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PubMed2001

Use, understanding, and beliefs about complementary and alternative medicines among emergency department patients.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the extent of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among emergency department (ED) patients, to evaluate patients' understanding of CAMs, and to determine gender differences in beliefs about CAMs. METHODS: This study was a convenience sampling of patients seen in an urban ED. Patient demographics were recorded. A questionnaire was administered that assessed patients' knowledge and use of CAMs. Patients were also asked about their beliefs on safety, medication interactions, and conveying information about these substances to their physicians. RESULTS: A total of 350 ED patients were included in the study; 87% had heard of at least one of the CAMs. There was no difference between genders or races concerning knowledge about CAMs. The most commonly known CAMs were ginseng (75%), ginkgo biloba (55%), eucalyptus (58%), and St. John's wort (57%). Forty-three percent of the responders had used CAMs at some time and 24% were presently using CAMs. The most commonly used CAMs were ginseng (13%), St. John's wort (6%), and ginkgo biloba (9%). All CAMs were considered to be safe by 16% of the patients. Only 67% would tell their doctors they were using CAMs. Females were more likely than males to believe that CAMs do not interact with other medications (15% vs 7%, difference 8%, 95% CI = 2% to 15%). CONCLUSIONS: Complementary and alternative medicines are familiar to most patients and used by many of them. Despite this, a large percentage of patients would not tell their physicians about their use of alternative medications. Emergency medicine providers should be aware of the commonly used CAMs, and questions about their use should be routinely included in ED exams.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol inhibits the proliferation and invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells.

Ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, one of metabolites of ginseng saponins, has been well characterized to possess the pleiotropic anticancer capabilities in several cancer cell lines. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol on the invasion in vitro and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells in absence of cytotoxicity. Our results showed that ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol exerted a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HT1080 cells (IC50 was 76.78+/-2.24 microM, 48 hr). Treatment with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol significantly declined the invasive capacity of HT1080 cells compared to the control cells (P<0.01) in the in vitro invasion assay. Further analysis with gelatin zymography and western blotting revealed that both the activity and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 decreased dramatically in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.01). Taken together, these results indicated that ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol is able to inhibit the invasiveness of HT1080 cells significantly in vitro and this action may be primarily due to down-regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, a metabolite of ginseng, may be applied as a potential therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2002

Effects of selected ginsenosides on phorbol ester-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of NF-kappaB and ERK1/2 in mouse skin.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that the methanol extract of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer exerts antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and anti-tumor-promoting effects. In the present study, we examined the antiinflammatory effects of several ginsenosides (Rb(1), Rc, Re, Rg(1), Rg(3)) derived from P. ginseng. Topical application of each of these ginsenosides significantly attenuated ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). These ginsenosides also suppressed expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and activation of NF-kappaB in the TPA-treated dorsal skin of mice. Of the ginsenosides tested, Rg(3) was found to be most effective in terms of inhibiting TPA-induced ear edema, COX-2 expression, and NF-kappaB activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In vitro stimulation of granulosa cells by a combination of different active ingredients of unkei-to.

Unkei-to is widely used in traditional Japanese herbal medicine for its ovulation-inducing effect. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo effects of unkei-to and its compounds on the steroidogenesis and cytokine secretion in human granulosa cells. Unkei-to stimulated the secretions of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone from highly luteinized granulosa cells obtained from in vitro fertilization patients; the stimulated effect on estradiol secretion occurred with 0.3 microg/ml, while a significant effect on progesterone secretion was obtained at 10 microg/ml. The unkei-to stimulation of estradiol secretion could be accounted for by the effects of its ingredients, Shakuyaku (paeoniae radix, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas) and Keihi (cinnamomi cortex, Cinnamomum cassia Blume); while dose response curves for unkei-to and Keihi to induce progesterone production were superimposable. Exposure of the cells to unkei-to caused dose-dependent increases in the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in the culture medium. Similar results were obtained when cells were incubated with the ingredient Ninjin (ginseng radix, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), but not Shakuyaku and Keihi. These results indicate that unkei-to has direct stimulatory effects on human granulosa cells to stimulate the steroidogenesis and secretion of cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8). The various beneficial actions of unkei-to on the ovary may result from a combination of different ingredient herbs with different stimulatory effects on both steroidogenesis and the ovulatory process within the ovary, as well as stimulatory effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2004

Effects of antioxidant herbs on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat-pica model.

