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At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Degradation of cellulose within the gastrointestinal tract in man.

14C-labelled cellulose was administered orally to 10 subjects without gastrointestinal disease and its absorption measured by faecal 14C excretion and 14CO2 in expired air. A mean of 57.2% of oral cellulose was excreted in the faeces and up to 14% (mean 7.5 +/- 4.4 1SD) of faecal radioactivity was water soluble. Whole gut transit time did not correlate with the quantity of 14C-cellulose excreted in the faeces. A significant quantity of 14CO2 appeared in the expired air as early as 30 minutes after administration of the labelled cellulose. The cumulative excretion of 14CO2 varied from 7.6-32.2% of the administered radioactivity but did not correlate with faecal 14C excretion. The present data show that a significant quantity of oral cellulose is metabolised within the human gastrointestinal tract and appears in the expired air as 14CO2.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Role of the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of hydration in man.

Research into the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of hydration has primarily concentrated on its function in the prevention of dehydration. The role of the gut in thirst, in the absorption of fluids and the consequences of diarrhoea are of importance in this respect. The function of the gut in the prevention of overhydration is less well understood. Intake of fluid increases excretion of water by the kidney. Inhibition of arginine vasopressin secretion, activation of renal nerves or hormonal release are possible effector mechanisms in this response.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Myenteric plexus in the gastrointestinal tract of non-obese diabetic mice.

The myenteric plexus was investigated in the gastrointestinal tract of pre-diabetic and diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The plexus was immunostained by the avidin-biotin complex method, using a general marker for nerve elements, namely protein gene-product 9.5. The nerve fibres were quantified by point-counting and the number of ganglia and their area were determined by image analysis. The relative volume density of the nerve fibres in duodenal muscularis propria was found to be significantly reduced in of both pre-diabetic and diabetic NOD mice. There was no statistical difference between controls and NOD mice regarding relative volume density of nerve fibres in antral and colonic muscularis propria. The number of myenteric ganglia/mm baseline was significantly decreased in the duodenum of diabetic NOD mice, and showed a non-statistically significant tendency to decrease in pre-diabetic mice. In the antrum and colon, there was no difference between the controls and NOD mice regarding the number of ganglia/mm baseline. Nor was there any significant difference between controls and NOD mice in the area of myenteric ganglia in either antrum, duodenum or colon. It is concluded that the changes in the duodenal myenteric plexus of NOD mice are prior to the onset of diabetes. It is suggested that the absence of changes in the antral and colonic myenteric plexus when using a general marker for neuroelements does not preclude a possible change in cholinergic, adrenergic or peptidergic innervation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of age on bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract in mice.

To clarify the effects of age on bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, mice at the age of 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 15 months were antibiotic-decontaminated for 4 days and then inoculated orally with streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli C25. Mice treated with cyclophosphamide and untreated controls were tested for bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) 2 days later. The population levels of E. coli C25 in cyclophosphamide-treated and untreated mice were approximately 10(9.3) and 10(9.5) per gram of cecum, respectively, at each tested age. There were no significant differences in the incidence of translocation of E. coli C25 to MLN at any of the tested ages, whereas the number of E. coli C25 detected in MLN was higher in young mice than in aged mice in both the cyclophosphamide-treated and untreated groups. These findings suggest that bacterial translocation from the GI tract may be a more important problem in young animals than in aged animals.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Quality of life in patients with cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Accurate assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers is essential to help determine treatment strategies. Questionnaires may be used to screen for physical and psychosocial morbidity, to evaluate new therapies and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that quality of life scores have prognostic value. There are well validated generic measures of quality of life suitable to use in patients with cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, but only two systems (EORTC QLQ-C30 and the FACT-G) have site-specific modules that have been constructed for this patient group. The future use of computer-assisted techniques to collect, analyze and interpret quality of life data will enable the implementation of quality of life results in clinical practice.

Esophageal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Glucose transporter gene expression in lactating bovine gastrointestinal tract.

