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76 university students responded to the Big Five Inventory, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, and rated how much they liked their first and middle names. Self-esteem positively correlated with scores on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion and negatively with Neuroticism. Liking of one's first name correlated positively with scores on Conscientiousness only.
Massive repetition of a word can lead to a loss of meaning (i.e., semantic satiation). Satiation is a general property of neurons and so it would be expected that semantic satiation would be found for stimuli other than words. Three experiments examined the occurrence of satiation for the repetition of names, the visualization of faces, and the repetition of faces. Reaction times to a decision based on a repeated name or face were longer following 30 repetitions than following 3 repetitions, indicating that satiation had occurred. Mere visualization over the same time interval, however, did not elicit satiation effects.
Hospitals change their names for a variety of reasons. Some seek a new identity that conveys a wider range of services; others need a new moniker as a result of a merger; still others hope a change can help the facility erase past problems. Whatever the case may be, a hospital's decision to change its name has evolved from a mere technical formality to a competitive, and often costly, marketing strategy.
Extracellular recordings of human temporal cortical neuronal activity during identification and memory for object names or words were obtained from 31 neurons at 18 sites in 12 left language dominant patients undergoing left (10) or right (2) awake craniotomy for epilepsy under local anesthesia. Frequency of activity during identification was compared with perceptual controls, that during the encoding phase of recent memory to identification of the same material. Statistically significant changes in one or more temporal epoch (p < 0.005) of one or more comparisons were present for 27 of the 31 neurons in either hemisphere. Few neurons changed activity in the same direction for both words and names. The instruction to retain an item in recent memory changed activity in most neurons from that during identification of the same material, although the items presented were identical and overtly identified in each task. Any individual neuron usually changed activity in one direction for only one task. There are separate, widely distributed neural networks for identification or recent memory for each type of material. The majority of nearby neurons recorded through the same extracellular microelectrode were related to the networks for different tasks. The temporal characteristics of these changes were also investigated; 31% of the changes were "phasic": temporally related to presentation or response to the item. Most of the remaining neuron changes were sustained throughout a task, often for several minutes. These task-specific sustained changes may reflect effects of thalamo-cortical attentional systems. Individual neurons had both sustained and phasic changes to different tasks.
In different registers, dictionaries and publications the first names of the famous doctor Tissot are "David", "Auguste" or, absolutely wrong "Simon-André". After the baptismal Register of the village of Grancy, his birth place, his correct first names are Samuel, Auguste, André, David or--shortened--Samuel Auguste.
The Columbia name is gone, leaving only the HCA moniker. With the change comes a renewed focus on community rather than on the national brand. Observers also see the shedding of the Columbia name as a way for HCA to get rid of some of its corporate baggage, helping the system's efforts to make a fresh start following its recent $745 million partial settlement of federal fraud charges.
How to spell the name of Menière correctly is documented in his original publications. He wrote his name without the frequently seen accent aigu on the first "e" but with an accent grave on the second. Furthermore some details from his life are reported which are not only of interest from the medical-historical point of view: He inspired Honoré de Balzac in creating the character of Docteur Bianchon in the "Comédie humaine". Menière himself reports in his "Journal de Blayes" about his medical and diplomatic mission as the Duchesse de Berry's doctor when she was imprisoned in the Fortresse de Blayes.
Patients with transcortical sensory aphasia have relatively preserved repetition ability but have poor comprehension and naming ability. Their spontaneous speech contains paraphasic errors and lacks content. We describe a patient with a left parietal lesion who had poor comprehension but who was able to repeat. However, unlike previously reported cases of transcortical aphasia, the patient had relatively normal naming and spontaneous speech. We believe that this distinct and previously unreported form of transcortical aphasia is induced by a one-way dissociation between phonemic and semantic processors.
