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PubMed2005

Chronic orofacial pain is associated with psychological morbidity and negative personality changes: a comparison to the general population.

BACKGROUND: Chronic orofacial pain is a biopsychosocial problem. Pain description and intensity have been previously reported by the authors. This follow up study reports on the presence and severity of psychological morbidity presence and alseverity changes associated with chronic and personality changes associated with chronic orofacial pain. METHODS: A total of 415 questionnaires for psychological morbidity (238 chronic orofacial pain patients and 175 controls) and 205 responses for personality changes (105 pain patients and 100 controls) were analyzed. Demographic and status, level of education include and current work status. status, level of education and current work status. Psychological variables tested were depression, anger, fear, distress, frustration and anxiety. Pain patients indicated descriptors of their personalities 'pre-pain' and 'with pain'. RESULTS: The chronic pain group reported higher levels of 'feeling sad or miserable' p < 0.001 'feeling frustrated' p = 0.001 and 'feeling anxious, worried' p = 0.022 than the control group. Within the chronic pain group, patients unemployed due to pain or other reasons reported higher levels of 'feeling sad or miserable' and 'feeling frustrated' (p < 0.05) compared with patients engaged in full or part-time work. Negative personality changes due to pain were clearly evident with 'irritable' and 'sad' being frequently chosen words (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic orofacial pain suffer from negative psychological and personality changes.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between stress coping and personality in patients with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Stress coping is defined as a behavioral or cognitive response of an individual to uncomfortable or difficult situations. It has been suggested that coping, like personality, is related to the pathology and course of mental disorders. Accordingly, we here used a clinical sample to investigate the relationships between coping strategies and personality traits. METHODS: Subjects were 60 outpatients who were in remission from major depressive disorder and who completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) and the Munich Personality Test (MPT). RESULTS: Task-oriented coping showed a positive correlation with extraversion and frustration tolerance. Emotion-oriented coping was closely associated with neuroticism, esoteric tendencies and isolation tendency. Avoidance-oriented coping was related to extraversion. Principal component analysis indicated three corresponding factors between coping and personality; one was related to psychopathology (loading from the neuroticism, esoteric tendencies and isolation tendency scales of the MPT, and from the emotion-oriented coping scale of the CISS), a second was a social-adaptive ability component (loading from the frustration tolerance and extraversion scales of the MPT, and from the task-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping scales of the CISS), and a third was a passive-avoidance coping component (loaded from the emotion-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping scales of the CISS only). CONCLUSION: Some personality traits such as extraversion and frustration tolerance are significantly related to task-oriented coping, and psychopathological personality traits such as neuroticism are associated with emotional-oriented coping in major depressive disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Marijuana and hostility in a small-group setting.

The authors used several indices to assess the relationship between marijuana and hostility as both inner affect and verbal behavior in a small-group setting. Marijuana subjects reported a small but statistically significant decrease in hostile feelings after the introduction of a frustration stimulus. They also showed significantly less verbal hostility than placebo subjects both before and after introduction of a frustration stimulus. The authors note that research findings on marijuana and hostility are not consistent and suggest a multidetermined relationship based on dose, environment, nature of the frustration stimulus, and intraindividual factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of reinforcement on facial responsivity and persistence in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may learn poorly under conditions of inconsistent (partial) reinforcement because they are easily frustrated and fail to develop persistence. To test this hypothesis, a nonsense word spelling task was used with 22 ADHD and 20 control children to investigate the effects of partial and continuous reinforcement on facial responsivity (frustration measure), words spelled correctly (learning performance measure), and persistence ratings. Partially reinforced ADHD children manifested higher levels of frustration in both acquisition and extinction than any other group and gave significantly lower persistence ratings across acquisition than partially reinforced control children. ADHD children spelled fewer words correctly than controls, regardless of reinforcement schedule. These findings suggest that partial reinforcement training develops persistence in normal but not ADHD children. The findings have theoretical implications for the etiology of ADHD as well as practical implications for designing behavior modification programs to treat ADHD.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

A new approach to explain aggression.

Two separate experiments are reported. They show the methodological difficulties and subsequent conceptual complications in Berkowitz's modified frustration-aggression theory and Zillman's theory of aggression. There was a marginally significant difference in the verbal measure of aggression favouring subjects aroused by frustration over subjects aroused by exercise, but not on the behavioral measure of aggression. Exp. II was conducted to test an alternative hypothesis, deduced from Fraisse's theory of emotion, which states that subjects respond more aggressively when confronted with unexpected than with expected annoyance. All six measures of aggression confirmed the hypothesis. The results of these two experiments indicate conceptual and methodological difficulties inherent in Berkowitz's modified frustration-aggression theory and Zillman's theory of aggression; they also suggest that Fraisse's theory of emotion presents a better model of aggression.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Physicians' responses to patients: a study of factors involved in the office interview.

