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PubMedDate not supplied

Individual cryopreservation with dimethyl sulfoxide and polyvinylpyrrolidone of ejaculates and pooled semen of three avian species.

Artificial insemination (AI) has been used for avian reproduction due to the discovery of cryoprotectants extending its usefulness both in production of domestic fowl and conservation of wild species. The goal of this study was to assess the effect on domestic and wild fowl pooled semen and individual ejaculate cryopreservation with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Twenty ejaculates and twenty samples of pooled semen of roosters, pheasants and hawks were frozen in media containing DMSO or PVP. DMSO and PVP cryopreservation are equally effective both for ejaculates and pooled semen. Even PVP is a good alternative since no significant difference was found when compared to DMSO. The fertilizing capacity of fresh and cryopreserved pooled semen was analyzed through AI of hens and female pheasants. Similar fertility rates using DMSO, PVP or frozen-thawed samples demonstrated that reproduction is possible through the use of cryopreserved semen. In the case of female pheasants, the same values were obtained with both cryopreserved and fresh semen.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shivering thermogenesis in leg and breast muscles of galliform chicks and nestlings of the domestic pigeon.

We studied the ontogeny of shivering thermogenesis in breast and leg muscles of precocial galliforms (domestic fowl, grey partridge, and Japanese quail) and the altricial domestic pigeon using electromyography (EMG) and indirect calorimetry. Galliforms were able to increase heat production by shivering in leg muscles at the youngest age studied (1-2 d). Pectorals contributed to heat production from days 7-10 onward, but in the partridge and especially in the fowl, shivering by the pectorals was weaker than in the quail. In the pigeon, shivering began in pectorals and legs at 2 and 4 d of age, respectively, and pectorals had clearly the predominant role in thermogenesis. Despite the early beginning of electrical signs of shivering, significant thermogenesis did not appear in the pigeon before the age of 6 d. All galliforms shivered in bursts, like pigeons aged 2-4 d. From the age of 6 d onward, continuous shivering became predominant in the pigeon. In pectorals of 2-6-d-old pigeons, shivering did not increase linearly during decreasing ambient temperature, as in other muscles and species, but started abruptly, at full intensity. Furthermore, in 2-4-d-old pigeons, cooling induced movement activity in legs. The median frequency of shivering EMGs varied (1) with maturation of the muscle, (2) with size of the adult bird, and (3) between altricials and precocials.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Morphometric study of the avian adrenal gland.

The interrenal and medullary cords as well as the blood vessels and connective tissue proportions in the adrenal glands of the male Nigerian fowl (Gallus domesticus) and guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris) were studied by microstereological techniques. Laying domestic fowl of the Rhode Island Red breed were entirely defeathered and maintained in a hot, humid pen for a period of three months, after which the adrenal glands were also studied microstereologically. Interrenal cord width was also measured in all the birds studied. The interrenal cords of the subscapular zone were consistently wider than those cords in the inner zone of the adrenal glands. This clearly suggested morphological zoning. The proportion of interrenal tissue was significantly greater in the guinea-fowl than in the Nigerian fowl, but the medullary tissue and the blood vessels and connective tissue were not significantly different. Interrenal hypoplasia or medullary hyperplasia occurred in the defeathered Rhode Island Red fowl as compared to the control birds of the same breed and sex. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1986

Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl.

The influence of somatostatin on thyroid function has been examined in immature domestic fowl passively immunized with somatostatin antiserum. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations were markedly increased within 10 min of antisomatostatin administration and remained raised for at least 5 h. The increases in the T3 and T4 concentrations following somatostatin immunoneutralization were directly related to the volume of antisera administered. The increase in the T3 concentration exceeded the increase in the T4 concentration, resulting in a T3 : T4 ratio greater than unity. While the raised T4 concentration began to decline 30 min after antisomatostatin administration, raised T3 concentrations were sustained for at least 2 h, and further increased the plasma T3 : T4 ratio. These results demonstrate that somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl. The magnitude and rapidity of the thyroidal responses to somatostatin immunoneutralization suggests that they occur independently of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Somatostatin appears to exert a tonic inhibitory control on avian thyroid function, possibly by effects mediated at the thyroid gland to inhibit T4 release and by peripheral effects to suppress the conversion of T4 and T3.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Observations on the sites of respiratory evaporation in the fowl during thermal panting.

