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PubMed2000

Language and oral-motor development and disorders in infants and young toddlers with human immunodeficiency virus.

There are only a few studies on the preverbal and language development of infants and toddlers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the available literature indicates that HIV infection appears to compromise language development. No studies could be found on the oral-motor development of such children. This article reviews current research on the preverbal and language development of children with HIV from birth to 3 years of age and provides recommendations for future research. Information on several virus-related pathologies that can interfere with oral-motor integrity and development is also presented. Proper intervention to remediate language disorders and support oral-motor development of these children requires their comprehensive assessment, and a dynamic assessment strategy is recommended.

Apraxias↗
PubMed2005

Development of a molecular screening test for hereditary hearing loss and genetic susceptibility to aminoglycoside toxicity for Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a molecular screening test for genetic defects on hearing loss related genes has significant impacts on early identification of hereditary hearing loss and genetic susceptibility to aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Early identification of pre-lingual hearing loss is very important for patient' s language development, academic achievement, and social skill. Two common mutations, the 235delC in GJB2 gene and the mutation A1555G in mitochondrial DNA, are included in the newly developed screening panel for Chinese population. METHODS: A molecular genetic assay, based on fluorescent labeled multiplex PCR and automatic DNA fragment analyzing techniques, was developed to detect both mutations simultaneously. RESULTS: This assay was able to detect both mutations from patient's samples, and pooled DNA tests, as well as suitable to detect mutation from the DNA extracted from dried blood spot and buccal swab. CONCLUSION: This assay could be a useful tool for newborn screening and carrier screening for the hereditary hearing loss for the Chinese population.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2004

Children with cochlear implants: changing parent and deaf community perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changing parent and deaf community perspectives related to pediatric cochlear implantation. DESIGN: This research is based primarily on 2 nonrandom study designs. In the first study, conducted by the Gallaudet University Research Institute, Washington, DC, in the spring of 1999, a 12-page questionnaire was distributed to 1841 parents of children with cochlear implants; 439 questionnaires were returned. In the second study, we conducted 56 interviews with parents of 62 children with implants (and 1 without). SUBJECTS: Parents of children with cochlear implants; Gallaudet University faculty, staff, students, and alumni. RESULTS: While parents frequently receive conflicting information about educational and communication options for their child, they generally support signing before and after implantation. The parents of a child with an implant have a great interest in their child's spoken language development, and most would like to have had their child receive an implant earlier. Children with implants are educated in a variety of educational settings. Mainstreamed children with implants often continue to require classroom support services, and children with implants are frequently not isolated from both deaf and hearing peers. Parents have mixed experiences when getting information from persons in the deaf community. COMMENT: Opposition to pediatric cochlear implantation within the deaf community is giving way to the perception that it is one of a continuum of possibilities for parents to consider. To ensure optimal use of the cochlear implant, parents need to remain involved in their child's social and educational development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Psychological assessment of deaf children.

This article describes two research studies on prelingually profoundly deaf children. The first study is on deaf children aged 3.5 to 4.25 years, and the second on deaf children aged 4 to 6 years. Both studies show that speech and speech reading skills in deaf preschool children age 3.5 to 6 years depend strongly on fine motor skill of hand and mouth, successive memory and memory for rhythm. These three interdependent skills are taken as three aspects of eupraxia. Eupraxia is an even stronger predictor of speech and speech reading skill than hearing loss. In deaf children aged 4 to 6, eupraxia is predictive of later reading decoding skills. The second study shows that the visual memory skills of deaf children aged 4 to 6 are predictive of their later passive written vocabulary and reading comprehension skills. Both studies show that on the basis of eupraxia with or without oral language skills statistically significant predictions can be made about later school placement in oral deaf schools, non-oral deaf schools or mainstreaming in regular schools. A diagnostic model is formulated in which eupraxia and visual cognition, as a theory on the normal language development of deaf children, can explain individual differences between deaf children with regard to oral and written communication skills.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1999

Clinical characteristics of schizophrenia associated with velo-cardio-facial syndrome.