The emotional responses of a physician are an important determinant for the outcome of each patient encounter. This study examines how physician, patient, and problem characteristics influence the emotions of the physician. In a family medical center, 559 office visits were recorded by 13 residents and 3 staff physicians on an encounter sheet. The emotions studied were anxiety, frustration, interest, and comfort in dealing with problem and note of feelings at the end of the encounter. The physicians reported more anxiety and frustration, less interest and comfort, and a less satisfactory note at the end of the interview when they were junior residents, when they were dealing with psychosocial problems, or when seeing lower social-class patients. Age and sex of patients and time of day of interview were not important in determining the physicians' responses. In a situation involving junior residents dealing with psychosocial problems, awareness of the anxiety and frustration present should enable the teacher of family medicine to become more effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Patients looking for information on the Internet and seeking teleadvice: motivation, expectations, and misconceptions as expressed in e-mails sent to physicians.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the motivation, expectations, and misconceptions of patients seeking teleadvice or medical information on the Internet. To explore the possible economics and problems of direct physician-to-patient teleadvice via electronic mails (e-mail). DESIGN: Exploratory survey of 209 unsolicited e-mails mostly sent to physicians by individuals seeking teleadvice. SETTING: University dermatology hospital with a major Web site on the World Wide Web. PATIENTS: Two hundred nine patients and information-seeking individuals, mainly with dermatologic problems. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Previous contacts with live physicians, disease duration, level of frustration expressed in the e-mails, and type of information sought. RESULTS: Many dermatologic patients who request teleadvice have a chronic disease (81%) and seek a second opinion. Seventeen percent express frustration about previous encounters with live physicians. Forty percent of all e-mails could have been answered by a librarian, 28% of all e-mails were suitable to be answered by a physician via e-mail alone, and in 27% of the cases any kind of consultation would not have been possible without seeing the patient. In at least 5 instances patients attempt self-diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We found examples for the beneficial effects of the provision of medical information on the World Wide Web but also evidence suggesting that patients are trying to use information on the Internet as a supplement for physicians and that teleadvice might be overused by chronically ill and frustrated patients looking desperately for additional information. Telemedicine via e-mail could substitute a physician visit or telephone call in some cases, but many principal problems must be solved beforehand.

Dermatology↗
PubMed2006

An update in thinking about nonorganic voice disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate psychosocial factors in nonorganic voice disorders (NVDs). Nonorganic voice disorders are presumed to be the result of increased muscular tension that is caused to varying extents by vocal misuse and emotional stress. It is therefore necessary to include both of these in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with voice disorders. DESIGN: Clinical survey. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: To evaluate psychosocial factors in NVDs, a sample of 74 patients with NVDs was examined psychologically using the Giessen Test and Picture Frustration Test. The results were compared with a control group of 19 patients with an organic dysphonia (vocal cord paralysis). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six scales of the Giessen Test (social response, dominance, control, underlying mood, permeability, and social potency), 3 reaction types of the Picture Frustration Test (obstacle dominance, ego defense, and need persistence), and 3 aggression categories of the Picture Frustration Test (extrapunitivity, intropunitivity, and impunitivity). RESULTS: The most striking significant difference between the 2 groups was that in conflict situations, patients with NVDs sought a quick solution or expected other people to provide one, which prevented them from understanding the underlying causes of the conflict. CONCLUSIONS: Only if the psychosocial aspects are taken into account can patients with NVD be offered a therapy that treats the causes of the voice disorder. It must be decided individually whether and when a voice training approach or a more psychological-psychotherapeutical approach is preferable.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Differential responses of rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages to man-made vitreous fibers in vitro.

