and 1.4 mumol/ml, respectively. Regional CBF increased during hypoglycemia in rats that were not treated with propranolol. The increase varied from approximately 60 to 200% depending on the brain region. During hypoglycemia, propranolol abolished the increase in rCBF in the hypothalamus, cerebellum, and pyramidal tract. In other regions the increase in rCBF was only 33-65% of the increase in hypoglycemic rats that were not treated with propranolol. We conclude that beta-receptor stimulation plays a major role in the increase in rCBF during hypoglycemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Regional neurohypophysial and hypothalamic blood flow in rats during hypercapnia.

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in the neurohypophysis and hypothalamus in normocapnic and hypercapnic rats using [14C]isopropyliodoamphetamine. Rats were surgically prepared using nitrous oxide and halothane and placed in plaster restraining casts. Hypercapnia was produced by increasing the fractional concentration of inspired CO2 (FICO2). rCBF in normocapnic rats was higher in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, median eminence, and neural lobe than rates previously measured by use of diffusible tracers. During hypercapnia blood flow increased linearly with arterial PCO2 (PACO2) in all regions except the median eminence and neural lobe, which were not affected by hypercapnia. When rats were pretreated with phentolamine (1 mg/kg) to block the alpha-adrenergic receptors, blood flow in the median eminence and neural lobe increased significantly during hypercapnia. We conclude that blood flow in the cell bodies of the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus is regulated differently during hypercapnia than blood flow in the nerve terminals in the median eminence and neural lobe. Furthermore, vasodilation produced by increased CO2 is offset by alpha-receptor stimulation in the median eminence and neural lobe.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1994

The long-term functional and radiographic outcomes of untreated and non-operatively treated metatarsus adductus.

Thirty-one patients (forty-five feet) who had metatarsus adductus were evaluated at our institution and were followed for an average of thirty-two years and six months. Of these thirty-one patients, twenty-one (thirty-one feet) were examined clinically and radiographically. Information on the remaining ten patients (fourteen feet) was obtained by letter or telephone, or both. Twelve patients (sixteen feet) who had a passively correctable deformity (mild or moderate) at the time of the initial presentation had no treatment. Twenty patients (twenty-nine feet) who had a partly flexible or rigid deformity (moderate or severe) at the time of the initial presentation were managed with serial manipulation and application of plaster holding casts. (One patient who had a bilateral deformity had no treatment on one side and conservative management on the other). The results were good in all sixteen of the untreated feet and in twenty-six (90 per cent) of the twenty-nine feet that had been conservatively treated. There were no poor results. The passively correctable deformities resolved spontaneously. Radiographs showed an obliquity of the medial cuneiform-metatarsal joint in twenty-one (68 per cent) of the thirty-one feet that were examined clinically and radiographically. Similar findings were observed in four of eleven contralateral, normal feet. Hallux valgus was not a common outcome. No patient had operative correction.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

A comparative study of synthetic cast material strength.

The strength of five commercially available synthetic orthopedic casting products are discussed. Using three testing designs, significant differences could be consistently determined. These testing methods provide a means of comparing the various casting products on the market. The authors point out that this study was a comparison of ultimate strength only, and did not compare the other characteristics of the products. It also was noted that all these synthetic casting materials were stronger than plaster-of-Paris casting material.

Casts, Surgical↗
PubMed2001

Arthrodesis with the Ilizarov device after failed knee arthroplasty.

Thirteen patients with failed total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to infection (12 patients) or aseptic loosening (1 patient) underwent arthrodesis using the Ilizarov external fixator. Solid fusion was achieved in all patients with an average healing time of 27.6 weeks. Patients spent an average 18.8 weeks in the fixator followed by an average 8.8 weeks in a plaster cylinder cast. Five patients had a pin tract infection and one a superficial wound infection. One patient had 15 degrees recurvatum after surgery that was gradually corrected by adding a hinge system to the fixator. Average shortening of the affected limb was 3.7 cm (range: 1-6 cm). The Ilizarov fixator for knee arthrodesis after failed TKA produced favorable results and should be considered for use by surgeons familiar with the technique.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Late results following shaft fractures of the lower extremities in the growth period].

In a retrospective study 275 femoral-shaft fractures and 652 tibial respectively fibular fractures of the growing skeleton were evaluated. A posttraumatic limb length difference was present in 70% after femoral fractures and in 40% following fractures of the lower leg. In the control group of 822 examined persons we found an idiopathic difference of the length of the limb in 25%. Following femoral fractures the limb length difference was in average 10 mm. However following fractures of the tibia and fibula it was 7 mm. There is no evidence that an established difference in length will improve in course of growth. Factors influencing the alteration of length are discussed. It could be shown that there is no primary therapeutic way of influencing the alteration of length and that the so called prophylactic "shortening" at time of consolidation cannot prevent future lengthening. Also we could prove that rotational deformities of the femur show a good prognosis regarding spontaneous correction. Deformities of the lower leg however do not show spontaneous correction and ought to be corrected primarily. The incidence and degree of future alteration of length of the lower limb can only be influenced indirectly by early definite stabilisation of the fracture without leaving an axial deformity behind. For stable non-dislocated fractures the plaster of cast treatment is sufficient. However for unstable, dislocated (displaced) fractures which need anaesthesia for primary treatment, the unilateral external fixator is proposed as the method of treatment. Functional follow up examinations to evaluate possible posttraumatic alteration of the length of the lower limb, have to be performed at least for two years after the accident.

Adolescent↗