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PubMed1995

Networks for medical nutrition education--a review of the US experience and future prospects.

Nutrition education for physicians in the United State and Canada, remains an orphan discipline with no improvement or changes in the past decade. This status has led to the creation of regional nutrition centers and networks to develop nutrition education programs in health professional schools. The expanded network concept now covers geographic areas in the northeastern, southeastern, and middle United States, with plans to extend to the far West and to establish a national coordinating center or "network of networks." The barriers to progress in nutrition education must be overcome, and their conquest could form the basis for initiating new regional networks or a coordinating center. Strategies for nutrition networking are applicable to other disciplines and provide guidance for creating consortia to deal with the diminished need for medical and surgical subspecialties and play an important role in the training of generalist physicians.

Area Health Education Centers↗
PubMed1997

Media choice in nutrition education of general practitioners.

In the traditional model of communicating information, a general practitioner receives information from his or her teacher (when they choose to give it) and from print media (books and journals) and in turn can pass on the information didactically to patients (whether they asked for it or not). The arrival and development of new electronic media are changing the system and the possibilities. Patients now have access to more information independently (some of it correct, some misleading). GPs cannot trust their own solid body of knowledge any longer. To keep up with new and rising expectations they must become professional information seekers. New media will give opportunities for GPs to look for information by electronic means at the time that they need it, eg, through on-line connections with databases or through use of CD-roms. The role of journals will change from simply providing detailed data; journals can concentrate on the questions behind the questions.

Educational Technology↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of a child health associate program.

The staff of the University of Colorado Child Health Associate Program critically reviewed the effectiveness of the program's structure and content during an intensive two-day seminar. The review was conducted through workshops involving participants representing students, graduates, faculty, employers, funding agencies, university administrators, and educational consultants. The agenda for the evaluation included workshops on specific topics such as basic and clinical sciences, psychosocial skills, and proficiency testing. Information obtained provided extremely valuable data which were used to improve the program.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Progressive independence in clinical training: a tradition worth defending?

BACKGROUND: Progressive independence is a traditional premise of clinical training. Recently, issues such as managed care, work hours limitation, and patient safety have begun to impact the degree of autonomy afforded to clinical trainees. This article reviews empirical evidence and theory pertaining to the role of progressive autonomy in clinical learning. METHOD: A computerized literature search was performed using Medline, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Educational Resources Information Center. This article presents a synthetic review of relevant empirical and theoretical concepts from the domains of medicine, psychology, education, kinesiology, and sociology. RESULTS: The clinical psychology and medical education literatures provide evidence that clinical trainees act more independently as their training progresses, but have not yet evaluated the educational efficacy of providing progressive independence, or the consequences of failing to do so. The expertise and motor learning literatures provide some theoretical evidence (as yet untested in complex clinical environments) that the provision of too much guidance or feedback to trainees could be educationally detrimental in the long term. The sociology literature provides insight into the cultural values underlying the behavior of clinical teachers and trainees relating to issues of supervision and independence. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited empirical support for the current model of progressive independence in clinical learning; however, diverse theoretical perspectives raise concern about the potential educational consequences of eroding progressive independence. These perspectives could inform future research programs that would create a creative and effective response to the social and economic forces impacting clinical education.

Counseling↗
PubMed1993

Feminist critique: searching for meaning in research.

Feminist critique is presented as an important method for examination of prior knowledge for androcentric and ethnocentric bias in all aspects of knowledge development, from theoretical underpinnings through the steps of the research process. The history and implications for using feminist critique as a mode of inquiry for nursing science are developed. In addition, pragmatic information for the conduct of feminist critique is provided.

Bias↗
PubMed2002

Development and evaluation of public health informatics at University of Washington.

Public Health Informatics (PHI) education began at the University of Washington (UW) with a Summer Institute in 1995. The Biomedical and Health Informatics graduate program, which is housed in the School of Medicine, is an interdisciplinary, multi-school program. It demonstrates the UW's cooperative efforts in advancing informatics, encompassing the schools of public health, medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, information and graduate schools in computer science. This article provides an overview of the developmental milestones related to activities in PHI and describes the evaluation strategy and assessment plan for PHI training at the UW (http://phig.washington.edu).

Curriculum↗
PubMed2000

Psychological Science in the Public Interest: the case for juried analyses.

