SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dimensionality Reduction”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,567 records · Page 87Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Tropomodulin binding to tropomyosins. Isoform-specific differences in affinity and stoichiometry.

Tropomodulin is a human erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein that binds to one end of tropomyosin molecules and inhibits tropomyosin binding to actin filaments [Fowler, V. M. (1990) J. Cell Biol. 111, 471-482]. We have characterized the interaction of erythroid and non-erythroid tropomyosins with tropomodulin by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and by solid-phase binding assays using 125I-tropomyosin. Non-denaturing gel analysis demonstrates that all tropomodulin molecules are able to bind tropomyosin and that tropomodulin forms complexes with tropomyosin isoforms from erythrocyte, brain, platelet and skeletal muscle tissue. Scatchard analysis of binding data using tropomyosin isoforms from these tissues indicate that tropomodulin binds preferentially to erythrocyte tropomyosin. Specificity is manifested by decreases in the apparent affinity or the saturation binding capacity of tropomodulin for non-erythrocyte tropomyosins. Erythrocyte tropomyosin saturates tropomodulin at approximate stoichiometric ratios of 1:2 and 1:4 tropomyosin/tropomodulin (apparent Kd = 14 nM-1 and 5 nM-1, respectively). Brain tropomyosin saturates tropomodulin at a 1:2 ratio of tropomyosin/tropomodulin, but with a threefold lower affinity than erythrocyte tropomyosin. Platelet tropomyosin saturates tropomodulin at a tropomyosin/tropomodulin ratio of 1:4, but with a sevenfold lower affinity than erythrocyte tropomyosin at the 1:4 ratio. These results correlate with oxidative cross-linking data which indicate that tropomodulin can self-associate to form dimers and tetramers in solution. Since tropomodulin interacts with one of the ends of tropomyosin, varying interactions of tropomyosin isoforms with tropomodulin probably reflect the heterogeneity in N-terminal or C-terminal sequences characteristic of the different tropomyosin isoforms. Isoform-specific interactions of tropomodulin with tropomyosins may represent a novel mechanism for selective regulation of tropomyosin/actin interactions.

Carrier Proteins↗

PubMed1999

Potential for load-induced cervical stress concentration as a function of periodontal support.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to determine, photoelastically, the locations of occlusal load-induced stress concentrations within a maxillary premolar as a function of degree of periodontal support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Composite three-dimensional models of a maxillary first premolar were fabricated for quasi-three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis. Individual materials were used to model enamel, dentin, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Three levels of periodontal support reduction (0%, 20%, 25%) were simulated by varying the socket depth. Vertical loads of 10 lb were applied to: (1) tip of buccal cusp, (2) tip of lingual cusp, and (3) center of occlusal surface. The resulting stresses were monitored and recorded photographically in the field of a circular polariscope arrangement. RESULTS: Cuspal loading concentrated stress around the cervical region below the loaded cusp, being highest under buccal cusp loading. The location of the stress concentration shifted apically as periodontal support diminished. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Observed cervical stress concentration corresponded well to the common location of abfractions seen in clinical situations. Since the location of cervical stress concentration varied with occlusal conditions, occurrence of abfractions must be highly dependent upon each patient's occlusion. Periodontal support reduction shifted the location of highest stress away from the cementoenamel junction. Therefore, abfractions are less likely to occur on periodontally compromised teeth compared to stable teeth.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMed2006

Monte Carlo study of photon fields from a flattening filter-free clinical accelerator.