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is caused by a microdeletion in the long arm of chromosome 22 and is associated with an increased frequency of schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic, physical, developmental and psychiatric features of schizophrenic patients with VCFS microdeletion. It describes the clinical findings in four schizophrenic inpatients with the characteristic chromosomal deletion. The four patients displayed delayed motor development, language deficits, learning disabilities, mental retardation, early age of onset, chronic and disabling course of illness and poor response to classical neuroleptic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. Two patients benefited from treatment with clozapine. We suggest that schizophrenic patients with a history of delayed motor development, early onset of the disorder, history of learning disability, mental retardation, congenital cardiac anomalies and/or hypernasal speech should be screened for the velo-cardio-facial syndrome deletion. The implications of this study for psychiatric phenotype, nosology, disease mechanism, and possible new treatments in the future are discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a software for the design of custom-made hip prostheses using an open-source rapid application development environment.

The present work describes a technology transfer project called HIPCOM devoted to the re-engineering of the process used by a medical devices manufacturer to design custom-made hip prostheses. Although it started with insufficient support from the end-user management, a very tight scheduling and a moderate budget, the project developed into what is considered by all partners a success story. In particular, the development of the design software, called HIPCOM Interactive Design Environment (HIDE) was completed in a time shorter than any optimistic expectation. The software was quite stable since its first beta version, and once introduced at the user site it fully replaced the original procedure in less than two months. One year after the early adoption, more than 80 custom-made prostheses had been designed with HIDE and the user had reported only two bugs, both cosmetics. The scope of the present work was to report the development experience and to investigate the reasons for these positive results, with particular reference to the development procedure and the software architecture. The choice of TCL/TK as development language and the adoption of well-defined software architecture were found to be the success key factors. Other important determinants were found to be the adoption of an incremental software engineering strategy, well suited for small to medium projects and the presence in the development staff of a technology transfer expert.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed1987

Maternal stress, superstition and communicative behaviour with Nigerian cleft lip and palate children.

This study examines, through video recordings and interviews, superstitions held by families of children with cleft lip and palates (CLP) and the mothers' communicative relationship with them. 10 CLP children, 10 non-cleft (NC) children and their mothers, were the subjects. Evil spirits were cited as the dominant cause of the cleft. Husbands or the extended family blamed the mother for the defect in 70% of the homes. Negative family support was evident in 6 of the families. Mothers of CLP children were indulgent with them, but afforded them less autonomy than did mothers of NC children. There was also more linguistic sensitivity between mother and CLP child than within the control group, perhaps facilitating language development in the CLP children. Mothers were, however, withdrawn in relation to children with unrepaired cleft lips. Family education and counselling were recommended.

Child Language↗
PubMed2003

A preliminary study of motor problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Although many children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorer (ADHD) are described as "clumsy," there is relatively little research on problems in motor development in this population. We used a survey method to assess retrospectively developmental histories of 25 children with ADHD and 27 control children (ages 8-15 years). Children with ADHD reportedly had more difficulty than control children with both learning and performing a variety of motor skills, e.g., tying shoes, printing letters, playing sports. In contrast, parents reported few problems in their children's language development. Severity of motor problems was related to performance on specific IQ indices and reading and spelling tests. Given previous research on adverse consequences of clumsiness in children with attention deficits, results of this preliminary study indicate that further research on motor development can shed light on the developmental psychopathology of ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Predicting school performance of preschool children from parent reports.

Parents of 391 preschool children ages 49 to 64 months completed a brief developmental inventory as part of a preschool screening program operated by an urban school district. The 28-item developmental inventory assessed adaptive behavior and language development. In addition, preschool children were administered the Minneapolis Preschool Screening Instrument. Teacher ratings of kindergarten performance the following year provided criterion data to validate the screening measures. Correlations with the overall teacher rating [the mean of nine ratings] were .40 for the adaptive behavior scale and .57 for the language scale. Validity figures for the developmental inventory were significantly higher for low SES than for high SES children, for older children [57 to 64 months] than for younger children [49 to 56 months], and for firstborn children than for younger siblings. No effects were found by sex. While a positive relationship between parent reports of developmental functioning and early school performance was clearly established, validity levels did not justify use of parent information as a sole source of preschool screening information.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Electrophysiologic manifestations of impaired temporal lobe auditory processing in verbal auditory agnosia.

