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PubMed1980

The bite plate--an adjunct in periodontic and orthodontic therapy.

This report reviews bite plate therapy and describes several variations of bite plates. Bite plates may be useful as an adjunct to periodontic and orthodontic therapy. They may be used as a diagnostic appliance, to take mobile teeth out of trauma by disarticulating them, to allow teeth to extrude and shallow out associated osseous deformities, and to eliminate the superimposed occlusal trauma that may be caused by the parafunctional habits that can develop during orthodontic tooth movement. The change in vertical position of the dentition and the decrease in overbite are primarily due to eruption of the posterior teeth and not intrusion of the lower anterior teeth. The decrease in overbite may be accompanied by an increase in overjet and an alteration of the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual occlusal landmarks. In some cases the use of a bite plate may cause the development of an anterior open bite. Any such occlussal alterations produced by the bite plate should be corrected by occlusal adjustment or orthodontic therapy and occlusal adjustment.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1990

Effects on the periodontium following corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics. Case reports.

This report describes the corticotomy surgical technique used in conjunction with orthodontic therapy and its effect on the periodontal status of the involved teeth. The surgical procedure included intracrevicular incisions and elevation of buccal and lingual mucoperiosteal flaps. Buccal and lingual vertical grooves penetrating the cortical bone were then made between the roots. These grooves were extended from just below the interproximal alveolar bone margin to beyond the apex levels of the teeth. Buccal and lingual horizontal grooves joined the apical extensions of the vertical grooves. The orthodontic appliance was activated immediately upon wound closure. Plaque scores, probing depths, and probing attachment levels were recorded before the surgical procedure and after the completion of the orthodontic treatment in 5 patients. The results showed that the corticotomy procedure caused minimal changes in the periodontal attachment apparatus.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of the use of orthodontic records to measure the width of keratinized tissue.

Understanding the gingival tissue response in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requires accurate pretreatment measurements of the width of the attached and keratinized tissue. Even though these may not be routinely recorded, it has been suggested that the orthodontic records can provide an accurate method of assessing the pretreatment keratinized tissue width. This clinical study was conducted to compare measures of the width of the keratinized tissue calculated from intraoral photographs and study models with direct clinical measures. Maxillary and mandibular study models and intraoral photographs were obtained from 33 patients. The width of the keratinized gingiva facial to the mandibular incisors was measured on two occasions to the nearest 0.5 mm. The width of the gingiva was calculated for the same teeth from two measures taken from projected photographic slides and the study models using a modification of Coatoam's technique. The method error was determined to be 0.43 mm for clinical measures and 0.32 mm for the calculated gingival tissue width. The reliability of measurement from orthodontic records was slightly greater than direct clinical measurement, with intraclass correlations of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. The differences between the averaged clinical measure and averaged calculated measure for each tooth were small and not statistically significant (paired t-test, P = 0.21, 0.66, 0.24, 0.24 for teeth 23 through 26 respectively). The results indicate that carefully taken photographic slides and study models can provide an accurate measure of keratinized tissue width.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of orthodontic treatment after adenoidectomy on jaw relations in the sagittal plane].

AIM: To evaluate the orthodontic treatment effects, performed immediately after adenoidectomy, on lips relation, overjet and class (Angle). METHODS: Three groups of patients, aged 6-17 years, were observed: group K--patients with oral respiration caused by adenoidal enlargement; group 1--patients with adenoidectomy performed five and more years previously; group 2--patients with one year of orthodontic treatment performed immediately after adenoidectomy. Lips and overjet status and class (Angle) was measured in the examined patients. RESULTS: In all of the three examined groups, there was a statistically highly significant increase (p<0.01) of competent lips. In the patients of group K, the overjet values ranged from 1 mm up to 12 mm where 90% of them had overjet > 4 mm and 6% < 1 mm. The front open bite, low overbite and reversed overjet was found in the patients with low overjet in this group, as well. Overjet values in the patients of group 1 ranged from -2 mm up to 12 mm where 86% had overjet > 4 mm and 10% < 1 mm. Significantly higher increase (p<0.01) of overjet values (1-4 mm in 94% of patients) was observed in the patients of group 2 in comparison to the values found in the patients from groups 0 and 1. Class II (Angle) was recorded in 81% of the patients in group 0, and 79% in group 1, while class I (Angle) was observed 100% only in the patients of group 2. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic treatment immediately after adenoidectomy was necessary for achieving the competition lips relation, normal overjet and class I (Angle).