The rate of respiratory water loss (RWL) was investigated in domestic fowls by the open-flow method, and the relative importance of the surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tract was assessed by cannulating the trachea and by recording the temperatures at the potential evaporating sites. Birds were exposed to Ta from 20 to 40 degrees C and RWL examined at rectal temperatures (Tre) from 41 to 44 degrees C. Overall, the increase in RWL from the whole tract, and from the upper and lower divisions, was by about 1.1, 1.0 and 0.3 mg (g-hr. degrees C)-1, respectively. There was a rapid increase in V and in RWL from the whole and from the upper tract at Tre 41.5-42.5 degrees C, but no comparable change from the lower tract. Temperatures significantly below Ta and Tre (both 43 degrees C) were detected in the trachea and in the nasal and buccal cavities, but not in the air sacs. It was concluded that respiratory evaporation occurs mainly from the upper tract during panting and that the air sacs are unlikely to be involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Angiotensin II vascular receptors in fowl aorta: binding specificity and modulation by divalent cations and guanine nucleotides.

In the domestic fowl, angiotensin (ANG) II causes a unique vasodepressor response in vivo and vascular relaxation of aortic rings in vitro that appear to be mediated by ANG II receptors. In initial studies using radioligand binding techniques, we identified specific vascular ANG II receptors in the fowl aorta. In the present study, we have characterized fowl vascular ANG II receptors in terms of binding specificity and their modulation by divalent cations and guanine nucleotide, to understand how the fowl receptor might differ from mammalian vascular ANG II receptors that mediate vasoconstriction. Competitive displacement of [125I] ANG II binding by ANG agonist and antagonist analogs revealed a unique pattern of receptor specificity, with the potency rank order: [Asn1, Val5]ANG II greater than [Asp1, Ile5]ANG II greater than [Asp1, Val5, Ser9] ANG I = [Asp1, Val5]ANG II much greater than [Val5]ANG III greater than [sarcosine(Sar)1, Ile5]ANG II greater than [Sar1, Ile8]ANG II much greater than [Sar1, Thr8]ANG II. Divalent cations (Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++) inhibited equilibrium radioligand binding by as much as 50% at 100 mM, with the potency order: Ca++ greater than Mn++ greater than Mg++. Mg++ and Mn++ stimulated binding very slightly (110%) at low doses (1-10 mM). The stable guanine nucleotide analog 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate inhibited equilibrium radioligand binding moderately (15% at 100 microM) in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2, but failed to alter the dissociation rate of receptor-bound ligand (half-time = 10.92 min). These results suggest that fowl vascular ANG II receptors exhibit specificity and regulatory properties fundamentally different from those of mammalian vascular ANG II receptors.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed2006

Domestic ducks and H5N1 influenza epidemic, Thailand.

In addition to causing 12 human deaths and 17 cases of human infection, the 2004 outbreak of H5N1 influenza virus in Thailand resulted in the death or slaughter of 60 million domestic fowl and the disruption of poultry production and trade. After domestic ducks were recognized as silent carriers of H5N1 influenza virus, government teams went into every village to cull flocks in which virus was detected; these team efforts markedly reduced H5N1 infection. Here we examine the pathobiology and epidemiology of H5N1 influenza virus in the 4 systems of duck raising used in Thailand in 2004. No influenza viruses were detected in ducks raised in "closed" houses with high biosecurity. However, H5N1 influenza virus was prevalent among ducks raised in "open" houses, free-ranging (grazing) ducks, and backyard ducks.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1985

A simple method for the establishment of tissue culture melanocytes from regenerating fowl feathers.

