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At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption in rats.

Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption was studied in shaved rats by monitoring unchanged plasma drug concentrations for up to 4 hr. Drug absorption from the neat liquid state or from an alcoholic solution was considerably poorer than that from a commercial ointment. This observation was unanticipated since the driving force for percutaneous drug absorption was assumed to be drug thermodynamics. Potential artifacts such as drug volatilization from the skin, reduction of surface area through droplet formation, and vehicle occlusion were investigated, but they did not appear to be responsible for the observed results. Two experimental aqueous nitroglycerin gels were prepared with polyethylene glycol 400. One gel contained just sufficient polyethylene glycol to solubilize the nitroglycerin; the other had excess polyethylene glycol to solubilize nitroglycerin far below saturation. Both gels gave extremely low plasma nitroglycerin levels. The composite data suggested that percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption is highly vehicle dependent and that this dependency cannot be explained by simple consideration of drug thermodynamic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The enhancement in wound healing by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) depends on the topical delivery system.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) has beneficial effects on wound healing. However, the ideal method for its administration to the wound site remains unknown. Our aim was to analyze the release of TGF-beta 1 from different formulations and to study whether the changes in wound healing by TGF-beta 1 depend on its topical delivery system. For the studies the TGF-beta 1 was incorporated into phosphate-buffered saline, into a polyoxamer gel, into DuoDERM hydroactive paste, and into a poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogel. The release of 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 from carriers was measured in full-thickness wounds in rats and the healing of the wounds was analyzed by histology and wound area measurements. The TGF-beta 1 was released from all formulations at a different rate and in an active form as determined by growth inhibition assay. Wound size measurements and the analysis on the amount of cellular influx, fibroplasia, and granulation tissue showed that a single dose (1 microgram/wound) of locally administered TGF-beta 1 significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced the wound healing. This effect was most prominent with polyoxamer gel formulation, which provided the most sustained release of TGF-beta 1. Our finding that the enhancement in wound healing by TGF-beta 1 was significantly dependent on the carrier used for its topical delivery to the wound site is novel and shows the importance of using adequate delivery systems when growth factors are used to enhance wound repair.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1977

Plasma levels of triamcinolone acetonide as determined by radioimmunoassay after topical application.

In this paper a method for the radioimmunological determination of triamcinolone acetonide (TAAc) in plasma is described. The antiserum used in the radioimmunological determinations showed high specifity for TAAc; the minimal detectable amount was 0.2 ng. The course of the plasma concentration-time curve of TAAc after intravenous injection into rats was analysed. The concentration of TAAc in the blood of the patients after topical application of the drug is very low. No detectable amount of TAAc was found in the blood of out-patients. Hospitalized patients treated with TAAc under plastic occlusion showed plasma levels ranging from 0.8 to 3.4 ng/ml. This level remained constant throughout the treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Arachidonic acid metabolites: effects on inflammation of fetal rabbit excisional wounds.

Uncovered fetal rabbit excisional wounds do not exhibit any classic signs of healing; wounds covered with an impermeable cover do contract, reepithelialize, and exhibit inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is elevated in amniotic fluid, acting as an immunosuppressant at the maternal-fetal interface. Full-thickness excisional wounds were made on 25-day gestational age rabbit fetuses. Half the wounds were covered with an impermeable cover. Tissue from covered, uncovered, and nonwounded fetuses was examined 72 h after wounding for arachidonic acid metabolites. Uncovered wounds had significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) elevated levels of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and 12-HETE versus covered wounds and control tissue. Covered wounds had significantly elevated levels of 15-HETE compared to uncovered and control tissue. The elevated PGE2 in uncovered wounds may act as a fetal immunosuppressant; covered wounds (lower PGE2) developed cellular inflammation. Further investigations of these interactions may permit modulation of adult inflammation.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗
PubMed1982

Automutilation of the cornea. I. Ophthalmological aspects.

Automutilation of the cornea occurs more frequently than is generally supposed. The patient, particularly at his first visit, certainly will not reveal the cause of the cornea lesion. In two University Eye Clinics 19 patients were seen in whom the diagnosis of automutilation of the cornea could be made. It is important for the ophthalmologist to bear the possibility of automutilation in mind. In 6 of our patients corneal grafts were performed. All these grafts failed because of further automutilation. Corneal transplantation is certainly not indicated; these operations were performed because the patient's true condition had not been spotted in time. Better forms of treatment are tarsorrhaphy or the application of closely occluding bandages. In this way fair results were obtained in 2 cases. It is wrong to force the patient to a confrontation (i.e. to tell him that automutilation is suspected). Confrontation can lead to more severe mental disorders. In all cases psychiatric treatment is absolutely essential. The ophthalmological prognosis for this condition is poor and psychiatric help is quite often refused.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Esotropic children with amblyopia: effects of patching on acuity.

The rates of improvement of acuity in response to full-time occlusion therapy of 30 esotropic patients with amblyopia were determined. The children's ages at the time of full-time patching ranged from about 3 to 10 years. In keeping with clinical experience, the rate of acuity improvement during patching was slower for older than younger patients. The age-related changes in responsiveness to patching were modeled nonlinearly to provide quantitative guidelines for management of occlusion therapy of esotropic children with amblyopia.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed2005

Influence of the time of occlusion on the quantitative parameters obtained by modelling trans-epidermal water loss curves to describe the human cutaneous barrier function in vivo.

Understanding the human cutaneous barrier function is one of the main goals in the study of skin physiology. The plastic occlusion stress test (POST) is a well-known, dynamic approach for studying the barrier, evoking an over-stimulation of the cutaneous water assessed by the trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. Rigorous data analysis is imperative, and the compartmental model proposed is particularly suitable for this purpose. It provides a dynamic quantitative description of water mass, but also helps to disclose the relative influence of other factors, such as the time of occlusion. Ten healthy volunteers were submitted to POST studies with different occlusion periods (1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h), allowing the full application of the model to the measured desorption curves. After fitting, the influence of the occlusion time over the evaporation half-lives (t1/2evap) is apparent (t1/2evap ranging from 2.46 min for 1 h of occlusion to 8.53 min for 24 h), increasing with time. Considering the wide applicability of the POST to the study of in vivo cutaneous physiology and pathophysiology, these results demonstrate that the time of occlusion must be considered as a key factor in POST measurements.

Adult↗