In conventional clinical linear accelerators, the flattening filter scatters and absorbs a large fraction of primary photons. Increasing the beam-on time, which also increases the out-of-field exposure to patients, compensates for the reduction in photon fluence. In recent years, intensity modulated radiation therapy has been introduced, yielding better dose distributions than conventional three-dimensional conformal therapy. The drawback of this method is the further increase in beam-on time. An accelerator with the flattening filter removed, which would increase photon fluence greatly, could deliver considerably higher dose rates. The objective of the present study is to investigate the dosimetric properties of 6 and 18 MV photon beams from an accelerator without a flattening filter. The dosimetric data were generated using the Monte Carlo programs BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc. The accelerator model was based on the Varian Clinac 2100 design. We compared depth doses, dose rates, lateral profiles, doses outside collimation, total and collimator scatter factors for an accelerator with and without a flatteneing filter. The study showed that removing the filter increased the dose rate on the central axis by a factor of 2.31 (6 MV) and 5.45 (18 MV) at a given target current. Because the flattening filter is a major source of head scatter photons, its removal from the beam line could reduce the out-of-field dose.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1980

Separation of cyanogen bromide-cleaved peptides of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein and analysis of their carbohydrate content.

The purified glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus was cleaved at methionine residues with cyanogen bromide, and the resultant peptides were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Five peptide bands were resolved in cylindrical gels run under nonreducing conditions. After reduction and electrophoresis in the second dimension, 11 peptides were resolved, indicating that several were originally linked by disulfide bonds. Double-label experiments indicated that at least 8 of the 11 peptides were unique. The major oligosaccharide chains were attached to two different cyanogen bromide peptides. In addition, six other peptides contained small amounts of sialic acid, fucose, and mannose, indicating that the glycoprotein contains more carbohydrate chains than the two major ones which have been reported previously.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1982

Formation and structure of human Hageman factor fragments.

Autodigestion of activated Hageman factor (HFa) yields a 40,000-mol wt activated enzyme as well as Hageman factor fragment (HFf); HFf consists of two molecular weight species of 28,500 and 30,000. We have investigated the structure of these active fragments and demonstrate that upon reduction, each possesses a heavy chain of 28,000. The associated light chains were identified by subjecting iodinated proteins to two-dimensional slab gel electrophoresis in which the second dimension is run reduced. The 40,000-dalton enzyme has a light chain of 15,000, the 30,000-dalton form of HFf has a light chain of 2,000 and we have suggestive evidence of a light chain associated with the 28,500-dalton form of HFf (putative mol wt approximately 500). We also demonstrate that the 30,000-dalton form of HFf precedes the 28,500 form. These data indicate that digestion of native HF to form HFa precedes cleavages that fragment the molecule and diminish its molecular weight. The 28,500-dalton light chain of HFa becomes the heavy chain of each of the fragmentation products while cleavage at different points along the heavy chain of HFa determines which fragments will be produced. In contrast to autoactivation, kallikrein digestion of HFa yields primarily HFf; however, the 40,000-dalton enzyme may be seen when prekallikrein-deficient (Fletcher trait) plasma is activated.

Enzyme Activation↗

PubMed2004

Redox signaling by ionizing radiation in mouse liver.