Nausea and vomiting are significant adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin, and cause significant patient morbidity. Cisplatin treatment results in oxidant gut injury, which is postulated to be the primary cause of nausea and vomiting. We evaluated the effects of two antioxidant herbs, Scutellaria baicalensis and American ginseng berry, on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting using a rat model. Rats react to emetic or nausea-producing stimuli, such as cisplatin, with altered feeding habits, manifested by increased kaolin consumption (pica). We measured pica in rats to quantify cisplatin-induced nausea. We observed that pretreatment of rats with S. baicalensis or ginseng berry extracts resulted in a significant reduction in cisplatin-induced pica. The in vitro free radical scavenging ability of the herbal extract observed in the study, further confirmed the antioxidant action of the herb. We conclude that herbal antioxidants may have a role in attenuating cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Activity of wen-pi-tang, and purified constituents of rhei rhizoma and glycyrrhizae radix against glucose-mediated protein damage.

Wen-Pi-Tang, an Oriental medical prescription composed of Rhei Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix, Aconiti Tuber, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix, is used clinically as a medicine to treat renal failure. This study was conducted to examine the inhibitory activity of the five crude drug components of Wen-Pi-Tang and several pure compounds isolated from Rhei Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix against the protein glycation reaction. Rhei Rhizoma exerted the most potent activity, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix showed relatively moderate activity, whereas Aconiti Tuber and Ginseng Radix showed weak activity. On the other hand, of 20 compounds obtained from Rhei Rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae Radix, tannins, especially rhatannin, RG-tannin and procyanidin B-2 3,3'-di-O-gallate, showed significantly strong activities that were more effective than the positive control, aminoguanidine. Some flavones such as licochalcone A and licochalcone B, and anthraquinones such as emodin and aloe-emodin, also showed inhibitory activity. These findings may help to explain, at least in part, certain pharmacological activities of Wen-Pi-Tang, whose clinical efficacy against renal failure is already recognized.

Depression, Chemical↗
PubMed1991

Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on central cholinergic metabolism.

Ginsenosides, the saponins of ginseng, are bioactive ingredients which exert many beneficial effects. One ginsenoside, Rb1, extracted from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.), partially prevents the memory deficits induced by a cholinergic agent (scopolamine) in rats. In vitro studies show that Rb1 has no effect on quinuclidinyl benzylate binding or on acetylcholinesterase activity, but facilitates the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from hippocampal slices. The increase in ACh release is associated with an increased uptake of choline into nerve endings; however, calcium influx is unaltered. The ability of Rb1 to prevent memory deficits may be related to facilitation of ACh metabolism in the central nervous system.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of membrane protection by traditional Chinese medicines using a flow cytometric technique: preliminary findings.

In this preliminary study, we used a 'living cell' flow-cytometric approach to membrane protection by four traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Cells were incubated, separately, for 30 min with aqueous extracts (1.5% w/v) of lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum), ginger (Zingiber officianale), ginseng (Panax ginseng), and green tea (Camellia sinensis). Membranes were labelled with a fluorescent probe, cells were then incubated with cumene hydroperoxide, and site-specific oxidation induced by iron/ascorbate. Oxidation of membrane lipids quenches fluorescence. Forward-scatter fluorescence was measured at timed intervals after initiation of oxidation. Results indicate that lingzhi and ginger contain antioxidant component(s) that act within the cell membrane and slow lipid peroxidation in situ. Results demonstrate also that this living cell model is a useful biomonitoring tool to help determine molecular aspects of putative health effects of TCMs.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from Panax japonicus rhizomes.

BACKGROUND: The rhizomes of Panax japonicus are used as a folk medicine for treatment of life-style related diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as a substitute for ginseng roots in China and Japan. Obesity is closely associated with life-style-related diseases. This study was performed to clarify whether chikusetsusaponins prevent obesity induced in mice by a high-fat diet for 9 weeks. METHODS: We performed two in vivo experiments. In one, female ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without 1 or 3% chikusetsusaponins isolated from P. japonicus rhizomes for 9 weeks. In the other, lipid emulsion with or without chikusetsusaponins was administered orally to male Wistar rats, and then the plasma triacylglycerol level was measured 0.5 to 5 h after the orally administered lipid emulsion. For in vitro experiments, the inhibitory effects of total chikusetsusaponins and various purified chikusetsusaponins on pancreatic lipase activity were determined by measuring the rate of release of oleic acid from triolein in an assay system using triolein emulsified with lecithin. RESULTS: Total chikusetsusaponins prevented the increases in body weight and parametrial adipose tissue weight induced by a high-fat diet. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet containing 1 or 3% total chikusetsusaponins significantly increased the fecal content and triacylglycerol level at day 3 compared with the high-fat diet groups. Total chikusetsusaponins inhibited the elevation of the plasma triacylglycerol level 2 h after the oral administration of the lipid emulsion. Total chikusetsusaponins, chikusetsusaponin III, 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin IV and 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin V inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. CONCLUSION: The anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from P. japonicus rhizomes in mice fed a high-fat diet may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. The present study clearly indicated that the saponin fractions of P. japonicus rhizomes had a significant anti-obesity action and supports the traditional usage as a substitute drug for ginseng roots.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Herbal remedies in the United States: potential adverse interactions with anticancer agents.

