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PubMed1984

Changes in sex differences in sexual behavior: a replication of a study on West German students (1966-1981).

In 1966, at the start of the student movement and the sexual liberalization process, we studied the sexual behavior and attitudes of 3,666 male and female students from 12 West German universities by mailed questionnaires. In 1981 we replicated this study with 1,922 students from 13 universities (10 the same as 1966, 3 founded after 1966). In both studies the students were selected at random. Results of these comparative studies are presented with a view to the changes in sex differences. Sex differences in masturbation behavior have considerably decreased since 1966; masturbation is nonetheless still the form of sexual behavior with the most striking differences between the sexes. The sex differences in coital behavior are now reversed, female students being earlier and more active than males. As regards the tendency to change partners or for sexual relations outside a steady relationship, the differences between men and women have disappeared. In their attitudes to sexuality, female students in 1981 are somewhat more liberal than their male counterparts, whereas hardly any difference could be found in 1966. These changes in sex differences are observed in all subsamples, i.e., in young and old, in strictly religious and nonreligious students, and in students from both upper- and lower-class backgrounds (educational level of parents).

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effect of filmed modeling on the self-reported frequency of masturbation.

Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire. Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film. Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group. This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on sexual attitudes or behavior. The inconsistency of these results is discussed in terms of several possible hypotheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Nocturnal penile tumescence and serum testosterone levels.

Ten patients with chronic epilepsy were selected; five had high and five had low total serum testosterone levels. Each patient slept for two nights in the sleep laboratory. EEG monitoring and measurements of nocturnal penile tumescence were carried out during sleep. A clear relationship between both total and free serum testosterone levels were found with nocturnal penile tumescence. FSH, LH, SHBG, and prolactin showed no relationship. The five patients with low serum testosterone levels all showed reduced sexual activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Is there a reliable and valid self-report measure of sexual behavior?

A psychometric analysis of the Sexual Experience Scale (SES) from the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory was conducted. This sexual behavior measure was administered on four occasions to a large sample of normal, heterosexual, sexually active women and a comparable sample which underwent gynecologic treatment that resulted in a predictable and clinical level of sexual dysfunction. In terms of reliability, internal consistency estimates for the SES were in the .85 to .90 range, but the stability of the SES was lower and ranged from .55 to .85. An evaluation of the validity revealed both strengths and limitations of the SES. The content analysis reveals that a wider range of sexual behaviors is sampled by the SES than comparable measures. To examine construct validity, a factor analysis provided a five-factor solution which would account for 82% of the variance, but the solution was not stable across groups or time and the factors were not sensitive to detecting important behavior changes. As many other psychological measures, the SES was poor in predicting a criterion (i.e., the occurrence of sexual dysfunction) concurrently or at the time of follow-up. The outcome of this analysis is discussed in the context of selecting reliable and valid self-report measures of sexual behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Body image and sexuality in oophorectomized women.

Five groups of women ages 35 to 55 years were studied, including a nonsurgical control group (CTL), a hysterectomy-only (HYS), and three oophorectomy groups: an untreated group (UNT), women on estrogen replacement therapy (EST), and women on androgen-estrogen replacement therapy (COM). The interview/questionnaire session assessed mood, body image, and sexual functioning. In a second session completed by 58 of 129 subjects (45%), a photoplethysmograph measured vaginal blood flow in response to an erotic stimulus while subjects concurrently monitored subjective arousal. Overall, the UNT and EST groups had significantly lower self-reported desire and arousal than the remaining three groups. Body image was significantly poorer in the UNT group. All surgical groups reported more sexual problems than the control group. Furthermore, about a third of the CTL group reported positive changes in body image and sexuality in the previous 5 years. This effect was attenuated in the HYS, COM, and EST groups and almost absent in the UNT group. No significant group differences were obtained, however, on mood or vaginal blood flow and subjective arousal to an erotic stimulus. The role of differential levels of testosterone on sexuality is discussed as well as its clinical implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An evaluation of therapeutic programs for the treatment of secondary inorgasmia in women.

This paper is concerned with a review and evaluation of programs for the treatment of secondary inorgasmia in women. Treatments address a wide range of factors. They include medical and psychiatric disorders, lack of sexual knowledge and communication between partners, marital disharmony, sexual anxiety, and performance anxiety. These treatment approaches are evaluated, along with the effectiveness of Masters and Johnson's therapy, and the many variants of this approach. The use of erotic fantasy in the treatment of this condition is also discussed. Conclusions are limited by the nature of research in this area. It is essentially clinical in form. Often it fails to define the characteristics of the conditions that are required to assess contributing factors, treatment strategies, and pre- and posttreatment measures.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Sexual development and life of psychiatric female patients.