Since radiation treatment has been reappraised in the treatment of hepatic tumors, radiation response in the liver is emerging as an interesting new area of investigation. In this study, identification of the repertoire of signaling proteins was performed using a proteomics approach involving cellular responses of liver tissue to ionizing radiation. Approximately 800 protein spots were detected. Among them, at least 28 proteins showed significant quantitative alterations after radiation. The significantly altered proteins were categorized as those related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, metabolic pathway proteins, and G-type proteins. Particularly, the expression levels of proteins related to ROS metabolism, including cytochrome c, glutathione S-transferase Pi, NADH dehydrogenase, and peroxiredoxin VI, were increased after radiation. It is suggested that although radiation initiates cytotoxic effects, it can also induce a radioprotective antioxidant system.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Phase I/IIa study of cisplatin and gemcitabine as induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and paclitaxel for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: This is a phase I/IIa study to assess tolerance of gemcitabine and paclitaxel with radiotherapy in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after induction chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on days 1 and 22 and gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 22, and 28. Chemoradiotherapy began on day 43 as follows: cohort 1 (n = 9), gemcitabine 300 mg/m2 and paclitaxel 35 mg/m2 weekly (except week 9); cohort 2 (n = 9), gemcitabine 150 mg/m2 and paclitaxel 35 mg/m2 weekly (except week 9); cohort 3 (n = 10) and the 25 phase IIa patients, gemcitabine 300 mg/m2 and paclitaxel 135 mg/m2 every 21 days. Patients were treated with three-dimensional thoracic radiotherapy concurrently to 60 Gy. RESULTS: Weekly chemotherapy resulted in grade 4 esophageal and grade 3 or higher pulmonary toxicities. Reduction in dose density (cohort 3) led to a tolerable toxicity profile and was chosen as the phase IIa regimen. The response rate to induction was 49%, with stable disease in 40% of the patients. The response rate after consolidation therapy was 75% (94% for weekly chemotherapy v 82% for every 3 weeks). Median survival was 23 months, and 3-year survival was 45% for eligible patients. Local relapse occurred in 20% of the patients. Performance status of more than 1 predicted for poor outcome, but baseline pulmonary function did not. Dosimetric parameters including V15, V20, V30 (percent lung volume receiving > or = 15, > or = 20, and > or = 30 Gy, respectively), and mean lung dose correlated with pulmonary toxicity. CONCLUSION: Additional investigation with the 3-week schedule is warranted in patients with a good performance status based on the safety profile and preliminary efficacy data observed in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[The pattern electroretinogram in early glaucoma and ocular hypertension].

The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) reflects the activity of the retinal ganglion cells. To assess its value to detect early glaucoma damage, we recorded the PERG in 44 normal eyes, in 52 eyes with early stages of glaucoma, and in 34 eyes with elevated intraocular pressure but normal visual fields (ocular hypertension, OHT). All eyes had a decimal acuity of greater than or equal to 0.8. We used checkerboard patterns for the stimulation with check sizes of 0.8 degrees and 15 degrees, a contrast of 98% and a reversal rate of 16/s. Compared to the controls, in eyes with early glaucoma PERG amplitude was reduced to 50% using 0.8 degrees (p less than or equal to 0.0001) and to 74% using a check size of 15 degrees (p less than or equal to 0.001). However, due to the high interindividual variability, confidence limits overlapped to a large extent. Based on the preferential reduction at 0.8 degrees vs 15 degrees, a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 92% were achieved using a two-dimensional logistic regression; 50% of the OHT eyes were thus classified as pathological. These results suggest that the PERG can detect retinal ganglion cell damage before measurable changes in the visual field occur if responses to two check sizes are evaluated.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Fucose-containing oligosaccharides from human milk from a donor of blood group 0 Le(a) nonsecretor.

The neutral oligosaccharides from the milk of a single donor with blood group 0, Lewis(a+b-) nonsecretor were separated into 18 fractions essentially according to the number of carbohydrate constituents using gel permeation chromatography on Biogel P-4 and Fractogel TSK HW-40. Further separation was achieved by HPLC and by HPTLC after reduction and peracetylation. The fractions obtained were analysed by FAB mass spectrometry with and without derivatization and by one- and two-dimensional proton NMR. Besides the already described 3-fucosidolactose, fucopentaose II (2), fucopentaose III (6) and difucohexaose II (4) the following fucosylated oligosaccharides could be identified. Among the higher oligosaccharides a branched lacto-N-decaose (12) was obtained in pure form after removal of the fucose residues by mild acid treatment.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed2005

Structural and functional analysis of the C-terminal STAS (sulfate transporter and anti-sigma antagonist) domain of the Arabidopsis thaliana sulfate transporter SULTR1.2.

