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PubMed1975

[Postoperative intraabdominal suppurations due to Ristella. Clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic characteristics].

From 1972 to 1974, 8 intraabdominal postoperative suppurations due to Bacteroides have been observed at Hospital Beaujon. Three characteristic features of such infections have been analysed: the high frequency of associated jaundice; the difficulty of isolation of the Bacteroides; their specific sensitivity to some antibiotics. In 5 patients, jaundice related to the bacterial infection has been observed; jaundice was of the cholestatic type; it was mainly due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; in approximately 50 p.cent of the cases, serum alkalin phosphatases activity and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity were moderately elevated; the presence of jaundice did not seem to have any influence on the prognosis. The frequent association to Bacteroids of enterobacteria makes isolation of the Bacteroides difficult. The necessity of some precautions in the handling (storage at 4 degrees C or immediate inoculation in anaerobic conditions) is emphasized. Bacteroides are always resistant to penicillin and to the other broad spectrum antibiotics usually effective enterobacteria. They are sensitive to tetracyclins (5/8), lincomycin (2/4), clindamycin (2/3), rifampicin (8/8), pristinamycin (7/7), carbenicillin (3/3), erythromycin (8/8) and chloramphenicol (8/8).

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial pathogens and a survey of intestinal parasites in free-living waterfowl.

Free-living waterfowl residing in metropolitan parks in central Ohio were surveyed for the fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Pasteurella multocida. In addition, a survey for intestinal parasites was also conducted in these same waterfowl to determine parasite burdens in free-living waterfowl. Prevalences of 67%, 50%, and 0.2% of E. coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella spp., respectively, were observed for all waterfowl species. Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from the sampled population. Salmonella java was isolated from one mallard duck. Statistically, there was a significantly higher E. coli isolation rate for mallard ducks than for Canada geese, but no difference was observed for C. jejuni isolation rates between waterfowl species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the disk diffusion method and multidrug resistance was exhibited for penicillin G, lincomycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, and bacitracin. In addition, the prevalence of endoparasites in these sampled waterfowl ranged from 5% to 66%. Protozoan oocysts were most prevalent followed by nematode ova. No trematode or cestode ovum was recovered from this sampled population.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The uptake of vitamin B12 by the sediment of jejunal contents in patients with the blind-loop syndrome.

Following preincubation of intrinsic factor- (IF-) bound 57CoB12 with the jejunal sediments of 6 patients with the blind-loop syndrome, the mean uptake by the sediments of IF-57CoB12 (28.1 percent plus or minus 4.2 percent S,E.M.) was significantly higher than the mean uptake by jejunal sediments from 5 control patients (5.8 per cent plus or minus 3.5 percent) (p smaller than 0.01). The uptake by the sediments significantly decreased when the incubations were carried out in the presence of lincomycin and neomycin. The jejunal sediments from the patients with the blind-loop syndrome inhibited the uptake of IF-57CoB12 by perfused rat intestinal segments (p smaller than 0.01), whereas the sediments from the control patients had no such inhibitory effect (p smaller than 0.5).

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food.

This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of residues of certain veterinary drugs in food and to recommend maximum levels for such residues in food. The first part of the report considers the interpretation of data on inhibition of cholinesterase activity and recommendations arising from an informal meeting on harmonization with the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological and residue data on a variety of veterinary drugs: one anthelminthic agent (ivermectin); four antimicrobial agents (flumequine, lincomycin, oxytetracycline and tilmicosin); six insecticides (cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, dicyclanil, permethrin and metrifonate (trichlorfon)); and one production aid (melengestrol acetate). Annexed to the report are a summary of the Committee's recommendations on these drugs, including Acceptable Daily Intakes and Maximum Residue Limits and further information required.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characterisation of Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from foals and from immunocompromised human patients.

The cultural, morphological, biochemical, serological characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of 25 Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from lungs and lung abscesses of pneumonic foals and 5 R. equi strains isolated from immuno-compromised human patients were examined. All R. equi strains showed common cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics both with conventional tests and on the basis of their enzyme profile. The R. equi strains examined were resistant to penicillins with the exception of ampicillin, to sulphamethazine and several strains also to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. All strains were susceptible to erythromycin and rifampicin. The strains isolated from humans showed somewhat higher rate of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, cefotaxime, kanamycin, streptomycin, lincomycin, and oxytetracycline. The overwhelming majority (96%) of the equine isolates belonged to serotype 1 in Prescott's serotyping system, while the human isolates could not be serotyped.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Drug resistance of group B streptococci].

