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PubMed1991

[Syntagmatically oriented reactions in the early phases of speech development].

Within a longitudinal observational study of two children aged from 18 to 36 months spontaneous reactive utterances were analysed. It could be found syntagmatic reactions without topic coherence with the utterances of the previous speaker. The specialty of these utterances consists in the fact that the child, after having perceived certain words in the parental utterances, creates an association to the previously heard grammatical context. The results are discussed within the scope of problems of language acquisition in children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

Neurobehavioral and developmental profile of very low birthweight preterm infants in early infancy.

AIM: To describe the neurobehavioral and developmental profile of very low birthweight (VLBW) preterm infants in early infancy. METHODS: Twenty VLBW infants and 10 term control infants were assessed at term, 3 and 6 mo of age. Neurobehavioral assessments included the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) at term; the Infant Behavioral Assessment at term, 3 and 6 mo of age and the Behavioral Rating Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (BSID-II) at 3 and 6 mo of age. Development was evaluated with the Bayley Motor and Mental Scale at 3 and 6 mo. RESULTS: At term age VLBW infants differed from term infants on all the clusters and supplementary items of the NBAS. VLBW infants also showed more stress and less approach behavior at term and 6 mo of age and more problems with self-regulation in all subsystems at 6 mo of age. Moreover, VLBW infants performed lower on the Bayley Motor, Mental and Behavioral Rating Scale: 12 VLBW infants scored questionable or non-optimal on the Psychomotor Development Index and 18 questionable or non-optimal on the Behavioral Rating Scale. These results support the need for neurobehavioral intervention of VLBW infants in the first 6 mo of life. CONCLUSION: Almost all VLBW infants showed non-optimal motor quality behavior at 6 mo and encountered far more problems with self-regulation compared with term infants.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental control, social context, and individual differences in behavioral and cortisol responses to novelty in infant rhesus monkeys.

The effects of appetitive controllability on behavioral and cortisol reactivity to novelty in 12 infant rhesus monkeys were studied. Surrogate-peer-reared infants had homecage access to food treats contingently via lever pressing ("master") or noncontingently ("yoked") for 12 weeks from postnatal month 2. Masters lever-pressed more, but did not differ in baseline cortisol. At month 5, infants were exposed to a novel environment in social groups and individually. Masters were significantly more active and exhibited significantly lower cortisol reactivity to the novel environment, but only in the individual context. Also, individual differences in operant behavior were positively correlated with behavioral activity and negatively correlated with cortisol reactivity to the novel environment. The results reveal context-specific benefits of contingent stimulation in infancy.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The meaning of postponed motherhood for women in the United States and Sweden: aspects of feminism and radical timing strategies.

This exploratory study considered certain psychosocial, medical, and cultural aspects of the phenomenon of postponed motherhood for one cohort of white women born between 1947 and 1953 in Sweden and the United States. A cross-cultural comparison was made of the experience of pregnancy and the early perinatal period in 15 American and 16 Swedish women to find out (a) whether timing decisions reflected the influence of feminist ideology toward a reproductive strategy radically different from the conventional one, and (b) whether the pattern of delayed motherhood was culture specific. Results indicated that the patterns of delayed motherhood were culture specific. Feminist ideology clearly influenced the timing of the American women's first birth but was evident in Sweden. Women in the U.S. exhibited more nonconventional behaviors and attitudes, whereas Swedish women were more conventional. However, the husbands in both groups were remarkably similar in infant caretaking behaviors, regardless of culture and level of education attainment. These findings indicate postponed motherhood has different meanings in the cultural context of these two Western industrialized societies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The maturation and coordination of sucking, swallowing, and respiration in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to establish normative maturational data for feeding behavior of preterm infants from 32 to 36 weeks of postconception and to evaluate how the relation between swallowing and respiration changes with maturation. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-four infants (28 to 31 weeks of gestation at birth) without complications or defects were studied weekly between 32 and 36 weeks after conception. During bottle feeding with milk flowing only when infants were sucking, sucking efficiency, pressure, frequency, and duration were measured and the respiratory phase in which swallowing occurs was also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc analysis. RESULTS: The sucking efficiency significantly increased between 34 and 36 weeks after conception and exceeded 7 mL/min at 35 weeks. There were significant increases in sucking pressure and frequency as well as in duration between 33 and 36 weeks. Although swallowing occurred mostly during pauses in respiration at 32 and 33 weeks, after 35 weeks swallowing usually occurred at the end of inspiration. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding behavior in premature infants matured significantly between 33 and 36 weeks after conception, and swallowing infrequently interrupted respiration during feeding after 35 weeks after conception.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1990