The C-terminal region of sulfate transporters from plants and animals belonging to the SLC26 family members shares a weak but significant similarity with the Bacillus sp. anti-anti-sigma protein SpoIIAA, thus defining the STAS domain (sulfate transporter and anti-sigma antagonist). The present study is a structure/function analysis of the STAS domain of SULTR1.2, an Arabidopsis thaliana sulfate transporter. A three-dimensional model of the SULTR1.2 STAS domain was built which indicated that it shares the SpoIIAA folds. Moreover, the phosphorylation site, which is necessary for SpoIIAA activity, is conserved in the SULTR1.2 STAS domain. The model was used to direct mutagenesis studies using a yeast mutant defective for sulfate transport. Truncation of the whole SULTR1.2 STAS domain resulted in the loss of sulfate transport function. Analyses of small deletions and mutations showed that the C-terminal tail of the SULTR1.2 STAS domain and particularly two cysteine residues plays an important role in sulfate transport by SULTR1.2. All the substitutions made at the putative phosphorylation site Thr-587 led to a complete loss of the sulfate transport function of SULTR1.2. The reduction or suppression of sulfate transport of the SULTR1.2 mutants in yeast was not due to an incorrect targeting to the plasma membrane. Both our three-dimensional modeling and mutational analyses strengthen the hypothesis that the SULTR1.2 STAS domain is involved in protein-protein interactions that could control sulfate transport.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Drastic reduction of sarcalumenin in Dp427 (dystrophin of 427 kDa)-deficient fibres indicates that abnormal calcium handling plays a key role in muscular dystrophy.

Although the primary abnormality in dystrophin is the underlying cause for mdx (X-chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy), abnormal Ca2+ handling after sarcolemmal microrupturing appears to be the pathophysiological mechanism leading to muscle weakness. To develop novel pharmacological strategies for eliminating Ca2+-dependent proteolysis, it is crucial to determine the fate of Ca2+-handling proteins in dystrophin-deficient fibres. In the present study, we show that a key luminal Ca2+-binding protein SAR (sarcalumenin) is affected in mdx skeletal-muscle fibres. One- and two-dimensional immunoblot analyses revealed the relative expression of the 160 kDa SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) protein to be approx. 70% lower in mdx fibres when compared with normal skeletal muscles. This drastic reduction in SAR was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Patchy internal labelling of SAR in dystrophic fibres suggests an abnormal formation of SAR domains. Differential co-immunoprecipitation experiments and chemical cross-linking demonstrated a tight linkage between SAR and the SERCA1 (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 1) isoform of the SR Ca2+-ATPase. However, the relative expression of the fast Ca2+ pump was not decreased in dystrophic membrane preparations. This implies that the reduction in SAR and calsequestrin-like proteins plays a central role in the previously reported impairment of Ca2+ buffering in the dystrophic SR [Culligan, Banville, Dowling and Ohlendieck (2002) J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 435-445]. Impaired Ca2+ shuttling between the Ca2+-uptake SERCA units and calsequestrin clusters via SAR, as well as an overall decreased luminal ion-binding capacity, might indirectly amplify the Ca2+-leak-channel-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. This confirms the idea that abnormal Ca2+ cycling is involved in Ca2+-induced myonecrosis. Hence, manipulating disturbed Ca2+ handling might represent new modes of abolishing proteolytic degradation in muscular dystrophy.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Reduction of T2* dephasing in gradient field-echo imaging.

Fast gradient field-echo imaging is becoming more common in morphologic studies but is not as widespread as might be hoped because of its susceptibility to local field inhomogeneities that lead to spin dephasing (reducing T2 to T2*) and geometric distortion (frequency misregistration). These problems are manifested in both the in-plane and section-select directions. The authors show that reversal of many of these adverse effects is possible through the acquisition of the gradient field echo in a three- and four-dimensional mode for a fixed echo time (TE), since phase-encoding leads to the capture of the echo within the sampling window. This echo centering is shown to be equivalent to the reduction of dephasing across a pixel. Improvements are also obtained by reducing TE to as short a value as possible.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Right ventricular function and three-dimensional modeling using computer-aided design.