Absorption of glucose from the intestine and probably from various portions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in lactating dairy cows can have profound implications because the availability of glucose, or glucose precursors, seems to be a limiting factor for milk synthesis. This article reports on the expression of the Na+/glucose cotransporter gene (SGLT1) in mucosal tissues from rumen, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum of lactating cows. Sodium/glucose cotransporter mRNA transcripts were detected in polyadenylated RNA of all the GIT tissues examined and in total RNA from rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum. The pattern of SGLT1 mRNA distribution in these tissues was different from that of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT5. Sodium/glucose cotransporter protein was also detected in small intestinal membranes of lactating dairy cows. Sodium-dependent glucose uptake across small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles could be resolved into linear nonsaturable (diffusion) and saturable, carrier-mediated components. The diffusion constant of glucose from jejunal membrane vesicles was 18.3+/-2.1 pmol x mM(-1) x mg protein(-1) x s(-1). The saturable component of glucose uptake had a Vmax of 27.1+/-5.8 pmol x mg protein(-1) x s(-1) and a Km of .12+/-.05 mM. Similar transport kinetics were found in the duodenum, and they were less in the ileum. These data suggest that the GIT of lactating cows is capable of active transport of glucose from the lumen across the brush border membrane of the epithelial cells. In addition, the relatively high abundance of SGLT1 mRNA in the rumen, omasum, and cecum may imply new functional and nutritional roles for these tissues in the active transport of glucose.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Candid albicans associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the common pigeon (Columbia livia).

Candida albicans was cultured from the upper gastrointestinal tract of 44% and from the lower alimentary tract in 6% of 50 common pigeons (Columba livia). Thirty per cent of samples of pigeon droppings collected from different locations were positive for the yeast. The colony forming units for positive samples ranged from 2 times 10-2-2-8times 10-6 per g dry feces. The percentage of antigenic Groups A and B for the strains of C. albicans isolated was approximately the same as for strains isolated from human sources.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Pictorial essay: foreign body of the gastrointestinal tract in emergency radiology].

The ingestion of a foreign body is a relatively common gastrointestinal emergency that causes significant morbidity. Radiological procedures play a very important role in revealing the presence, the location and the nature of an ingested foreign body, thus enabling the best therapeutic approach. We present the radiological features of common and uncommon foreign bodies ingested or with transanal insertion, differentiated on the basis of the location in the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnostic pitfalls are also considered.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Foreign bodies of dental origin in the gastrointestinal tract].

Several foreign bodies of dental and nondental origin can be found in the gastrointestinal tract. The case of a female patient having ingested a reamer is presented. The possible complications are discussed. The necessity of taking preventive measures in order to avoid such incidents is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract of young rhesus monkeys.

The distribution of different mucosal digestive enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract of young rhesus monkeys were studied by biochemical analysis of homogenized specimen from 13 different segments (i.e. stomach-fundus, body, antrum; small intestine-D1, D2, proximal, middle, distal; caecum; colon-ascending, transverse, descending and rectum), obtained from 6 monkeys of approximate age 8-12 months. The activity of all the enzymes was lowest in gastric mucosa rising through duodenum to peak in small intestine and declining towards the large bowel. There was no significant difference in levels of any of the enzymes between different parts of stomach or large bowel. This study suggests that like humans in rhesus monkeys maximum activity of digestive enzymes is present in small intestine and much less in gastric and large bowel mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Glutamine synthetase in tilapia gastrointestinal tract: zonation, cDNA and induction by cortisol.

Glutamine synthetase, an enzyme generally associated with ammonia detoxication in the vertebrate brain and with hepatic nitrogen turnover in mammals, shows substantial activities in the gastrointestinal tract of teleostean fishes. Enzyme activity is highest in the central area of the stomach and reveals a distinct distribution pattern in stomach and along the intestine of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus). In all three species, intestinal activity peaks in the distal region of the intestine. The brain contains the highest titre of the enzyme (46 U g(-1) in tilapia brain versus 15 U g(-1) in tilapia stomach), but because of the relative mass of the stomach, the largest glutamine synthetase pool in tilapia body appears to be localized in the stomach. Activities in white and red muscle are very modest at 0.1% of the brain. Independent of distribution, peak activities of glutamine synthetase in selected areas of tilapia stomach and intestine are significantly (two- to fourfold) increased after a 5-day treatment with an intraperitoneal cortisol deposit. Cortisol also increases glutamine synthetase activity in tilapia liver, white and red muscle, while activities in brain remain unaffected. We cloned and sequenced the predominant transcript of tilapia stomach glutamine synthetase (about 1.9 kb), encoding a 371-amino acid peptide. The open reading frame shows considerable identity with glutamine synthetase in toadfish (92% at peptide level, 87% at nucleotide level), but possesses a longer 3'-untranslated region than the toadfish. The tilapia glutamine synthetase mRNA contains a remnant of a putative mitochondrial leader sequence, but without a conserved second site for initiation of translation. We also find evidence for additional transcripts of glutamine synthetase in tilapia, suggesting multiple genes. Finally, we present evidence for similar abundance of glutamine synthetase transcripts in all regions of rockfish intestine. The physiological significance of the presence of glutamine synthetase in teleostean intestine is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