Light-dark variation and changes across the lactational period in the behaviors of undisturbed mother and infant guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).

Lactating guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and their litters were observed by videophotography across the light/dark cycle at 1, 11, 21, and 31 days postpartum. The highest level of behavioral activity was seen in the dark, particularly in the hour after light offset. This circadian pattern was evident from Day 1 in mothers and from Day 11 in pups. Contact between mothers and pups was inversely related to activity, occurring more frequently during light. Maternal grooming of pups occurred on Day 1 and then declined: self-grooming by pups increased across days. Intake of solid food and water by pups occurred on Day 1 and increased thereafter. A nearly complete transition from nursing to independent ingestion was observed between 21-31 days of age. Overall, we document several ontogenetic changes in young guinea pigs and demonstrate that under laboratory conditions mother and infant guinea pigs exhibit a nocturnal activity pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Mother-infant relations: beginnings of the psychological structure].

The practice of joint mother-infant psychotherapy is a good setting for studying parental contributions to the formation of the child's psychic structure. Parents organize their infant's experience in terms of their own cognitive and emotional predilections. Through projective identifications they lend meaning to the infant's behaviors and attitudes. We are presenting two cases where one can witness the production of shared interactive scenarios between mother and child. In the first case a mother constantly interferes with the alimentary initiative of her baby, as if she wanted to control the baby's impulsive oral demands. In the second case mother defines the child's solicitations in terms of aggressive intentions. Those two cases are used as illustration of the powerfully impact of maternal predilection and aversion onto the development of expressions and controls in the infant. The general topic of this paper is communication between mother and infant and the transmission of values and attitudes through behaviors from mothers to babies.

Feeding and Eating Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Infant stimulation: modification of an intervention based on physiologic and behavioral cues.

Research involving developmental intervention with premature infants in the hospital has traditionally taken two paths: application of a sensory stimulation protocol and individualized assessment and treatment. This article describes a new method that combines some of the philosophical strengths of these two approaches. A decision tree is presented to standardize the modifications of a developmental intervention based on physiologic and behavioral cues.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1998

Innate and learned perceptual abilities in the newborn infant.

From research carried out over the last few years, it has become apparent that the visual world of the newborn baby (0-7 days from birth) is highly organised. It is also clear that the newborn infant is an extremely competent learner. These themes are illustrated with respect to two areas of research, face perception and intermodal learning. Evidence is presented suggesting that the human face is "special" in that newborns respond to them as faces, rather than merely collections of stimulus elements. Additional evidence is presented which demonstrates that newborns can form auditory-visual associations after only a short exposure to the stimulation. These lines of evidence suggest that innate capacities, or modules, facilitate and direct early learning in order to allow newborn infants to understand their newly encountered world.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Biological basis of social interactions: implications of research for an understanding of behavioural deviance.

Among the infant's initial risks, interactional failures have recently been identified as potential links of vicious circles leading from inconspicuous deviance to severe clinical syndromes. The knowledge of the origins of interactional failure has been insufficient. In this paper a basic explanatory model is presented and two major determinants of successful parent-infant interactions are analysed: the infant's integrative competence and the initial forms of parenting. Particular attention is paid to pre-term infants and the biological roots of parenting.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Children of depressed parents].