A quick and simple method for the establishment of tissue cultures of nonembryonic domestic fowl melanocytes was desired. The selected source of these cells was the 14-d-old regenerating feather. Three procedures were compared on the basis of the yield and purity of melanocytes. For the first method, 2 mm of the proximal end of the feather was cut off under sterile conditions and placed immediately in Hanks' balanced salt solution (BSS) containing antibiotics. The feather was split longitudinally and the pulp removed. The tissue was placed pulp side down in several drops of Ham's F12 medium containing 2.5 micrograms/ml Fungizone, 50 micrograms/ml gentamicin, 100 micrograms/ml streptomycin, 100 micrograms/ml penicillin, and 10% fetal bovine serum. After 2 h at 37 degrees C, the tissue was attached to the dish and new medium was added and changed every 3 d thereafter. Cells migrated from the tissue starting on Day 2 and the tissue was removed on Day 5. Large dendritic peripheral cells and small round central cells were seen. Approximately 6.5 X 10(4) cells were present on Day 10 and 8 X 10(4) cells were counted on Day 20. By Day 30, the pigmented melanocytes were large, flat, dendritic cells. Electron microscopy and the use of the dopa reaction indicated that the population of cells was almost entirely melanocytes. The second method used was similar to the first, the only difference being that the feather sheath was also removed and thus only the collar of cells remained. The third method tried was similar to the second with the difference that the collar of cells was gently agitated with 0.25% trypsin for 5, 10, and 20-min intervals at 37 degrees C. The trypsin supernatant fluid was removed by gentle centrifugation and medium plus fetal bovine serum was added to stop tryptic action. The second method showed no advantage over the first. The purity and yield of melanocytes in the third method were lower than in either of the previous two methods. The number of cells desired can be controlled by varying the number of the feather pieces used per culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Retinal projections to the pretectum in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)].

The retinal projection to the pretectum was examined in the adult domestic fowl by means of anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). At the same time, the cytoarchitecture of the pretectum was studied in Nissl preparation. Fifteen fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) were used for the HRP study, and four were used for the cytoarchitectural study. One hundred microliters of a 30% HRP solution in physiological saline were injected into the vitreous body of the unilateral eye under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg/kg body weight). After a postoperative period of 48 hours, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused intracardially with 1,000 ml of Ringer solution, followed by 2,000 ml of 1% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) which was then followed by 1,000 ml of 10% sucrose in the same buffer. The brain was cut into serial transverse sections at 60 microns on a freezing microtome. Every section was treated with tetramethyl benzidine (TMB). Based on cytoarchitectural and HRP results, the pretectum of the adult hen was divided into the following eight nuclei: nucleus principalis pretectalis (P), nucleus subpretectalis (SP), nucleus principalis precommissuralis (PPC), nucleus medialis pretectalis (PTM), nucleus pretectalis dorsalis (APd), nucleus area pretectalis (AP), nucleus spiriformis lateralis (SPL), and nucleus spiriformis medialis (SPM). The SPL and SPM lay closely adjacent to each other, although the boundary between them can be easily defined in any section. Furthermore, the SPM could be divided into two subnuclei: the dorsal part of the SPM (SPMd) located just under the SMT and dorsomedial to the P, and the ventral part of the SPM (SPMv), which was located above the PPC and ventromedial to the P. Retinal projections were found in the APd, the PTM, the AP and the SPM, contralaterally. APd was the smallest nucleus among the pretectal nuclei lying just above the tractus septomesencephalicus (SMT) and received the heaviest retinal inputs. In the PTM, clear terminals were distributed over the whole of the nucleus, whereas strong labeled terminals were also found around the principal pretectal nucleus. Slight retinal inputs were found in the ventral part of the SPM. Furthermore, heavily labeled terminals were found in the medial part of the AP designated as the interstitial nucleus of the posterior commissure by Niimi. Terminals in the ventral part of the SPM and the medial part of the AP have not been reported in the previous studies in the chick and pigeon. There were no terminals in the contralateral P, SPL, SP, PPC, and the ipsilateral brain stem.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Chicken genomics: feather-pecking and victim pigmentation.