Different approaches, including inhalation and intraperitoneal injection assays, have been used to assess the potential health effects of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF). The purpose of this study was to compare the phagocytic activity and the formation of reactive oxygen species by rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and peritoneal macrophages (PM) upon exposure to MMVF10 glass wool and MMVF21 rock wool fibers. Macrophage (Mphi) phagocytosis of mineral fibers was assessed by optical videomicroscopy and computer-aided image analysis. Mphi were classified as cells not associated with fibers, cells with attached fibers, cells with incompletely phagocytized fibers (an appearance known as "frustrated phagocytosis"), and cells with completely phagocytized fibers. The production of superoxide anions by AM and PM upon incubation with MMVF10 and MMVF21 fibers was determined by the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome C. PM were found to have a lower phagocytic activity than AM. A significantly higher percentage of AM than of PM underwent frustrated phagocytosis of MMVF10 and MMVF21 fibers. In line with these findings, AM generated higher levels of oxygen radicals than PM upon exposure to MMVF21 fibers. In contrast, MMVF10 fibers failed to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species by both AM and PM. Our in vitro results show that the phagocytic activity, in particular the frustrated phagocytosis of mineral fibers, was significantly lower in PM than in AM. The data support the idea that the durability and biopersistence of mineral fibers are higher in the peritoneal cavity than in the lung.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The foldon universe: a survey of structural similarity and self-recognition of independently folding units.

We have identified independently folding units, so called "foldons", from non-homologous proteins representing different folds. We applied simple statistical arguments in order to estimate the size of the foldon universe required to construct all foldable proteins. Various alignment procedures yield about 2600 foldons in the natural protein universe but this estimate is shown to be rather sensitive to the chosen cut-off value for structural similarity. We showed that foldon matching-modelling can reproduce the major part of the main chain of several proteins with a structural similarity measure Q-score of about 0.4 and an r.m.s. error of about 5 A, although the accuracy of structure prediction has been limited so far by the small size of foldon data set. The prediction score may be increased if one uses the set of protein fragments with optimized sequence-structure relationships, in other works, minimally frustrated segments. To quantify the degree of frustration of the structures of foldons from our database, we searched for those foldons which recognize their own sequence and structure upon threading. As a result we found that about half of the foldons from our data set recognize themselves as the best choice upon threading and therefore are individually minimally frustrated. We showed that there is a close connection between the Q-score of self recognition and the relative foldability (Theta) of the folding units. Foldons having high Q-score and Theta values are expected to be formed in the early phase of the folding process and be observed as stable intermediates under appropriate experimental conditions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Quality of life after total proctocolectomy and ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis.

We investigated the daily life and opinions of patients after total proctocolectomy and ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis. Eighty patients answered a questionnaire, completed Cattell's anxiety scale, and recorded bowel function for one month. Both colitis and polyposis patients defecated five times daily, had 1.6 episodes of nocturnal motions weekly, and soiled twice weekly. However, colitis patients were more satisfied with their bowel function and surgical outcome than were polyposis patients. This difference had a close relationship to the personality factors of ego strength and frustration. All patients with either disease who defecated less than three times daily, had no nocturnal motions, and had no soiling showed normal ego strength and frustration and were completely satisfied with their bowel status and operation. In contrast, patients defecating more than seven times daily or more than once per week nocturnally and soiling more than four times weekly had high frustration and were dissatisfied. Thus, satisfaction with surgery correlated not only with the objective outcome but also with personality and lifestyle.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypochondriacal patients, their physicians, and their medical care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the views hypochondriacal patients have of their physicians, and their physicians' assessments of the hypochondriacal patients. DESIGN: A sample of patients meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for hypochondriasis was obtained by screening consecutive medical outpatients. They underwent a battery of self-report questionnaires and structured interviews, their medical records were audited, and their physicians completed questionnaires about them. A random sample of nonhypochondriacal patients from the same clinic served as a comparison group. SETTING: A large general medicine outpatient clinic of an academic teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 41 DSM-III-R hypochondriacs and 71 comparison patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hypochondriacal patients were more dissatisfied with their physicians than were comparison patients. Physicians rated the hypochondriacal patients as more frustrating to care for, more help-rejecting, and more demanding. Physician ratings of how hypochondriacal their patients were correlated significantly with their ratings of how frustrating they considered the patients (R2 = 0.36) and with objective measures of how hypochondriacal the patients were (incremental R2 = 0.08). Physician estimates of anxiety and depression in the hypochondriacal patients were not statistically related to patient anxiety and depression. In contrast, physician estimates of patient anxiety and depression were significantly associated with the presence of anxiety and depression in comparison patients. CONCLUSIONS: The physician's use of the term hypochondriasis is closely associated with his or her frustration with the patient and is associated with objective measures of the extent of hypochondriacal symptoms. In addition, the presence of DSM-III-R hypochondriasis impairs the physician's accuracy in assessing the levels of the patient's anxiety and depression.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Factors influencing aggression toward females by male rats exposed to anabolic androgenic steroids during puberty.