Children whose parents are depressed are the objects of numerous studies. In a critical study of literature, the author attempts to show the contributions and limits of present results. While it seems clear that children such as these are part of a group at risk, psychologically, the type and frequency have yet to be determined. The intricacies of innate and environmental factors takes the complexity of just such a situation into account. The impact of the mother's depression on her nurturing is also analyzed, along with its consequences on the infant's behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental trends and behavioral styles in very low birth weight infants.

The purpose of this study was to gather information about the characteristics of the very low birth weight baby. Twenty-six infants were involved in the study. Their mean gestational age was 29 weeks; mean gestational age was 29 weeks; mean birthweight was 1,170 grams. At the time of the study, the chronological age when corrected for prematurity was 7.9 months. During a home visit, the Denver Developmental Screening Test, the Infant Temperament Questionnaire, and the Home Observation Measurement Evaluation Inventory were completed. Pearson product moment correlation, chi square, and t-tests were used to analyze the data. Of the infants, 42 percent were at risk for developmental delays when assessed at the corrected gestational age. The infants were significantly more difficult as measured by the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. There was a moderate relationship between difficultness and childrearing environments. The findings of this study suggested that very low birth weight infants have an increased risk for developmental delays and are apt to have difficult behavioral styles. There was a negative relationship between infants with difficult behavioral styles and maternal involvement and responsivity.

Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Sleeping and waking states in infants: a functional perspective.

There is little agreement on sleep-wake state categories for describing infants, nor is there agreement on how states are to be conceptualized. We propose General Systems Theory as a perspective for viewing behavioral states and for describing their function as a behavioral system within the infant's larger social system. In the social context, states provide communicative cues, mediate perception of caregiver stimuli, and modulate the infant's responses to those stimuli. Thus, states reflect the infant's CNS status and they are related in a complex, dynamic way to the developmental course of that status. A taxonomy of infants' behavioral states is described, composed of ten Primary States: Alert, Nonalert Waking, Fuss, Cry, Drowse, Daze, Sleep-Wake Transition, Active Sleep, Active-Quiet Transition, and Quiet Sleep. Using combinations of these states, a set of six Derived States is also defined. Results of naturalistic studies of infants' states are described to demonstrate for each of these states: reliability of measurement, evidence for concurrent and predictive validity, and unique intraperson correlation patterns. The findings support the usefulness of this state taxonomy for describing infants and for investigating the functions of state. Categorical and conceptual differences with the states as viewed by Wolff and Prechtl are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Acoustic features of normal-hearing pre-term infant cry.

Acoustic features of expiratory cry vocalizations were studied in 125 pre-term infants prior to being discharged from a level-3 neonatal intensive care unit. The purpose was to describe various phonatory behaviors in infants in whom significant hearing loss could be ruled out. We also compared these results with normal-hearing full-term infants, and evaluated whether linkage exists among acoustic cry features and various anthropometric, diagnostic and treatment variables obtained throughout the peri- and neonatal periods. Our analysis revealed that cry duration was significantly related to total days receiving respiratory assistance. The occurrence of other complex spectral and temporal aspects of acoustic cry vocalizations including harmonic doubling and vibrato also increased in infants receiving some form of respiratory assistance. The presence of harmonic doubling also depended on weight and conceptional age at test. The discussion focuses on the implication of these relationships and directions for future research.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2005

The social context of imitation in infancy.

Infants increasingly generalize deferred imitation across environmental contexts between 6 and 18 months of age. In three experiments with 126 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-month-olds, we examined the role of the social context in deferred imitation. One experimenter demonstrated target actions on a hand puppet, and a second experimenter tested imitation 24h later. When the second experimenter was novel, infants did not exhibit deferred imitation at any age; when infants were preexposed to the second experimenter, all of them did. Imitating immediately after the demonstration also facilitated deferred imitation in a novel social context at all ages but 6 months. Infants' pervasive failure to exhibit deferred imitation in a novel social context may reflect evolutionary selection pressures that favored conservative behavior in social animals.

Analysis of Variance↗