Feather-pecking in domestic birds is associated with cannibalism and severe welfare problems. It is a dramatic example of a spiteful behaviour in which the victim's fitness is reduced for no immediate direct benefit to the perpetrator and its evolution is unexplained. Here we show that the plumage pigmentation of a chicken may predispose it to become a victim: birds suffer more drastic feather-pecking when the colour of their plumage is due to the expression of a wild recessive allele at PMEL17, a gene that controls plumage melanization, and when these birds are relatively common in a flock. These findings, obtained using an intercross between a domestic fowl and its wild ancestor, have implications for the welfare of domestic species and offer insight into the genetic changes associated with the evolution of feather-pecking during the early stages of domestication.

Aggression↗
PubMed1996

Enhanced forebrain nitric oxide synthase activity in epileptic fowl.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was examined in forebrain, cerebellum and optic lobes of adult domestic fowl, having a hereditary primary generalized convulsive disorder. NOS was approximately 2-fold higher in only the forebrain of adult epileptic fowl compared to non-epileptic (carrier) hatchmates. A significant increase in NOS was also evident in forebrains of 1-day-old epileptic chicks. Ca(2+)-dependency experiments confirmed that these increments were principally due to type I NOS (NOS-I). Induction of convulsions by intermittent photic stimulation did not affect pre-existing forebrain NOS-I activity. The present data suggest that an enhanced NO signaling may ensue in selected regions of the brain as an adaptive response to hereditary epileptogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Seminal plasma composition in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Seminal plasma composition was studied in budgerigars. Semen was obtained from adult male budgerigars by applying gentle pressure to both sides of the cloaca. Pooled samples were centrifuged at 15,000 g for 2 min, and the seminal plasma separated for biochemical analysis. Osmolality, Na+, K+, Cl-, pH, glucose and fructose values were determined. The biochemical composition of budgerigar seminal plasma obtained in this study was: Osmolality 329.9 +/- 14.5 mOs/kg; Na+ 158.6 +/- 8.4 mEq/l; K+ 16.39 +/- 6.24 mEq/l; Cl- 109.2 +/- 7.4 mEq/l; pH 8.20 +/- 0.18 glucose 4.25 +/- 0.96 mmol/l; fructose 0.59 +/- 0.29 mmol/l. The results are discussed in relation to the values reported for the domestic fowl. This forms part of a reproductive biology study of non-domesticated avian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Respiration in exercising fowl. II. Respiratory water loss and heat balance.

1. Respiratory water loss and rectal temperature were measured in domestic fowl running for 10 min on a treadmill at speeds of 1.24-4.3 km h-1 in air temperatures of 20 +/- 2 degrees C or 32 +/- 2 degrees C. 2. At given speeds the water loss at 32 +/- 2 degrees C was approximately twice that at 20 +/- 2 degrees C and the end-exercise rectal temperature was 0.5-0.8 degrees C higher. 3. At 20 +/- 2 degrees C, respiratory evaporation accounted for 10-12% of the total metabolic energy used at all speeds. At 32 +/- 2 degrees C, the fractional respiratory heat loss fell from 26.5% at 1.24 km h-1 to 17% at 3.6 km h-1. The fraction of the total metabolic energy stored as body heat rose progressively with air temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Histological and immunological studies on the fowl lacrimal gland following surgical excision of Harder's gland.

Surgical removal of the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl resulted in increased secretory activity in the lacrimal gland and also in an increase in goblet cell numbers along the length of the lacrimal gland duct. Plasma cells were more numerous in the lacrimal glands of operated birds and they were capable of antibody responses to both systemically and topically applied bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel diffusion studies showed the presence of anti-BSA activity in the tears and serum of fowls stimulated after surgical removal of the Harderian gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Multiple avian influenza infection: selection of a non-avid virus by a heterologous avian host.

Experimental infection of domestic fowl, ducks and geese with an influenza A virus (H7N2) isolated from a domestic duck showed that this virus was apathogenic for these poultry. A second virus (H6N2), also apathogenic and more 'non-avid' than any such isolates previously recognised in surveillance of domestic poultry in Hong Kong, was isolated from one goose after H7N2 shedding had ceased. This goose, in effect, acted as a selective isolation system for the H6N2 virus whose presence in the field isolate could not be detected in spite of multiple passage in embryonated eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Oxygen uptake in fowl eggs incubated in air and pure oxygen.