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial effectiveness of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish treatment in teenagers with fixed orthodontic appliances.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the recolonization pattern of Mutans streptococci (ms) on densely colonized teeth with fixed orthodontic appliances after treatment with a highly concentrated (36%) chlorhexidine varnish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy subjects (n = 19) with fixed orthodontic appliances and high bacterial ms counts in saliva were recruited. In order to establish a baseline registration, plaque adjacent to brackets was sampled and cultivated on Dentocult strips. Following professional tooth cleaning, chlorhexidine varnish was applied on all teeth for 8 minutes. The degree of recolonization with ms was assessed 2 weeks after varnish application in plaque around the brackets. For statistical analysis, the data were subjected to a repeated measures design. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, ms counts were reduced as compared to baseline values. However, the reduction only weakly met statistical significance (P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: The application of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances does not result in a distinct reduction of ms numbers 2 weeks after treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Short-term effect of mastic gum on salivary concentrations of cariogenic bacteria in orthodontic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine antibacterial activity of chewing mastic gum against the salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans, the total number of viable bacteria, and lactobacilli in patients undergoing therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the levels of S mutans, lactobacilli, and total cultivated bacteria were measured before and after chewing mastic gum. The antibacterial effects of chewing mastic gum against these microorganisms in saliva were compared with a placebo gum. The counts for orthodontically treated patients were evaluated before chewing gum; just after chewing gum; and after 45, 75, 105, and 135 minutes. Saliva samples taken from the patients were inoculated onto trypticase-yeast-cystine-bacitracin agar for mutans streptococci and onto Rogosa agar for lactobacilli. The agar plates were incubated for 48 hours anaerobically at 37 degrees C. The total number of viable bacteria was then counted. RESULTS: Just after chewing the mastic gum for 15 minutes, a significant decrease of total bacteria and S mutans was observed (P < .001). The reduction in lactobacilli was not significant at later first stage (P > .05). However, at the end of 135 minutes, there were significantly fewer S mutans (P < .001), total viable bacteria (P < .001), and lactobacilli (P < .001) in the oral cavity after chewing mastic gum than after chewing paraffin (P < .001). The results show that chewing mastic gum decreased the total viable bacteria, S mutans, and lactobacilli in saliva in orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances. CONCLUSION: Chewing mastic gum might be useful in preventing caries lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Leaching of additives and degradation products from cold-cured orthodontic resins.

Unstimulated saliva was collected from orthodontic patients and subjected to combined gas-chromatography and gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry analyses. Saliva was collected before insertion of removable orthodontic appliances made of cold-cured resins. Saliva was then collected 1-2 months after insertion of the appliances and 1 week after they had been removed. Phenyl benzoate (PB) and phenyl salicylate (PS) were identified in pooled saliva samples from patients wearing the appliances. Biphenyl and 2-methoxy-4-hydroxy-benzophenone in addition to PB and PS were identified in a study with in vitro specimens made of orthodontic resin. The leaching of compounds from these test specimens processed by a powdering technique and a pre-mix technique was compared.

Biphenyl Compounds↗
PubMed1994

Factors associated with subjective need for orthodontic treatment among Finnish university applicants.

Subjective orthodontic treatment need and associated factors were studied in a sample of 226 young Finnish adults. The subjects, applicants to enter the University of Helsinki, were interviewed immediately after their entrance examination. A need for treatment was felt by 14% of the subjects. For 47% of those expressing such a need their reason was appearance only, and for 25% it was both appearance and their ability to chew. Among subjects who reported a visible dental irregularity, 38% were dissatisfied with their dental appearance, and 25% felt the need for orthodontic treatment. Women were more often dissatisfied with their dentition than men. Subjective need for treatment was significantly associated with perceived visible dental irregularity and infrequent socializing but not with orthodontic treatment in childhood, pattern of dental attendance, or district of residence. Of various perceptions of anterior teeth, irregularly and wrongly positioned teeth were most often connected with treatment need.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Radiographic structural findings in the mandibular condyles of young individuals receiving orthodontic treatment.