PURPOSE: Interest in the use of herbal products has grown dramatically in the Western world. Recent estimates suggest an overall prevalence for herbal preparation use of 13% to 63% among cancer patients. With the narrow therapeutic range associated with most anticancer drugs, there is an increasing need for understanding possible adverse drug interactions in medical oncology. METHODS: In this article, a literature overview is provided of known or suspected interactions of the 15 best-selling herbs in the United States with conventional allopathic therapies for cancer. RESULTS: Herbs with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic (Allium sativum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), ginseng (Panax ginseng), St John' s wort (Hypericum perforatum), and kava (Piper methysticum). All of these products participate in potential pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that health care professionals and consumers should be aware of the potential for adverse interactions with these herbs, question their patients on their use of them, especially among patients whose disease is not responding to treatments as expected, and urge patients to avoid herbs that could confound their cancer care.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Antiallergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2.

The antiallergic activities of ginsenosides, which were isolated from acid-treated ginseng (Panax ginseng, Araliaceae), and their metabolites by human intestinal bacteria were measured. Ginsenoside Rh2, which is a main metabolite, had the most potent inhibitory activity on beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells and in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. The inhibitory activity of ginsenoside Rh2 was more potent than that of disodium cromoglycate, a commercial antiallergic drug. This compound showed membrane stabilizing action upon differential scanning calorimetry and inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW cells. However, this ginsenoside Rh2 did not inhibit the activation of hyaluronidase and did not scavenge active oxygen. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rh2 can exhibit antiallergic activity originating from cell membrane-stabilizing activity and antiinflammatory activity by the inhibition of NO and PGE2 production.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Auxins affected ginsenoside production and growth of hairy roots in Panax hybrid.

Hairy roots of interspecific hybrid ginseng (Panax ginseng x P. quinquefolium), induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834, grew well in B5 liquid media supplemented with 2.5 microM auxins (3-indole butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA)). The hairy roots cultured in B5 liquid medium supplemented with 2.5 microM IBA showed best growth (6.39 g fresh weight per a flask, at week 8). The highest content of the total ginsenosides was 1.63% as dry weight at week 8 when cultured with 2.5 microM NAA. The different auxins affected the numbers and lateral branching roots. Especially, 2.5 microM IBA promoted the lateral root formation (43.7+/-4.0 roots, at week 8), and 2.5 microM NAA promoted the lateral root growth (45.3+/-5.6 mm, at week 8). The growth and ginsenosides production of 8-week old hairy roots cultured in B5 liquid media supplemented with IBA and NAA combinations were also investigated. Hairy roots produced higher amounts of ginsenosides in B5 liquid media supplemented with 0.5-1.0 microM IBA and NAA combinations than that cultured in B5 liquid media supplemented with only IBA and NAA. The highest yield of ginsenoside was obtained when cultured with 0.5 microM IBA and 1.0 microM IBA combination (6.38 mg per a flask, at week 8).

Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2006

Stereospecific effects of ginsenoside Rg3 epimers on swine coronary artery contractions.

Previous reports have shown that ginseng saponins, the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, induce relaxation of hormone- or high K(+)-induced blood vessel contraction. We recently demonstrated that 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) epimers regulate ion channel activities in a stereospecific manner. Here, we examined whether ginsenoside Rg(3) epimers also exhibit differential effects on swine coronary artery contractions induced by high K(+) or 5-HT. We found that treatment with 20(S)- but not 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) caused a potent concentration-dependent, endothelium-independent relaxation of coronary artery contraction induced by 25 mM KCl. However, treatment with both 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) induced a significant, concentration-dependent relaxation of 3 microM 5-HT-induced coronary artery contractions in intact samples, while only 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) inhibited coronary artery contraction in endothelium-denuded arteries. 20(S)- but not 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) inhibited L-type Ca(2+) channel currents in a dose- and voltage-dependent manner. These results indicate that 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) epimers might exhibit stereospecific relaxation effects on swine coronary artery contractions caused by high K(+) and 5-HT receptor activation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Natural products used for diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy and safety of natural products commonly used for diabetes. DATA SOURCES: English and Spanish-language journals retrieved through a MEDLINE search of articles published between 1960 and December 2001 using these index terms: Opuntia, karela, gymnema, tecoma, alpha lipoic acid, thioctic acid, ginseng, panaxans, and diabetes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Natural products have long been used in traditional systems of medicine for diabetes. Products in common use include nopal (prickly pear cactus), fenu-greek, karela (bitter melon), gymnema, ginseng, tronadora, chromium, and alpha-lipoic acid. The popularity of these products varies among people of different ethnicities. Nopal is the most commonly used herbal hypoglycemic among persons of Mexican descent. Karela is more commonly used by persons from Asian countries. Some of these agents have gained universal appeal. For a select number of products, studies have revealed single or multiple mechanisms of action. For several of these, high soluble fiber content is a contributing factor. CONCLUSION: Based on the available evidence, several natural products in common use can lower blood glucose in patients with diabetes. Commonly used natural products often have a long history of traditional use, and pharmacists who have a stronger understanding of these products are better positioned to counsel patients on their appropriate use.