1. The oxygen uptake of small (bantam hen) and large (white leghorn) domestic fowl eggs was measured during incubation in air and pure O2. 2. A 2 hr exposure to pure O2 increased the O2-uptake from the 9th day in the large eggs and from the 15th day in the small eggs. 3. On the last 4 days of the incubation period, both small and large eggs increased their O2-uptake by about 22% when transferred from air to pure O2. 4. When 1 cm2 of the eggshell above the air cell was removed, the O2-uptake of the white leghorn eggs incubated in air increased by 13%.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1986

Plasma concentrations of corticosterone and thyroid hormones in laying fowls from different housing systems.

Plasma concentrations of corticosterone, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured in representative mature female domestic fowls from three housing systems: cages, covered strawyard and range. There were no between-system differences for T4 but T3 was lower in birds from range than in those from cages. Corticosterone concentrations were lower in birds from strawyards than in those from range and cages. In the strawyards there were no differences in corticosterone concentrations between normal and low-ranking hens. The latter were selected on the basis that they remained apart from the flock, were under-weight, poorly feathered and unable to feed at will. Low-ranking hens had significantly higher plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 than normal birds. This was attributed mainly to the poor feather covering of most low-ranking birds. It was concluded that, in the assessment of different housing systems, plasma corticosterone and thyroid hormones were not useful measures of long-term stress or welfare. Different factors relevant to welfare may have contrary effects on the plasma concentrations of these hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

[Metabolism of C(14)-glucose by Ascaridia galli]

The fowl nematode Ascaridia galli employed in this experiment was obtained from the intestine of domestic fowls at the local market. The worms selected and washed several times in normal sterilized saline solution. Each about thirty of intact worms were incubated in 50 cc volume of special incubation flasks with incubation mixture consisting of 10 cc of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to which were added universally labeled C14-glucose and non-radioactive carrier glucose so as to contain concentration of 200 mg per cent. The worms were allowed to incubation for 3 hours in Dubnoff metabolic shaking incubator at 38 degrees C. After incubation period, respiratory CO2 samples from central well of incubation flask were analysed for total CO2 production rate and their specific activity of respiratory CO2. Glycogen samples isolated from worms were analysed for uptake rate was determined by analyzing the difference of the glucose concentration in a medium before and after incubation period. Radioactivities of these series of experiments were counted by an endwindow Geiger-Muller counter as an infinitely thin samples. The quantitative analysis of C(14)-glucose utilized by Ascaridia galli was summarized as the following. 1. The glucose uptake rate by A. galli was a mean value of 1.73 +/- 0.32 micro M/hr/g of wet wt. and total CO2 production rate by the worms averaged 8.44 +/- 1.11 micro M/hr/g of wet wt. The relative specific activity of respiratory CO2 (R.S.A CO2) averaged 2.68 +/- 0.38 per cent. Thus, a man of 2.68 per cent of total CO2 production rate was originated from the glucose in the medium, therefore the rate of CO2 production derived from medium glucose was a mean of 0.23 +/- 0.03 micro M/hr/g of wet wt. Thus, the average value of 2.58 +/- 0.55 percent (R.G.D CO2)of glucose utilized by the worms from the medium glucose was oxidized to respiratory CO2. 2. The tissue concentration of glycogen in A. galli was a mean of 22.59 +/- 1.18 mg per gram of wet wt or 2.26 +/- 0.123 percent per gram, and the turnover rate of glycogen pool yielded with a mean of 0.17 +/- 0.04 percent per hour or 0.037 +/- 0.006 miligram per hour per gram of wet wt. Therefore, a mean value of 16.37 +/- 4.04 per cent (R.G.D gly) of glucose was incorporated to the glycogen. 3. These data account for that at least 18.95 per cent of the utilized glucose by the worms participated in furnishing the oxidation into respiratory CO2 and the synthetic process into glycogen. According to the above data of the experiment, it is suggested in the metabolic process of glucose by Ascaridia galli that the synthetic process into the glycogen is more active than the oxidative process into the respiratory CO2.

Journal Article↗