Radiographic findings in mandibular condyles were studied from the pre- and post-treatment panoramic radiographs of 625 orthodontic patients. The subjects' mean age was 11 years at the start and 14 years at the end of active orthodontic treatment. Radiographic condylar findings were seen in 14 (2%) subjects before treatment and in 54 subjects (9%) after treatment (p < 0.001). In age-related controls (n = 783) condylar findings were seen in 3% (p < 0.001). The condylar finding was 'flattening only' in half of the patients and in one-third of the controls with condylar findings. Activator treatment was associated with condylar findings (p < 0.05). Condylar findings increased with age in the orthodontically treated subjects (p < 0.05) but not in the unselected population controls. This may mean that condyles become more sensitive with age in children. Increase with age may be partly due to the radiographic interpretation, since minor condylar findings are difficult to observe in young children, and partly due to differences in treatment modalities and the duration of treatment.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1995

Effects of orthodontic magnets on cutaneous epithelial thickness and tibial bone growth in rats.

The use of permanent magnets in orthodontic treatment has increased significantly over the past years, triggered by the introduction of rare earth magnetic alloys. Concerns about possible side effects have been expressed relating to their use in orthodontic treatment. In previous experimental studies evidence of a reduction in bone formation and epithelial turnover close to rare earth magnets has been presented. The aim of the present study was twofold: to confirm earlier results and to study whether the observed changes are reversible. One hind leg in each of 45 rats was fitted with aluminum rings with Co5Sm magnets, whereas the other hind leg was fitted with sham rings. After 8 weeks 25 rats were killed, and the rings in the remaining rats were removed. The latter group was killed after another 11 weeks. The epithelial and bone reactions were evaluated histomorphometrically. Previous results showing thinner epithelium and retarded rate of bone formation close to Co5Sm magnets were confirmed. These effects were also shown to be largely reversible. It was concluded on the basis of this and the magnitude of the effects that any local side effects from orthodontic rare earth magnets appear negligible when extrapolated to the clinical situation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Modification of 4-META/MMA-TBB resin for safe debonding of orthodontic brackets--influence of the addition of degradable additives or fluoride compound.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of modified 4-META/MMA-TBB resin cements (Superbond C&B) in terms of debonding orthodontic brackets easily and safely from enamel without the loss of proper bracket bond strength. Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), calcium fluoride (CaF2), or alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP) was added to the polymer powder of 4-META/MMA-TBB resin, and the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to human enamel using modified resins was measured before and after 10,000-cycle thermal cycling test between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. The modified resins tended to provide lower bond strength compared with the original 4-META/MMA-TBB resin. However, alpha-TCP- or CaF2-modified resin showed no significant differences in bond strength before and after thermal cycling. Moreover, there was a tendency of more residual resin remaining on the tooth surface after debonding, thereby suggesting a lower risk of enamel fracture. In conclusion, alpha-TCP- or CaF2-modified 4-META/MMA-TBB resin seemed to allow easy and safe debonding of orthodontic brackets without loss of proper bracket bond strength.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1998

Distraction osteogenesis: the effects of orthodontic tooth movement on distracted mandibular bone.

The application of distraction osteogenesis in craniomaxillofacial surgery has created new treatment methods for patients with craniofacial skeletal dysplasias. Most of the applications in the craniofacial skeleton have been for the correction of severe congenital or acquired conditions. As more understanding is gained with these new approaches, refinements in techniques will enhance treatment planning and outcome. This will expand the application of distraction osteogenesis to more common, less severe types of skeletal dysplasias. One of the important areas in mandibular distraction osteogenesis is the management of the dental gap created when distraction is applied within the tooth-bearing segment of the mandibular body. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of orthodontic tooth movement into new bone created through the process of distraction osteogenesis. Orthodontic tooth movement through newly formed mandibular bone in the canine model was performed and, through histologic studies, was found to create compact bone along the path of the moving tooth. This compact bone replaced the more unstructured woven bone that was originally created by the process of mandibular distraction osteogenesis. These findings indicate that orthodontic tooth movement can be performed in distracted bone and can have significant influence on the stability and long-term structural preservation of the bone created by distraction osteogenesis within the tooth-bearing segment of the mandible.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A fourth-year orthodontic elective in an educational group practice.