The group B streptococci (GBS) are one of the main infections' factors in neonates. The source of the infection is mother and the infection follows during childbirth. In many countries various methods of prophylaxis in reference to mother and neonate are introduced. Thus far the widest application have found a method of giving to pregnant women penicillins or cephalosporins. The purpose of the present work was to study how the drug-resistant of the GBS forms in our country and if using antibiotics in prophylactic purposes without doing any antibiograms is burdened with risk, resulted from the possibility of meeting resistant strains. 365 strains of the GBS, derived from colonised neonates, pregnant women and clinical materials were put to the scientific research. 120 animal strains isolated from events of mastitis in cows, represented the second group. The GBS, derived from pregnant women were sensitive to every examined antibiotics except lincomycin (5.9%). Amid the streptococcus isolated from neonates there were some strains resistant to every examined antibiotic (1.9-4.4%). More often resistant strains were isolated from clinical materials (3.9-9.0%). The highest percentage of the resistant strains was identified in animals (7.5-20.0%). The GBS as a rule were insensitive to cotrimoxasolum. As follows from our scientific researches, the GBS derived from people as a rule are sensitive to used antibiotics. But there were some strains resistant even to several antibiotics. Possibility of meeting these strains should be taken into consideration as in prophylaxis as in treatment of the infections. Amid the animal strains of the GBS the phenomenon of the resistance to antibiotics is more often met than in human ones.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The treatment industrial sewage of nonferrous heavy metals using biosorbents].

Producers of the antibiotics neomycin and lincomycin were most potent in sorbing nonferrous metals; they removed 99% Zn and Cd and 95% Ni. The degree of metal sorption increased with an increase in solution pH and calcium content in the biomass. Dynamic studies of biosorbents prepared from microbial biomass showed that neomycin industrial waste products are highly efficient in treating galvanic washing water. The total dynamic exchange capacities by nickel and cadmium were 6.85 and 7.16 mg/ml, respectively.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

[The use of veterinary drugs during pregnancy of the dog].

To point out which antibiotics and NSAIDs are safe to use during pregnancy of the dog and which are not, a simple system for classification has been developed for veterinarians. To find out more information about what drugs and during what stage of pregnancy veterinarians prescribe, a random survey was carried out among veterinarians who work primarily with companion animals. To develop this system for classification, literature concerning the teratogenicity of veterinary drugs was evaluated. The results of the survey indicate that the possibility of a pregnancy is rarely taken into account when prescribing medications and that many drugs that have not been proven safe, are prescribed. From the evaluation of literature follows that benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid, cefadroxil, cefalexin and lincomycin are the safest and therefore the agents of choice during pregnancy. It would be better if NSAIDs were not to be used during the last stage of pregnancy, because they might cause delay of the delivery. Drugs that might be teratogenic should be avoided unless there is no alternative and the possible benefits for the bitch outweigh the risks for the foetus.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with various antibiotics.

The authors have performed a comparative study of the efficacy of various in-feed medications for the treatment of 5- to 6-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets experimentally infected on day 1 with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, on day 8 with Pasteurella multocida (serotype A), and on day 15 with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serotype 2). The treatment started on day 9 and continued for 12 consecutive days, then the piglets were euthanized for examination of macroscopic, histologic, and pathologic lesions and for the presence of mycoplasmas and bacteria in the lungs. Based on the results of clinical observations (respiratory signs, rectal temperature, body weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency), macroscopic and histologic lesions of the lungs, and microbiologic findings, the best results were obtained by treatment of pigs with Econor + chlortetracycline, followed by Tetramutin, Pulmotil, Cyfac, and lincomycin + chlortetracycline.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2001

Increased sensitivity to protein synthesis inhibitors in cells lacking tmRNA.