CONTEXT: Policies requiring confidential reporting by name to state health departments of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have potential to cause some of them to avoid HIV testing. OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in use of HIV testing services at publicly funded HIV counseling and testing sites before and after the implementation of HIV reporting policies. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analysis of service provision data from 6 state health departments (Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, and Tennessee) 12 months before and 12 months after HIV reporting was introduced. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percent change in numbers of persons tested at publicly funded HIV counseling and testing sites after implementation of confidential HIV reporting by risk group. RESULTS: No significant declines in the total number of HIV tests provided at counseling and testing sites in the months immediately after implementation of HIV reporting occurred in any state, other than those expected from trends present before HIV reporting. Increases occurred in Nebraska (15.8%), Nevada (48.4%), New Jersey (21.3%), and Tennessee (62.8%). Predicted decreases occurred in Louisiana (10.5%) and Michigan (2.0%). In all areas, testing of at-risk heterosexuals increased in the year after HIV reporting was implemented (Louisiana, 10.5%; Michigan, 225.1 %; Nebraska, 5.7%; Nevada, 303.3%; New Jersey, 462.9%; Tennessee, 603.8%). Declines in testing occurred among men who have sex with men in Louisiana (4.3%) and Tennessee (4.1%) after HIV reporting; testing increased for this group in Michigan (5.3%), Nebraska (19.6%), Nevada (12.5%), and New Jersey (22.4%). Among injection drug users, testing declined in Louisiana (15%), Michigan (34.3%), and New Jersey (0.6%) and increased in Nebraska (1.7%), Nevada (18.9%), and Tennessee (16.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Confidential HIV reporting by name did not appear to affect use of HIV testing in publicly funded counseling and testing programs.
Nitric oxide (NO) under basal conditions is an important regulator of vascular tone. Under ischemic conditions, however, NO can combine with superoxide anion to produce the damaging hydroxyl free radical. The current project observes the effect of inhibiting NO production (L-Nitro-amino-methyl-arginine, L-NAME) on flaps rendered ischemic by secondary (2 degrees) venous obstruction. Eighty rats had 3 x 6 cm skin flaps based on the epigastric vessels. Primary (1 degree) ischemia was produced by arteriovenous occlusion for 2 hours; (2 degrees) venous ischemia was induced by clamping the vein, alone for either 3 or 5 hours. Thirty minutes prior to 2 degrees ischemia, rats received either L-NAME (30 mg/kg) or saline buffer. Flap survival was assessed 7 days later and Chi-square analysis was used. At 3 hours of ischemia, treatment improved survival from 55% to 85% (P < 0.05). Treatment also improved survival at 5 hours of ischemia from 5% to 35% (P < 0.04). Although under resting conditions, NO is a potent vasodilator, during 2 degrees venous obstruction it may contribute to flap necrosis.
Progress in paleoanthropology is impeded when new fossil materials are published but unavailable for comparative study, as is too often the case. In this commentary, we review the stages of description and analysis that new fossils must undergo and conclude that it is disingenuous to argue that fossils have not been properly "published" when descriptions and new names formulated in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature have appeared in leading scientific journals. Once such names and descriptions have been published, it is imperative that the original fossils concerned be available to the scientific community for comparative analysis, for by the very nature of science, no statement about such fossils, however carefully prepared by the original describers (or anyone else), can be regarded as definitive. Science is a system of provisional knowledge that constantly requires re-examination and testing. It cannot function as a system in which assertions have to be left unchallenged for want of free access to the primary data.
Verbal fluency and confrontation naming, two tests of word retrieval, are of great utility in the field of cognitive neuroscience. However, in the context of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), movement artefact has necessitated the use of covert paradigms, which has limited clinical application. We developed two overt fMRI paradigms that allowed for performance measurement and hence were appropriate for use with patient groups. The paradigms incorporated a blocked-design and compressed-acquisition methodology where cues were presented and responses made in a "silent" period allowing for performance measurement. The slow response pace was specifically designed for older and potentially cognitively impaired participants. Verbal fluency was associated with activation in the middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 46 and 9), anterior cingulate gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus (area 44 and 45). Confrontation naming activated areas of the temporo-occipital cortices (areas 18, 19, and 37) and the inferior frontal gyrus. The two paradigms successfully activated regions involved in executive and word retrieval processes and overcame the potential artefacts resulting from overt speech during image acquisition, providing useful neuropsychological tools to investigate cognitive deficits in clinical populations.