Previous results showed that male rats pubertally exposed to anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) displayed aggression towards females in response to physical provocation. This experiment examined two factors that may modulate AAS-induced behavior towards females: olfactory cues and frustration. Gonadally intact males began one of three AAS treatments at puberty (D40): testosterone propionate (T), stanozolol (S), T+S, or vehicle control. To test for the relevance of olfactory cues in the elicitation of behavior toward females, a hidden neighbor paradigm was used. The proximal stimulus was an ovariectomized (OVX) female, estrogen plus progesterone (E+P) female, or an E+P female with tape-obstructed vagina (OBS). Distal olfactory cues from a hidden neighbor were delivered from a separate cage connected to the testing arena. The vaginally obstructed, sexually receptive female (OBS) was used to determine the effects of frustration on behavior by AAS males. Both sexual and aggressive behaviors were measured. The presence of distal olfactory cues had no effect on either sexual or aggressive behavior. In the presence of E+P and OBS females, all males displayed sex behaviors, not aggression. However, AAS males displayed significantly more aggression towards proximal OVX females than controls. AAS males mounted OBS females significantly more than controls, indicating a persistence of once rewarded behavior. These results suggest (1) proximal cues of the conspecific female are more salient than distal olfactory cues in determining behavior and (2) AAS males display frustration-induced persistence in response to vaginally obstructed receptive females.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

The effect of cell phone type on drivers subjective workload during concurrent driving and conversing.

The effect of three types of cell phones (hand held, hands free with an external speaker and personal hands free) on total subjective workload (including its constituent components; mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort and frustration) and intelligibility was measured using the NASA-task load index (TLX) and the modified rhyme test (MRT), respectively in 13 experienced drivers (nine male, four female, age range 28-65 years), whilst driving on a rural highway. The drivers rated all components of workload for each type of cell phone to be significantly higher than for a control condition in which no cell phone was used. The mean (standard deviation) total workload was lowest for the personal hands free cell phone (7.1(3.65)) and highest for the hands free speaker phone (10.8 (3.63)) (P<0.001). The mean (standard deviation) intelligibility score was highest for the personal hands free cell phone (74.1 (7.9)) and lowest for the hands free speaker phone (55.0 (10.4)) (P<0.001). Frustration was significantly correlated with total workload (0.60, P<0.001) and intelligibility was significantly correlated with frustration (-0.35, P<0.05). Physical demand was not a high contributor to total workload. It is concluded that a personal hands free cell phone would interfere least with the cognitive demands of driving.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Inclusion-induced bilayer deformations: effects of monolayer equilibrium curvature.

The energetics of protein-induced bilayer deformation in systems with finite monolayer equilibrium curvature were investigated using an elastic membrane model. In this model the bilayer deformation energy delta G(def) has two major components: a compression-expansion component and a splay-distortion component, which includes the consequences of a bilayer curvature frustration due to a monolayer equilibrium curvature, c(0), that is different from zero. For any choice of bilayer material constants, the value of delta G(def) depends on global bilayer properties, as described by the bilayer material constants, as well as the energetics of local lipid packing adjacent to the protein. We introduce this dependence on lipid packing through the contact slope, s, at the protein-bilayer boundary. When c(0) = 0, delta G(def) can be approximated as a biquadratic function of s and the monolayer deformation at the protein/bilayer boundary, u(0): delta G(def) = a(1)u(0)(2) + a(2)u(0)s + a(3)s(2), where a(1), a(2), and a(3) are functions of the bilayer thickness, the bilayer compression-expansion and splay-distortion moduli, and the inclusion radius (this expression becomes exact when the Gaussian curvature component of delta G(def) is negligible). When c(0) not equal 0, the curvature frustration contribution is determined by the choice of boundary conditions at the protein-lipid boundary (by the value of s), and delta G(def) is the sum of the energy for c(0) = 0 plus the curvature frustration-dependent contribution. When the energetic penalty for the local lipid packing can be ignored, delta G(def) will be determined only by the global bilayer properties, and a c(0) > 0 will tend to promote a local inclusion-induced bilayer thinning. When the energetic penalty for local lipid packing is large, s will be constrained by the value of c(0). In a limiting case, where s is determined only by geometric constraints imposed by c(0), a c(0) > 0 will impede such local bilayer thinning. One cannot predict curvature effects without addressing the proper choice of boundary conditions at the protein-bilayer contact surface.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Exploring the propensities of helices in PrP(C) to form beta sheet using NMR structures and sequence alignments.