tmRNA (also known as SsrA or 10Sa RNA) is involved in a trans-translation reaction that contributes to the recycling of stalled ribosomes at the 3' end of an mRNA lacking a stop codon or at an internal mRNA cluster of rare codons. Inactivation of the ssrA gene in most bacteria results in viable cells bearing subtle phenotypes, such as temperature-sensitive growth. Herein, we report on the functional characterization of the ssrA gene in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. Deletion of the ssrA gene in Synechocystis resulted in viable cells with a growth rate identical to wild-type cells. However, null ssrA cells (deltassrA) were not viable in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol, lincomycin, spiramycin, tylosin, erythromycin, and spectinomycin at low doses that do not significantly affect the growth of wild-type cells. Sensitivity of deltassrA cells similar to wild-type cells was observed with kasugamycin, fusidic acid, thiostrepton, and puromycin. Antibiotics unrelated to protein synthesis, such as ampicillin or rifampicin, had no differential effect on the deltassrA strain. Furthermore, deletion of the ssrA gene is sufficient to impair global protein synthesis when chloramphenicol is added at sublethal concentrations for the wild-type strain. These results indicate that ribosomes stalled by some protein synthesis inhibitors can be recycled by tmRNA. In addition, this suggests that the first elongation cycle with tmRNA, which incorporates a noncoded alanine on the growing peptide chain, may have mechanistic differences with the normal elongation cycles that bypasses the block produced by these specific antibiotics. tmRNA inactivation could be an useful therapeutic target to increase the sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria against antibiotics.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed1975

[Changes in the ultrastructure of Staph. aureus cells under the action of certain antibiotics].

The ultrastructure of staphylococcal cells being in contact with oxacillin, cephaloridin, lincomycin, fusidin or gentamycin was studied with the help of electron microscopy. Differences in the changes of the submicroscopic sturcutre of the cells under the effect of the antibiotics inhibiting the synthesis of the cell walls or protein synthesis were shown. Teh level of the structure changes depended on the drug concentration.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Theodore E. Woodward Award. How bacterial enterotoxins work: insights from in vivo studies.

Clostridium difficile is a spore forming, gram-positive anaerobic bacillus first described in 1935 by Hall and O'Toole as a commensal organism in the fecal flora of healthy newborn infants (1). The organism was given its unusual name because it grew slowly and was difficult to isolate in pure culture. Its presence in the stool of healthy neonates suggested that C. difficile was a nonpathogen, even though it produced toxins in broth culture. Following its original description, C. difficile passed quickly into relative obscurity in the 1960's and 1970's when antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis became prevalent following the introduction into clinical practice of broad spectrum antibiotics. The frequent association of clindamycin and lincomycin therapy with pseudomembranous colitis led to the term "clindamycin colitis" (2). A breakthrough occurred in 1978 when C. difficile was identified as the source of a cytotoxin in the stool of patients with pseudomembranous colitis (3). During the two decades since its rediscovery, a great deal has been learned about the pathophysiology, epidemiology and management of C. difficile infection, yet many challenges remain. Currently this organism infects over 30% of individuals admitted to United States hospitals, making C. difficile colitis one of the most common nosocomial infections (4). It is estimated that approximately 10-12 million adults are infected with this organism each year in the United States, about a third of whom become symptomatic. The disease burden in the elderly is particularly severe as they are hospitalized more frequently and for longer duration. The pathophysiology of C. difficile diarrhea requires alteration of the colonic microflora by antibiotics, colonization by C. difficile, and release of two potent enterotoxins designated A and B (5). The toxins of Clostridium difficile are required virulence factors in both animals and humans since non-toxigenic strains do not cause disease. Recent cloning and sequencing of the toxin genes reveals extensive amino acid homology between them that is reflected in common molecular and cellular mechanisms. Both toxins damage cells by modifying the rho family of proteins, key regulators of cellular actin. C. difficile infection causes a florid acute inflammatory response seen in patients with pseudomembranous colitis. It is now realized that neurons and immune cells of the lamina propria are major determinants of toxin-induced diarrhea and mucosal damage. Early critical events following toxin exposure are release of the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) from sensory afferent neurons and activation of lamina propria macrophages and intestinal mast cells. These peptides in turn release a complex cascade of other inflammatory mediators from lamina propria cells (5). The importance of the host immune response, specifically serum IgG directed against toxin A, is now recognized as a critical determinant of disease expression in man.

Actins↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of peptide antibacterial factor and changes in Staphylococcus susceptibility to antibiotics].

