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At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Stiffness judgments are affected by visual occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: The current protocol for judging posteroanterior (PA) spinal stiffness has been shown to provide unreliable estimates of PA stiffness. It is possible that a failure to standardize therapists' use of vision in the test protocol partly contributes to the disagreement between raters. This study sought to establish whether vision affects stiffness judgments and so needs to be standardized when judging PA stiffness. DESIGN: Perceptual study using a mechanical device to provide stiffness stimuli with physiotherapists and lay people as judges. SETTING: University psychophysics laboratory. INTERVENTIONS: Occlusion of vision via opaque goggles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of interstimulus discriminability and bias. RESULTS: Occluding vision had no effect on judges' ability to discriminate between stiffness stimuli; however, the same stimuli were judged as significantly stiffer under the visual occlusion condition. CONCLUSION: The data from this study suggest that vision needs to be controlled when using manual tests to judge PA spinal stiffness.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Feeling-of-knowing judgments from the subject's perspective.

We examined the manner in which subjects interpret experimenter-provided feeling-of-knowing (FOK) definitions. The original FOK definition proposed by Hart (1965) is a composite of two criteria: (1) A feeling that the sought-after information is known and (2) a feeling that the sought-after information can be correctly identified on a later criterion test. We hypothesized that subjects may use one or both of these criteria in reporting FOK states. We found that Goodman-Kruskal gamma correlations (Goodman & Kruskal, 1954) were substantially large when subjects attended to the predictive aspect of FOK definitions relative to subjects who assessed what they believed they knew. We argue that FOKs are more accurate when task-relevant information is incorporated into the judgment. Finally, these data weaken a cue-familiarity interpretation of the FOK phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

"Inappropriate" treatment near the end of life: conflict between religious convictions and clinical judgment.

Not infrequently, Christian patients and families provide religious justifications for an insistence on aggressive medical care near the end of life. Four commonly invoked reasons are (1). hope for a miracle, (2). refusal to give up on the God of faith, (3). a conviction that every moment of life is a gift from God and is worth preserving at any cost, and (4). a belief that suffering can have redemptive value. For each of these 4 reasons, however, there are alternative Christian interpretations that point in the direction of limiting medical intervention under certain circumstances. When clinicians believe that an intervention is medically inappropriate or inhumane, they are not necessarily obligated to provide it simply because it is demanded on religious grounds. Instead, clinicians-preferably assisted by chaplains or clergy-should discuss alternative religious interpretations with the patient or family, and should attempt to reach a consensus on the appropriate limits to life-sustaining treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Value-related effects on psychiatric judgment.

This study was done to clarify the role of political bias in forming psychiatric impressions. One hundred two psychiatrists randomly selected from the national register rendered six clinical decisions on the basis of a prepared case history in which the patient's sex and race were systematically varied, and also completed a moral traditionalism scale. The findings highlight the problem of covert psychiatrist bias, but fail to substantiate the contention that such bias inevitably disfavors the relatively disenfranchised.

Black or African American↗