Using a structured interview and four questionnaires we examined the sexual development and life in the following groups of psychiatric female patients: 51 with schizophrenia, 50 with manic-depressive psychoses, 50 with neuroses, 30 with hysterical psychopathic personality, and 20 with anorexia nervosa. The results were compared with a control group of 101 gynecological spa patients. The sexual development of the schizophrenic patients was found to be retarded, whereas that of the patients with anorexia nervosa accelerated in the initial stages. The sexual development of patients with hysterical personality was found to be disharmonious. No differences were found between patients with manic-depressive psychoses and the control group as far as the sex life in adulthood is concerned. However, all the other groups of psychiatric patients showed decreased sexual activity and/or reactivity. Sexual dysfunctions in the female psychiatric population are frequent, especially with schizophrenic patients, females with anorexia nervosa, and with hysterical personality. The etiological factors responsible for these sex disturbances are different in the individual groups of psychiatric patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The outcome of sex reassignment surgery in Belgrade: 32 patients of both sexes.

Several aspects of the quality of life after sex reassignment surgery in 32 transsexuals of both sexes (22 men, 10 women) were examined. The Belgrade Team for Gender Identity Disorders designed a standardized questionnaire for this purpose. The follow-up period after operation was from 6 months to 4 years, and four aspects of the quality of life were examined: attitude towards the patients' own body, relationships with other people, sexual activity, and occupational functioning. In most transsexuals, the quality of life was improved after surgery inasmuch as these four aspects are concerned. Only a few transsexuals were not satisfied with their life after surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sexual functions in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia before and after transurethral resection of the prostate.

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the sexual function of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) before and after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The sexual functions of 155 patients with BPH were evaluated before TURP and 6 and 12 months afterwards. The mean age of the patients was 69 years (range 49-86 years). The only significant change in sexual function after TURP was improvement in early morning erections (P < 0.01). Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were satisfied with their sex life before TURP, 69% after 6 months and 67% after 12 months. The corresponding percentages of patients satisfied with their libido were 60%, 59% and 54%. Only 26% of the patients had completely satisfactory erections before TURP, while 22% had them 6 months later and 24% 12 months later. The proportion of fully impotent patients was 11% before the procedure, 13% after 6 months and 16% after 12 months. In 84% of the patients ejaculation was retrograde 6 months and 12 months after TURP. We conclude that TURP does not affect the sexual function of patients with BPH, with the exception of retrograde ejaculation.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Timing of puberty and sexuality in men and women.

We examined the relations among timing of puberty, timing of first experience of sexual arousal, strength of sex drive, and sexual attitudes and behaviors in 277 men (M age, 22.4 years) and women (M age, 21.8 years). Kinsey had suggested that earlier maturers have a stronger sex drive and, therefore, engage in a higher frequency of sexual behaviors (including same-sex contacts) than do later maturers. The purpose of this study was to test Kinsey's claim. Participants completed questionnaires on pubertal timing, timing of first experience of sexual arousal, sex drive in adulthood, sexual attitudes (e.g., sociosexuality or degree of comfort with casual sex), and sexual behaviors (e.g., lifetime number of sexual partners). Timing of puberty (i.e., emergence of secondary sex characteristics) was related to these variables for men but not for women. Timing of first sexual arousal was related to several aspects of adult sexuality in both sexes, but particularly in women. Earlier first sexual arousal was associated with having a higher sex drive, a less restricted sociosexual orientation, and with having had more sexual partners than was later first sexual arousal. Earlier first sexual arousal, but not timing of puberty, was related to sexual orientation for women only. We discuss classes of explanations for these results.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sexual arousal in women with superficial dyspareunia.

The role of sexual arousal in the etiology and/or maintenance of superficial dyspareunia is still unclear. Lack of sexual arousal may be both the cause and the result of anticipated pain. This study compared genital and subjective sexual responses to visual sexual stimuli of women with dyspareunia and women without sexual complaints. We investigated whether women with dyspareunia were less genitally and subjectively responsive to noncoital (oral sex) as well as coital visual sexual stimuli than women without sexual problems, or whether they exhibited a conditioned anxiety response such that sexual arousal responses were lower only to stimuli that may induce fear of pain (i.e., coitus). A total of 50 women with dyspareunia and 25 women without sexual problems were shown two sexual stimuli, one depicting oral sex and the other one depicting coitus. Genital arousal was assessed as vaginal pulse amplitude using vaginal photoplethysmography. Self-reported ratings of subjective sexual arousal were collected after each erotic stimulus presentation. Women with dyspareunia had comparable levels of genital arousal to two different visual sexual stimuli as women without sexual complaints. Contrary to expectation, there was an indication that women with dyspareunia reacted with higher levels of genital arousal to the explicitly depicted coitus stimulus than controls, whereas controls had higher genital responses to the oral sex stimulus. With respect to subjective sexual arousal, it was found that women with dyspareunia reported less positive feelings in response to both erotic stimuli than controls. We conclude that, with adequate visual sexual stimulation, women with dyspareunia showed equal levels of genital sexual arousal to visual sexual stimuli as women without sexual complaints. Therefore, there was no evidence for impaired genital responsiveness associated with dyspareunia. Also, we found no evidence for a conditioned anxiety reaction in response to exposure to a coitus scene.

Adult↗