The susceptibility to antibiotics of the Staphylococcus epidermidis cells in the presence of low-molecular weight peptide factor was investigated. The factor was isolated from the Styaphylococcus warneri culture media. The factor enhanced the S. epidermidis susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, rifampicin, tetracycline, cefalexine, erythromycin and fusidine. The same effect was demonstrated for the cells of S. epidermidis resistant to cadmium ions along with resistance to several antibiotics. However the cells reaction in this case was expressed to a lower extent. It was suggested that revealed alterations in staphylococci susceptibility to antibiotics was due to the peptide factor effect on cytoplasmic membrane permeability that resulted in nonspecific increase in accumulation of various compounds with low-molecular weight.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Role of anaerobic bacteria in sinusitis].

The purpose of the present study is to determine the role of the anaerobic bacteria in the chronic paranasal sinusitis. We cultured both aerobically and anaerobically, 80 specimen of pus we obtained by antral puncture. Fourteen per cent of the specimen were sterile (11 cases); we found a pure aerobic growth in 51% (41 cases), a mixed aerobic-anaerobic growth in 25% (20 cases) and a pure anaerobic growth in 10% (8 cases). This means that anaerobic organismes were isolated in 35% (28 cases): in 22% (18 cases) the anaerobic bacteria can be considered as the only pathogenes. These results show the great importance of the anaerobic bacteria in chronic and subacute paranasal sinusitis. The anaerobes live as saprofytes on the entire body but they become pathogene in certain conditions such as a low oxidation-reduction potential and a reduced oxygen tension. These conditions are found in the chronically infected paranasal sinuses. Probably the anaerobes do not initiate a sinusitis (except in the sinusitis from dental origine) but the primary infection is superinfected by anaerobes; once they have found ideal growth conditions, it's very difficult to destroy them: despite of several antral washings, a surgical intervention is often the only way. The best antibiotics against anaerobic sinusitis are clindamycin and tetracycline in general administration, and lincomycin, thiamfenicol and tetracycline for local application.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Desoxyribonuclease and lecithinase activity in antibiotic-resistant and -sensitive staphylococci].

Staphylococcus aureus, a laboratory strain 209-P and strain I isolated freshly from infected wounds, as well as lincomycin hydrochloride, ampicillin, oxacillin and methicillin manufactured in the USSR and cephaloridin manufactured by "PLIVA" in Yugoslavia were used. Various activity levels of desoxyribonuclease and lecitinase of the staphylococci depending on sensitivity or resistance of the test-microbe to the antibiotics were shown. The activity of the above microbial enzymes characterizing the pathogenic properties decreased with development of the antibiotic resistance, sometimes to complete inactivation of the enzymes synthesized by the staphylococci. In spite of closeness of their modes of action the semisynthetic penicillins had a differentiating effect on the above enzymes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Side effects of antibiotics].

The clinically severe and newer forms of antibiotic side effects are reviewed. The study covers the following antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and polymyxins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, macrolides and lincomycin, rifamycins and sulfonamides. Special reference is made to (1) hematologic side effects, and (2) general evaluation of drug reactions. The relationship between reaction time and clinical symptoms is of particular practical significance.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1999

[Establishment of transformation system of Streptomyces lincolnensis].

Transformation system of S. lincolnensis was established to improve lincomycin--producing strains by Gene retransformation Technology. Under optimal conditions, 10(11) protoplasts were prepared from 25 ml SM culture medium, and the regeneration frequency of protoplasts was 16%. The transformation frequency of pIJ702 was up to 5.5 x 10(5)/microgram DNA. The results revealed that gene manipulation in S. lincolnensis was facile as that in S. lividans.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food.

This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of residues of certain veterinary drugs in food and to recommend maximum levels for such residues in food. The first part of the report considers risk assessment principles and presents the views of the Committee on the FAO/WHO Project to update principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Summaries follow of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological and residue data on a variety of veterinary drugs: three anthelminthic agents (doramectin, ivermectin and tiabendazole), seven antimicrobial agents (cefuroxime, dihydrostreptomycin and streptomycin, lincomycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline and thiamphenicol), four insecticides (cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and alpha-cypermethrin, and phoxim) and one production aid (melengestrol acetate). Annexed to the report is a summary of the Committee's recommendations on these drugs, including Acceptable Daily Intakes and Maximum Residue Limits and further information required.

Animals↗