Neurodegenerative diseases induced by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are associated with prions. The most spectacular event in the formation of the infectious scrapie form, referred to as PrP(Sc), is the conformational change from the predominantly alpha-helical conformation of PrP(C) to the PrP(Sc) state that is rich in beta-sheet content. Using sequence alignments and structural analysis of the available nuclear magnetic resonance structures of PrP(C), we explore the propensities of helices in PrP(C) to be in a beta-strand conformation. Comparison of a number of structural characteristics (such as solvent accessible area, distribution of (Phi, Psi) angles, mismatches in hydrogen bonds, nature of residues in local and nonlocal contacts, distribution of regular densities of amino acids, clustering of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in helices) between PrP(C) structures and a databank of "normal" proteins shows that the most unusual features are found in helix 2 (H2) (residues 172-194) followed by helix 1 (H1) (residues 144-153). In particular, the C-terminal residues in H2 are frustrated in their helical state. The databank of normal proteins consists of 58 helical proteins, 36 alpha+beta proteins, and 31 beta-sheet proteins. Our conclusions are also substantiated by gapless threading calculations that show that the normalized Z-scores of prion proteins are similar to those of other alpha+beta proteins with low helical content. Application of the recently introduced notion of discordance, namely, incompatibility of the predicted and observed secondary structures, also points to the frustration of H2 not only in the wild type but also in mutants of human PrP(C). This suggests that the instability of PrP(C) proteins may play a role in their being susceptible to the profound conformational change. Our analysis shows that, in addition to the previously proposed role for the segment (90-120) and possibly H1, the C-terminus of H2 and possibly N-terminus may play a role in the alpha-->beta transition. An implication of our results is that the ease of polymerization depends on the unfolding rate of the monomer. Sequence alignments show that helices in avian prion proteins (chicken, duck, crane) are better accommodated in a helical state, which might explain the absence of PrP(Sc) formation over finite time scales in these species. From this analysis, we predict that correlated mutations that reduce the frustration in the second half of helix 2 in mammalian prion proteins could inhibit the formation of PrP(Sc).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: general and dimension-specific effects of familial loadings and preadolescent temperament traits.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the links between familial loading, preadolescent temperament, and internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence, hereby distinguishing effects on maladjustment in general versus dimension-specific effects on either internalizing or externalizing problems. METHOD: In a population-based sample of 2230 preadolescents (10-11 years) familial loading (parental lifetime psychopathology) and offspring temperament were assessed at baseline by parent report, and offspring psychopathology at 2.5-years follow-up by self-report, teacher report and parent report. We used purified measures of temperament and psychopathology and partialled out shared variance between internalizing and externalizing problems. RESULTS: Familial loading of internalizing psychopathology predicted offspring internalizing but not externalizing problems, whereas familial loading of externalizing psychopathology predicted offspring externalizing but not internalizing problems. Both familial loadings were associated with Frustration, low Effortful Control, and Fear. Frustration acted as a general risk factor predicting severity of maladjustment; low Effortful Control and Fear acted as dimension-specific risk factors that predicted a particular type of psychopathology; whereas Shyness, High-Intensity Pleasure, and Affiliation acted as direction markers that steered the conditional probability of internalizing versus externalizing problems, in the event of maladjustment. Temperament traits mediated one-third of the association between familial loading and psychopathology. Findings were robust across different composite measures of psychopathology, and applied to girls as well as boys. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to familial loading and temperament, it is important to distinguish general risk factors (Frustration) from dimension-specific risk factors (familial loadings, Effortful Control, Fear), and direction markers that act as pathoplastic factors (Shyness, High-Intensity Pleasure, Affiliation) from both types of risk factors. About one-third of familial loading effects on psychopathology in early adolescence are mediated by temperament.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mechanisms of protein assembly: lessons from minimalist models.

Many cellular functions rely on interactions among proteins and between proteins and nucleic acids. The limited success of binding predictions may suggest that the physical and chemical principles of protein binding have to be revisited to correctly capture the essence of protein recognition. In this Account, we discuss the power of reduced models to study the physics of protein assembly. Since energetic frustration is sufficiently small, native topology-based models, which correspond to perfectly unfrustrated energy landscapes, have shown that binding mechanisms are robust and governed primarily by the protein's native topology. These models impressively capture many of the binding characteristics found in experiments and highlight the fundamental role of flexibility in binding. The essential role of solvent molecules and electrostatic interactions in binding is also discussed. Despite the success of the minimally frustrated models to describe the dynamics and mechanisms of binding, the actual degree of frustration has to be explored to quantify the capacity of a protein to bind specifically to other proteins. We have found that introducing mutations can significantly reduce specificity by introducing an additional binding mode. Deciphering and quantifying the key ingredients for biological self-assembly is invaluable to reading out genomic sequences and understanding cellular interaction networks.

Animals↗