The present study examined the extent to which verbal auditory agnosia (VAA) is primarily a phonemic decoding disorder, as contrasted to a more global defect in acoustic processing. Subjects were six young adults who presented with VAA in childhood and who, at the time of testing, showed varying degrees of residual auditory discrimination impairment. They were compared to a group of young adults with normal language development matched for age and gender. Cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to tones and to consonant-vowel stimuli presented in an "oddball" discrimination paradigm. In addition to cortical ERPs, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and middle latency responses (MLRs) were recorded. Cognitive and language assessments were obtained for the VAA subjects. ABRs and MLRs were normal. In comparison with the control group, the cortical ERPs of the VAA subjects showed a delay in the N1 component recorded over lateral temporal cortex both to tones and to speech sounds, despite an N1 of normal latency overlying the frontocentral region of the scalp. These electrophysiologic findings indicate a slowing of processing of both speech and nonspeech auditory stimuli and suggest that the locus of this abnormality is within the secondary auditory cortex in the lateral surface of the temporal lobes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Staving off acute otitis media. When is prophylaxis with antibiotics desirable?

Acute otitis media affects most young children and is the condition for which children are most frequently treated with antibiotics. A pattern of recurrent acute ear infections develops in some children and is a source of frustration for parents and physicians. Recurrent episodes can exacerbate asthma or other underlying medical problems, and long-term effects can include chronic otitis media with permanent middle-ear injury and, possibly, delay in psychomotor and language development. Antibiotic prophylaxis can reduce the number of episodes of acute otitis media in children at high risk for recurrent infection. There is no perfect antibiotic to prevent acute otitis media. However, the risks associated with the drugs described in this article are low. Prophylaxis with antibiotics does not prevent all episodes of acute otitis media but can reduce the number of episodes by 50%.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Joined-up working' between early years professionals and speech and language therapists: moving beyond 'normal' roles.

This paper draws on research conducted for the Nuffield Foundation (Mroz et at, 2002) which looked at the knowledge, skills and confidence of early years professionals in relation to young children's speech and language development. Key findings from the project are reported in relation to the efficacy of initial and post-qualification training in preparing professionals for the identification and support of children with communication problems. The discussion centres around early years practitioners' experiences of working with speech and language therapists and the needs which they expressed, both for inter-professional training and for modes of working together.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Linguistic skills in relation to neurological findings at 8 years of age in children born preterm.

The linguistic skills of 8-year-old children born preterm (n = 42) with birthweight < 1750 grams from a 1-year birth cohort for 1985-86 in northern Finland were studied with three different language tests, namely the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), the Token Test for Children (TTC) and the Morphological Test (MT) for Finnish children. Full-term control children (n = 42) with birthweight > or = 2500 grams from the same birth cohort were matched individually with their preterm pairs for age, sex, twinship, mother's education, place of residence, birth order and family type. The preterm children's language abilities were studied in relation to their neurological status and to the periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The preterm children with minor neurodevelopmental dysfunctions (MND) scored worst and differed significantly from their matched controls in TTC. They also differed significantly from other preterm subgroups, namely healthy preterm and preterm children with cerebral palsy (CP), in verbal comprehension measured by TTC. PVL findings were not associated with performance in the language ability tests. A closer and regular follow-up of language development in the MND-disabled group among the low-birthweight preterm children is recommended.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Morphosyntactic constructs in the development of spoken and written Hebrew text production.