Right ventricular (RV) volumetric and morphological analysis is complicated by the trabeculations and geometric configuration of the RV chamber. To improve RV analysis, custom computer-aided design programs were employed to obtain RV volumes and three-dimensional models from biplane ventriculograms. Biplane RV ventriculograms were analyzed from 14 anesthetized dogs and 22 RV casts. Computed volumes were highly correlated with reference RV volumes (r = 0.98, n = 36, P less than 0.01) with a range of 5-73 ml. Three-dimensional wire-frame and solid models constructed from the ventriculographic images provided excellent detail and a new perspective in chamber shape. This modeling technique was then used to examine RV volumes, geometric conformation, and regional shortening in 10 pigs during inotropic stimulation and preload reduction. Changes in RV volumes, ejection fraction, and regional motion were detected as well as alterations in chamber conformation. In summary 1) computer-aided design offers an accurate and simplified means to compute RV volumes using basic microcomputer equipment, and 2) three-dimensional reconstruction provided a unique view of RV geometry and a means to examine regional RV function.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) reduces the dose to the contralateral breast when compared to conventional tangential fields for primary breast irradiation: initial report.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare the dose received by the contralateral breast during primary breast irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy with the dose received via conventional tangential field techniques. METHODS/MATERIALS: Between March 2003 and March 2004, 44 patients with breast carcinoma were treated using 6-, 10-, or mixed 6/18-MV photons(36 with tangential intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique and eight with three-dimensional technique using tangential fields with wedges) for primary breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery. Paired thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed on each patient's contralateral breast, 4 cm from the center of the medial border of the tangential field. The thermoluminescent dosimeters were left on the patient during a single fraction and then measured 24 hours later. RESULTS: The mean dose delivered with photons to the primary breast for all patients was 4998 cGy [SD = 52], and the mean single fraction dose was 200 cGy [SD = 9]. The mean percent of the prescribed dose to the contralateral breast was 7.74% (SD = 2.35) for patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy, compared with 9.74% [SD = 2.04] for the patients treated with conventional tangential field techniques. This represented a 20% reduction in the mean dose to the contralateral breast with the use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy when compared with the dose received via the three-dimensional technique, a result that was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Primary breast irradiation with tangential intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique significantly reduces the dose to the contralateral breast when compared with conventional tangential techniques.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2000

A three-dimensional histological method for direct determination of the number of trabecular termini in cancellous bone.

Osteoporotic fractures occur frequently in aging populations. Established methods for analyzing microarchitecture indicate that cancellous bone loss in the elderly is associated with progressive reduction in the connectivity of the trabecular network. This disconnection may explain the increased skeletal fragility that is sometimes out of proportion to the amount of bone lost. Connectivity, however, is difficult to measure and usually requires indirect methods. We describe development of a simple, inexpensive and direct procedure for counting sites of trabecular disconnection. The method is based upon preparation of 300-500 microm thick slices of methylmethacrylate embedded material rather than the more usual thin 8 microm histological sections. The marrow tissue is retained within the thick slice; this is essential for conservation of any detached bone fragments. In such preparations differential superficial staining of the upper and lower surfaces with alizarin red and light green, respectively, allows the two-dimensional image to be viewed at the same time as its three-dimensional counterpart. In this way, "real" (i. e., unstained) trabecular termini can be distinguished from "apparent" (i. e., stained red or green) termini that are artifacts of the plane of section. Partly polarized light enhances the microscope image. The method does not destroy the material for subsequent bone histomorphometry and, therefore, may be a useful adjunct to iliac bone biopsy analysis in studies of metabolic bone disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Protein interactions with particulate Teflon: implications for the foreign body response.