An educational group practice is described in which a fourth-year dental student actively observes and participates in orthodontic decision making and treatment delivery. The student takes part in patient treatment under the direct supervision of a second-year orthodontic resident. The residents reinforce the skills which the students learn in class and laboratory. In this way an effective learning experience results for both the resident and the fourth-year student. Students also attend patient care conferences, where treatment points of view and sequences are discussed. In this way, students have a first-hand glimpse of what a career in orthodontics might be like.

Education, Dental↗
PubMed1999

The effect of thyroid hormone on orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

The major goals of this study were to determine the effects of different doses of thyroxin on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and the force-induced root resorption. In this study fifty male Sprague--Dawley rats were divided into five groups: a normal group with no intervention; a control group in which appliances were placed and 10 ml/kg i.p./day normal saline was injected; and three thyroxin groups in which appliances were placed and 5, 10 and 20/microgram/kg i.p./day L-thyroxin were administered, respectively. A fixed orthodontic appliance consisting of a 5 mm closed-coil spring was ligated between the maxillary incisor and maxillary first molar to deliver an initial force of 60 gm. The results showed that administration of 20/microgram/kg i.p./day L-thyroxin significantly increased the amount of orthodontic tooth movement (p < 0.001). The extent of root resorption as seen from scanning electron micrographs decreased with thyroxin administration.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

An experimental investigation of osseointegration and stability of implants used as orthodontic anchorage in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate osseointegration and stability of three kinds of implants used as orthodontic anchorage in dogs. METHODS: HA-coated, titanium plasma-coated, and uncoated titanium implants were inserted into each femur of two dogs. After a healing period of three months, orthodontic force of 200 g was applied by means of Ni-Ti springs which were connected to the two adjacent implants for two months. Position change of the implant was first measured and then calculated. The shear bond strength of the interface between implant and bone was measured with a push test. After the test, the fracture surface at the interface was observed with a scanning electronic microscope. RESULTS: All implants were stable, without mobility. The highest bond strength and mature bone compactness were found at the interface between HA-coated implant and bone. The other two showed no significant difference in bond strength. However, osseointegration existed at the interface between all three kinds of implants and bone. CONCLUSION: HA-coated, titanium plasma-coated, and uncoated titanium implants can each serve as orthodontic anchorage as well as prosthodontic abutment.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 9-year-old immigrant children in Stockholm, Sweden.

In this study the prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment were studied from objective and subjective aspects in 174 immigrant children (89 boys and 85 girls). At the time of the study the children were 9 years of age. The objective need for orthodontic treatment was judged according to the 5-point scale of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Medicinalstyrelsen 1966). No need for treatment (grade 0) was observed in 11% of the children and only minor treatment need (grade 1) in 29%. A desirable need for treatment (grade 2) was found in 28% of the children at the time of the examination and an urgent need for treatment (grades 3 and 4) in 32%. Twenty per cent of those with a desirable need for treatment (grade 2; 6% of all the children) will probably develop an urgent need for treatment when the mixed dentition is replaced by the permanent dentition. 56% of the children were not interested in orthodontic treatment, and 63% found the arrangement of their teeth attractive. These results are discussed in relation to earlier Scandinavian epidemiological studies.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orthodontic relapse and the mandibular third molar: a literature review.

This review of the literature considers the role of the mandibular third molars in orthodontic relapse. Theories attempting to resolve the mystery of relapse following orthodontic treatment are presented. While the literature supports the conclusion that there are valid reasons to remove third molars, it does not greatly support prophylactic removal and removal to avoid orthodontic relapse.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of two methods of assessing orthodontic treatment need in the mixed dentition: DAI and IOTN.

This paper assesses the unmet orthodontic treatment need in a random sample of 10-year-old schoolchildren, using two indices: the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The DAI scores were adjusted by omitting the missing teeth component of the index because many children were in the mixed dentition with unerupted permanent teeth. Although both indices assessed the same number of children with malocclusions requiring orthodontic treatment, not all were ranked similarly by each index.

Bicuspid↗