The inaugural issue of Psychological Science in the Public Interest (PSPI), a new publishing initiative by the American Psychological Society, accompanies this issue of Psychological Science. The report it contains, "Psychological Science Can Improve Diagnostic Decisions," by John Swets, Robyn Dawes, and John Monahan, represents a careful effort by those authors to summarize the potential of modern psychological science to enhance real-world diagnostic decisions. Such decisions (Is a cancer present? Will this individual commit violence? Will an impending storm strike? Will this applicant succeed?) are prevalent and crucial to the lives of individuals and to the well-being of our society. Subsequent issues of PSPI will address other important topics of public interest in areas where psychological science may have the potential to inform and improve public policy. Each of those reports will also represent the efforts of a distinguished team of scientists to report the available evidence, and the implications of that evidence, fairly and comprehensively. In this article, we describe the goals, procedures, and potential of PSPI.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Integration of digital imaging into emergency medicine education.

Medical education has adopted the use of digital photography and other computer technology, which has changed the face of the classroom. Today's presentations couple a computer and digital projection system to create powerful teaching tools. Integration of quality medical images enhances presentations in a way never before possible and at a much lower cost. Changes to presentations can occur rapidly, at a fraction of the cost of slides. However, obtaining quality digital images for presentations is problematic. Services are available on the Internet that offer images for sale, but the cost to obtain images is high. Many institutions of higher learning provide images on the Internet for free, but the quality, number of available images, server capacity, and issues of consent limit the availability of these images. The authors describe their experience in collecting more than 20,000 clinical photographs, and provide examples of their use in emergency medicine education.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2003

Physics/computer science. Passing messages between disciplines.

Problems in computer science, such as error correction in information transfer and "satisfiability" in optimization, show phase transitions familiar from solid-state physics. In his Perspective, Mézard explains how recent advances in these three fields originate in similar "message passing" procedures. The exchange of elaborate messages between different variables and constraints, used in the study of phase transitions in physical systems, helps to make error correction and satisfiability codes more efficient.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Signal transduction pathways as targets for therapeutics.

Meeting information: AAAS 2001 Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition, San Francisco, California, February 15 through 20, 2001. Science's STKE sponsored a symposium at the AAAS Annual Meeting in February 2001. Five speakers addressed the signaling pathways that are modified in wide-ranging pathologies including inflammation, impotence, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. The molecular targets of signaling pathways included cell surface molecules, such as the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases, and intracellular signaling components, such as phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and components of the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ras signaling pathway. Analysis of the therapeutic strategies to impinge on these various pathways provides insight into both the potential of signaling pathways as relevant drug targets and the possible pitfalls that make complex signaling networks unpredictably difficult targets for such manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Focus issue: plant communication.

This week's issues of Science and Science's STKE focus on plant signaling with an emphasis on volatile organic compounds. Science emphasizes the chemistry of and information encoded by plant volatiles and how plants, plant pathogens, or humans utilize this aromatic information. Articles and resources at STKE highlight the evolution of olfactory signal transduction, describe the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of the plant hormone jasmonate, and provide an animated overview of how the plant hormone auxin regulates gene expression.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2003

"Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us": how the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking.

BACKGROUND: Major reviews of the health effects of passive smoking have been subjected to tobacco industry campaigns to refute the scientific evidence. Following the 1992 US Environmental Protection Agency review, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) initiated a review of the health effects of passive smoking. At the time of this review, evidence that environmental tobacco smoke causes disease was being increasingly accepted in courts of law and voluntary adoption of smoking restrictions was rapidly growing. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate how the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the publication of a report on passive smoking that the tobacco industry anticipated to contain recommendations that would be unfavourable to their business. METHODS: A search of tobacco industry documents on the Master Settlement Agreement websites was conducted using the terms and acronyms representative of the NHMRC review. RESULTS: The tobacco industry sought to impede the progress of the NHMRC Working Party by launching an intensive campaign to delay and discredit the report. The main strategies used were attempts to criticise the science, extensive use of Freedom of Information provisions to monitor all activity of the group, legal challenges, ad hominem attacks on the credibility of the Working Party members, rallying support from industry allies, and influencing public opinion through the media. CONCLUSIONS: The Australian tobacco industry deliberately impeded the NHMRC Working Party's progress and successfully prevented the publication of the report's recommendations. The tobacco industry's motivation and capacity to disrupt the advancement of scientific knowledge and policy in tobacco control should be recognised and anticipated.

Australia↗