This study examined the distribution of two Hebrew nominal structures-N-N compounds and denominal adjectives-in spoken and written texts of two genres produced by 90 native-speaking participants in three age groups: eleven/twelve-year-olds (6th graders), sixteen/seventeen-year-olds (11th graders), and adults. The two constructions are later linguistic acquisitions, part of the profound lexical and syntactic changes that occur in language development during the school years. They are investigated in the context of learning how modality (speech vs. writing) and genre (biographical vs. expository texts) affect the production of continuous discourse. Participants were asked to speak and write about two topics, one biographical, describing the life of a public figure or of a friend; and another, expository, discussing one of ten topics such as the cinema, cats, or higher academic studies. N-N compounding was found to be the main device of complex subcategorization in Hebrew discourse, unrelated to genre. Denominal adjectives are a secondary subcategorizing device emerging only during the late teen years, a linguistic resource untapped until very late, more restricted to specific text types than N-N compounding, and characteristic of expository writing. Written texts were found to be denser than spoken texts lexically and syntactically as measured by number of novel N-N compounds and denominal adjectives per clause, and in older age groups this difference was found to be more pronounced. The paper contributes to our understanding of how the syntax/lexicon interface changes with age, modality and genre in the context of later language acquisition.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Autism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: communication, social interaction, and specific behaviors.

The present study extends our previous work on social behavior impairment in young males with fragile X syndrome (FraX). Specifically, we evaluated whether the autistic phenomenon in FraX is expressed as a range of behavioral impairments as in idiopathic autism (Aut). We also examined whether there are behaviors, identified as items of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), that in FraX predispose to or differentiate subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. Finally, regression models were utilized to test the relative contribution of reduced communication and socialization skills to ADI-R scores and diagnoses. A cohort of 56 boys (3-8 years) with FraX was examined in terms of scores on measures of cognition (IQ was a co-variate in most analyses.), autistic behavior, problem/aberrant behavior, adaptive behavior, and language development. We found that, indeed, in terms of problem behavior and adaptive skills, there is a range of severity from FraX + Aut to FraX + PDD (Pervasive Developmental Disorder) to FraX + none. ADI-R items representing "Play" types of interaction appear to be "susceptibility" factors since they were abnormal across the FraX cohort. Integrated regression models demonstrated that items reflecting complex social interaction differentiated the FraX + ASD (Aut + PDD) subgroup from the rest of the FraX cohort, while abnormalities in basic verbal and non-verbal communication distinguished the most severely affected boys with FraX + Aut from the milder FraX + PDD cohort. Models incorporating language, adaptive communication, and adaptive socialization skills revealed that socialization was not only the main influence on scores but also a predictor of ASD diagnosis. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that the diagnosis of ASD in FraX reflects, to a large extent, an impairment in social interaction that is expressed with variable severity in young males with FraX.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Maternal directive and facilitative interaction styles: associations with language and cognitive development of low risk and high risk toddlers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of maternal interaction styles to the development of a sample of 56 toddlers (19 low risk, 37 high risk) seen at 12 and 24 months of age. At 12 months, videotapes of mother-child interaction were coded for directiveness, sensitivity, and elaborativeness. At 12 and 24 months, cognitive and language measures were collected. A directive maternal style was negatively correlated with sensitivity and elaborativeness, whereas sensitive and elaborative ratings were positively correlated, suggesting a facilitative style. Regression models significantly predicted receptive language and cognitive development at 24 months but not expressive language. Maternal directiveness at 12 months was negatively relative to later receptive language skills, whereas elaborativeness at 12 months was positively predictive of later cognitive development. Child status variables and maternal interactional styles contributed about equally to the prediction of later cognitive and language outcomes.

Child Language↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of thinking style preferences and language proficiency for South African students whose native languages differ.

The language proficiency of first-year students at the University of Pretoria (56 men and 59 women, M age=19.40 yr., SD=.80, range from 18.00 to 20.70) was assessed by means of the English Language Skills Assessment. More than one-third of the students did not show proficiency at Grade 10, as expected. This language assessment was not correlated with academic achievement equally well for students in a group. The diversity of thinking style preferences of the students enrolled in a language development course was also assessed on the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument. Scores indicated a range of thinking style preferences but the group's overall mean scores represented detail-oriented and feeling-based modes of thinking processes. These preferences were correlated with academic achievement and learning of languages. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that thinking styles could be a focus of educational strategies in South Africa, using the perspective that qualitatively different approaches to teaching might be associated with students' qualitatively different approaches to learning.

Adult↗