Chromium↗
PubMed1991

Usefulness of medium-term bioassay determining formations of pulmonary adenoma in NIH(GP) mice for finding anticarcinogenic agents from natural products.

Various long-term bioassay methods have been used to determine the carcinogenicity of chemical substances. Among them, a long-term method developed by Toth (1968), which scores the incidence of pulmonary adenoma formation at 28 to 56 weeks following subcutaneous administration of chemical carcinogens to new-born mice is used widely. This particular long-term bioassay method, while it takes long periods, has proved useful in determining the anticarcinogenic effect of ginseng extracts against the pulmonary adenoma formation inducible with dimethylbenzanthracene, urethane, and aflatoxin B1. More recently, in order to shorten the assay durations to 9 weeks (medium-term), we have modified the existing method by adjusting the doses of carcinogens to be administered to the new-born mice. We have established a modified method in which 40-50% of mice were found to develop pulmonary adenoma 9 weeks after a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg/kg to new-born mice of NIH(GP) strain and this modified medium-term bioassay system was found useful in the screening of cancer preventive agents among natural products, such as ginseng and caffeine.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2004

Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional chinese medicinal herbs: a review.

The current practice of ingesting phytochemicals to support the immune system or to fight infections is based on centuries-old tradition. We review reports on seven Chinese herbs, (Aloe vera Mill. (Aloaceae), Angelica species (Umbelliferae), Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. (Leguminosae), Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. (Ganodermataceae), Panax ginseng C.A Mey. (Araliaceae), Scutellaria species (Lamiaceae) and Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) with emphasis to their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. While some of these herbaceous plants have a direct inhibitory effect on microbial organisms, we observe that each plant has at least one compound that selectively modulates cells of the immune system. The successful derivation of pure bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum, ginseng and Zingiber officinale supports the traditional practice of using these plants to stimulate the immune system. As many modern drugs are often patterned after phytochemicals, studying the influence of each compound on immune cells as well as microbes can provide useful insights to the development of potentially useful new pharmacological agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Vietnamese medicinal plants.

Every country has its own traditional medicine system originated from ancient times. Vietnam, a Southeast Asian country, has a unique traditional medicine system. Several medicinal plants are still used by different ethnic societies of Vietnam for treating several diseases due to their easy availability. Combretum quadrangulare, Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese Ginseng), Dracaena angustifolia (Nam Ginseng) and Orthosiphon stamineus are among the popular medicinal plants used in Vietnamese traditional medicine for curing various diseases and to improve physical strength. In this review article, we discuss the chemical analysis as well as biological activities of these Vietnamese medicinal plants in order to establish the relation between their therapeutic uses and scientific findings.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Treatment of complications due to peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure with traditional Chinese medicine.

In this paper, the experience in the treatment of complications due to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is reported. Modified Renshen Yangrong Tang (Ginseng Nutrition Decoction) was used for anorexia and hypoproteinemia; modified Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang (Decoction of Cyperus and Amomum with Six Noble Ingredients) for abdominal pain and distension; modified Da Chaihu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) for peritonitis; modified Shenling Baizhu San (Powder of Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes) for diarrhea due to insufficiency of the spleen with abundance of dampness; Lizhong Tang (Decoction for Regulating the Function of Middle-jiao) and modified Sishen Wan (Pills of Four Miraculous Drugs) for insufficiency of both the spleen and the kidney; Siwu Tang (Decoction of Four Ingredients) added with other drugs for cutaneous pruritus, and Guishao Sijunzi Tang (Decoction of Four Noble Drugs added with Chinese Angelica Root and white Peony Root) for renal anemia. The therapeutic principles of invigorating the liver and kidney, strengthening the bones and muscles, and promoting blood circulation to eliminate blood stasis were adopted in the treatment of renal osteopathy, and the therapeutic principles of invigorating the liver and kidney, expelling phlegm and resolving dampness, and promoting blood circulation to eliminate blood stasis in the treatment of hyperlipemia. Shen Tekang capsules (capsules for improving the renal function) was administered to patients for strengthening the viability and improving the nutrition state, and the recipe for treating renal function failure (both formulated by the authors) for improving the renal function so as to decrease the frequency and duration of dialysis.

Anorexia↗