Crataegus (hawthorn) has long been used as a folk medicine all around the world. Most of the studies with Crataegus species focus on effects on heart failure and cardiovascular disease. The pharmacological effects of Crataegus have been attributed mainly to the content of flavonoids, procyanidin, aromatic acid and cardiotonic amines. The present study investigated the blood pressure and the structure of the coronary arterial wall of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats given an aqueous leaf extract of C. tanacetifolia (100 mg/kg), for 4 weeks via gavage. It was observed that C. tanacetifolia, especially the hyperoside fraction, prevented L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats and had beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.
This study is the first to demonstrate activation of NF-kappaB binding just 10 minutes into the commonly employed hepatocyte isolation procedure. It is further reported that the anti-oxidant Trolox can prevent the induction of NF-kappaB during the well established hepatocyte isolation procedure but not during their subsequent culture. However both phases of NF-kappaB activation are inhibited by L-NAME intimating a role for NO production, via nitric oxide synthase. These findings demonstrate that at least 2 different signal transduction pathways are operative during hepatocyte isolation and culture. Thus further studies employing Trolox and L-NAME will help delineate how each pathway contributes to the generalised loss of liver function commonly observed in vitro.
The relation between left-right and upper-lower visual field (VF) asymmetries was examined for face matching, letter naming, and lexical decision. Stimuli were flashed in the VF quadrants. Face matching resulted in a lower left and upper right VF advantage. Letter-naming resulted in a distinct upper-right VF advantage. For lexical decision, no upper/lower asymmetries were found. Words were processed faster in the right than in the left VF, while nonwords were processed equally fast in both VFs. The results are discussed in terms of hypothesized structural connections of the lower versus upper visual field to dorsal versus ventral visual pathways and in terms of attentional mechanisms related to the processing of visual information in the VF quadrants.
Right brain-damaged patients performed a confrontation naming task. Pictures were tachistoscopically presented to the right visual field and selected for their high degree of canonicity and name agreement measured in control subjects. Compared to controls, patients exhibited significant errors. Misnamings were mainly perceptual, i.e., visual-semantic or purely visual errors. No evidence of pure semantic error was found. Half of visual-semantic misnamings referred to objects of a different size (scale error) within the correct semantic field. Misnamings are tentatively attributed to a disturbance of the visual-imagistic automatic encoding process at the level of the pictorial data store.
A cross-modal naming task was used to investigate when readers access and use semantic argument information to integrate a verb into the representation of a sentence. Previous research has shown that readers include implicit agents as part of their understanding of short passive sentences like The door was shut but not in intransitive sentences like The door shut. We demonstrate that implicit agents are accessed immediately upon recognizing a passive verb. Additionally, our results suggest that cross-modal naming is sensitive to some types of lexically encoded semantic information.
Developmental changes in children's verbal fluency and confrontation naming were explored in this study. One hundred and sixty children (ages 5 years and 11 months to 11 years and 4 months) completed two verbal fluency tasks (phonemic and semantic) and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Normative data were compiled for the BNT and the phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. With the exception of the phonemic fluency task, all tests showed a linear increase from year-groups I to V, with a significant increase between year-groups I and II. Principal Component Factor Analysis was conducted to determine whether the tests evaluated similar or different functions. Two factors emerged: the first involving all of the measurements and the second explaining exclusively the phonemic fluency. These results make it possible to conclude that children also seem to have different subsystems responsible for the analysis and processing of different aspects of language.