PURPOSE: This study examined the nature of protein interactions with particulate polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in the foreign body response directed against failed Proplast/Teflon implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty milligrams PTFE prepared to particle sizes ranging from < 32 microns to > 300 microns was incubated with newborn bovine serum. The total amount of protein adsorbed to the PTFE particles was determined using a standard colorimetric assay. The structural and functional integrity of the proteins adsorbed to PTFE was also examined. For these studies, xanthine oxidase was substituted for serum, and the enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidase adsorbed to PTFE was determined. Finally, primary interactions between protein and PTFE particles were assessed in experiments using water, 2 or 8 mol/L urea, 1 mol/L Nacl, or 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate in an attempt to dissociate bound protein from the surfaces of PTFE particles. RESULTS: Serum proteins bind almost instantly to the surface of PTFE particles. The effective surface area of PTFE increases dramatically with reduction of the material to small particles, as does the total amount of protein adsorbed by the particulate PTFE. Proteins bind to PTFE principally by hydrophobic interactions, and their three-dimensional structure is significantly perturbed by this interaction. In the case of xanthine oxidase, adsorption to PTFE distorts protein structure to the extent that biologic activity is eliminated. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of serum protein adsorbed to PTFE particles varies inversely with particle size for a constant mass of material. It is believed that the foreign body response directed against this material is related to the amount and relative distortion of proteins adsorbed to its surface. If so, it appears that reduction of an implant to small particles (typically 50 micron or less) will dramatically increase the biologic signal to local cell populations. Thus, the severity of the biologic response to PTFE debris may be dependent largely on the size of the debris particles.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1993

Structural consequences of reductive methylation of lysine residues in hen egg white lysozyme: an X-ray analysis at 1.8-A resolution.

Chemical modification of proteins has been and continues to be an important biochemical tool for the study of protein structure and function. One such type of approach has been the reductive methylation of lysine residues. In order to address the consequences of such methylation on the crystallization and structural properties of a protein, the three-dimensional structure of hen egg white lysozyme in which all lysine residues have been alkylated has been determined and refined to a nominal resolution of 1.8 A and a crystallographic R factor of 17.3%. Crystals used in the investigation were grown from 1.5-1.8 M MgSO4 and 50 mM Tris at pH 8.0 and belonged to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 30.6 A, b = 56.3 A, c = 73.2 A, and one molecule per asymmetric unit. It was not possible to grow crystals of the modified lysozyme under the conditions normally employed for the hen egg white protein. Overall, the three-dimensional structures of the native lysozyme and the modified protein are very similar with only two surface loops differing to any significant extent. Specifically, the positions of the alpha-carbons for these two forms of the protein, excluding the surface loops, superimpose with a root-mean-square value of 0.40 A. The magnitude of the structural changes observed between the modified an unmodified forms of lysozyme is similar to that seen when an identical protein structure is solved in two different crystalline lattices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Two-dimensional Chebyshev pseudospectral modelling of cardiac propagation.

Bidomain or monodomain modelling has been used widely to study various issues related to action potential propagation in cardiac tissue. In most of these previous studies, the finite difference method is used to solve the partial differential equations associated with the model. Though the finite difference approach has provided useful insight in many cases, adequate discretisation of cardiac tissue with realistic dimensions often requires a large number of nodes, making the numerical solution process difficult or impossible with available computer resources. Here, a Chebyshev pseudospectral method is presented that allows a significant reduction in the number of nodes required for a given solution accuracy. The new method is used to solve the governing nonlinear partial differential equation for the monodomain model representing a two-dimensional homogeneous sheet of cardiac tissue. The unknown transmembrane potential is expanded in terms of Chebyshev polynomial trial functions and the equation is enforced at the Gauss-Lobatto grid points. Spatial derivatives are obtained using the fast Fourier transform and the solution is advanced in time using an explicit technique. Numerical results indicate that the pseudospectral approach allows the number of nodes to be reduced by a factor of sixteen, while still maintaining the same error performance. This makes it possible to perform simulations with the same accuracy using about twelve times less CPU time and memory.

Action Potentials↗