The opioid system in the gastrointestinal tract.

Mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors (ORs) mediate the effects of endogenous opioids and opiate drugs. Here we report (1) the distribution of muOR in the guinea-pig and human gastrointestinal tract in relation to endogenous ligands, to functionally distinct structures in the gut and to deltaOR and kappaOR; and (2) the ligand-induced muOR endocytosis in enteric neurones using in vitro and in vivo models. In the guinea pig, muOR immunoreactivity is confined mainly to the myenteric plexus. MuOR myenteric neurones are most numerous in the small intestine, followed by the stomach and the proximal colon. MuOR immunoreactive fibres are dense in the muscle layer and the deep muscular plexus, where they are in close association with interstitial cells of Cajal. This distribution closely matches the pattern of enkephalin. MuOR enteric neurones comprise functionally distinct populations of neurones of the ascending and descending pathways of the peristaltic reflex. In human gut, muOR immunoreactivity is localized to myenteric and submucosal neurones and to immune cells of the lamina propria. DeltaOR immunoreactivity is located in both plexuses where it is predominantly in varicose fibres in the plexuses, muscle and mucosa, whereas kappaOR immunoreactivity appears to be confined to the myenteric plexus and to bundles of fibres in the muscle. MuOR undergoes endocytosis in a concentration-dependent manner, in vitro and in vivo. Pronounced muOR endocytosis is observed in neurones from animals that underwent abdominal surgery that has been shown to induce delay in gastrointestinal transit. We can conclude that all three ORs are localized to the enteric nervous system with differences among species, and that muOR endocytosis can be utilized as a means to visualize enteric neurones activated by opioids and sites of opioid release.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional state of the immunological system and of the gastrointestinal tract in children with a food allergy].

A group of 37 children suffering from bronchial asthma of an atopic and combined genesis and also from allergy attended by skin manifestations have been examined. The general immunologic system has been shown to be strongly imbalanced which manifested in hypo-, hyper- or dysimmunoglobulinemia and in IgE accumulation by the blood. Most of the children showed increased permeability of the epithelial barrier of the intestine by food antigens, that was associated with appearance in the blood of agglutinating antibodies to food proteins. In addition, most of the children had dyskinesia of the biliary tract and intestine as well as altered microecology of the gastrointestinal tract.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed2005

A dynamic model that simulates the human upper gastrointestinal tract for the study of probiotics.

A dynamic model of the human upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract was designed to better simulate conditions of ingestion and digestion, by including a food matrix as part of the model design. The dynamic model consisted of two reactors maintained at 37 degrees C, one simulating stomach conditions and the other simulating duodenum conditions. The model was tested by comparing survival of bacteria isolated from humans (Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) animals (Bifidobacterium animalis, 2 strains), and fermented dairy products (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus kefirgranum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) with their survival as determined by conventional methods. Five strains were not able to survive (>3 log reduction) 15 min in a medium acidified at pH 2.0 using the conventional testing method, but survival was improved significantly for some strains in the dynamic model. Two strains (Bifidobacterium animalis ATCC 25527 and Lactobacillus johnsonii La-1 NCC 533) showed good survival with both methods. The dynamic model was shown to better represent the events during upper GI tract transit than the conventional methods, by incorporation of a food matrix to buffer the gastric acidity and therefore expose bacteria to pH levels found in vivo before, during, and after a meal.

Bifidobacterium↗