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PubMed1994

Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii in blood donors in the Czech Republic.

In 1988-1993, a total of 3,732 sera of blood donors from two districts (Strakonice and Nový Jicń) of the Czech Republic were tested for antibodies to Coxiella burnetii. Using the complement-fixation test at titers of 8 (10) and higher, the antibodies were detected in 41 (1.1%). No statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between the Strakonice and Nový Jicín districts was found (chi 2 = 2.536, P = 0.112, d.f. = 1). Antibodies were ascertained in 36 donors, 24 of which worked in agriculture. In one donor, antibodies persisted for at least 21 months. The highest ascertained titer was 160.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1982

A passive haemagglutination test for detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides using glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes.

A simple passive haemagglutination test using the microtitre technique was developed for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides infection in cattle. Of the four different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.5%) of glutaraldehyde used for the fixation of sheep erythrocytes, antigens prepared with erythrocytes fixed with 0.2 and 0.25% concentrations of glutaraldehyde gave the best results. The test was found to be very practical, sensitive specific and reproducible. It also compares favourably with the complement fixation test.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Simple mathematical deductions in the seroepidemiology of viral infections. II. (Para) myxoviruses (measles, mumps, influenza B), rubella, enteroviruses (polio, coxsackie B), adenoviruses, and mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Large samples of nonselected persons collected in South-West Germany were investigated for the prevalence of serum antibodies to Poliovirus 1-3 and Coxsackievirus B 1-5 (neutralisation test), to Measles, Rubella, and Mumps (hemagglutination inhibition test), Mumps, Influenza B, Adenovirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (complement-fixation test). According to "catalytic models", which compare the infection spread to simple chemical reactions of molecules as self-limiting procedures, a mathematical approximation of the serum surveys was performed. By the use of only two parameters it became possible to calculate the annual attack rates (without regard of age group arrangement and test sensibility), to construct "true" epidemic curves, and to estimate the persistence of humoral immunity in the population investigated for NT and HIT antibodies.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1982

Studies on quinine- and quinidine-dependent antibodies against platelets and their reaction with platelets in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome.

The sera of 14 patients with quinine/quinidine-dependent thrombocytopenia were studied in the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT), the 51Cr-lysis assay and the complement fixation test (CFT). When anti-Ig or anti-IgG reagents were used, the PSIFT proved to be a little more sensitive than the 51Cr-lysis assay and far more sensitive than the CFT. With the PSIFT, it was possible to determine the immunoglobulin class of the antibodies, which in all sera was IgG of the subclass IgG1. In two sera there were also IgG3 antibodies, and in the sera of three patients additional IgM drug-dependent platelet antibodies were detected. With the anti-C3 reagent, however, lower titres were observed in the PSIFT than in the 51Cr-lysis assay, in contrast to the results with other complement-binding IgG platelet antibodies. The F(ab')2 fragments of the antibodies did not react in the PSIFT. This indicates that the Fc part of the antibody is essential for the fixation on the platelet membrane. These findings support the theory that in this syndrome drug-antibody complexes area formed in he absence of platelets that selectively adhere to the Fc receptor on platelets. The platelets of patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) reacted normally with the quinine/quinidine-dependent antibodies in some of the sera, but not with those in other sera in the PSIFT. However, lysis of BSS platelets was never observed. The results of absorption studies showed a reflection of the results in the PSIFT, indicating that the receptor for the quinine/quinidine-dependent antibodies is not absent in this disease but altered. Whether a reaction with BSS platelets will take place depends on characteristics of the antibodies.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1980

Presence of antibodies to the viral proteins in sera of mammals bearing RSV-induced tumours.

The sera of RSV tumour-bearing rats, hamsters and monkeys were tested for the presence of antibodies to RSV proteins. Complement fixation test and radioimmunoprecipitation followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used for detection of antibodies to the products of the gag, env and src genes of RSV. Antibodies to the env and gag gene products were found in sera of tumour-bearing monkeys. Hamster sera contained antibodies to the gag gene products only. No antibodies were detected in sera of tumour-bearing rats. The differences in immunogenicity of RSV gene products in various hosts are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae specific immunoglobulin G antibodies.

A commercial enzyme immunoassay (Platelia Mycoplasma, Diagnostics Pasteur) for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae [corrected] infections was evaluated and found not to be suitable for the purpose. More than 80% of healthy persons and patients with non-Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection, all with a negative Mycoplasma pneumoniae complement fixation test, had a positive EIA. Paired sera did not show the positive correlation between a rise in complement fixation titre and the EIA ratio reported by the manufacturer.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serologic response measured by complement fixation in children with acute respiratory infection].

The aim of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of complement fixation for serological diagnosis of lower acute respiratory infections (ARI) in small children in comparison with direct methods such as indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on nasopharyngeal aspirate and tissue culture isolation. Sera from children under 5 year of age with ARI were studied by complement fixation for 6 respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza A and B and parainfluenza 1 and 3). In all, 264 pairs of serum samples from children with viral ARI diagnosis (n:135) or from doubtful cases (n:90) were studied. Thirty nine sera were anticomplementary. In samples from confirmed viral ARI patients, seroconversion was detected in 38%, whereas from those with a doubtful diagnosis it was only 14%. Seroconversion for RSV and adenovirus was 39% and 50%, respectively. On correlating seroconversion for the 6 viruses according to age group, 20% positivity was found in the 0-5 month-old group, 35% in the 6-10 month-old and 30% in those over 11 months of age. For RSV alone, 0-5 month-old patients presented 25% seroconversion, and in those over 6 months of age the percentage exceeded 60% (p less than 0.001). Complement fixation test sensitivity vs direct methods (IIF and/or culture) was 38.5%). Our findings confirm the low sensitivity of complement fixation to detect antibodies in ARI, particularly in children under 6 months of age and support the higher efficacy of direct diagnostic methods. However, complement fixation serology is useful for epidemiological studies in children over 6 months of age, since over 60% of RSV were readily detected.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1972

African swine fever: application of immunoelectroosmophoresis for the detection of antibody.

Thirty-three pigs in three groups of nineteen, ten, and four pigs were infected with three different African swine fever (ASF) virus isolates, respectively. All virus isolates were attenuated to varying degrees by passaging in cell cultures, and they retained sufficiently low virulence to produce subacute and chronic infections in pigs. Sera collected at various intervals were tested for antibody activity by the immunoelectroosmophoresis, agar gel diffusion precipitin, and complement-fixation tests using a modified Kolmer technique. Results clearly indicated that the immunoelectroosmophoresis test is a rapid (30 minute) and accurate method with extreme sensitivity and superior to the complement-fixation and agar gel diffusion precipitin tests in detecting antibody against ASF virus. Possible use of this method in detecting ASF virus infection is suggested.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed1985

Antibodies against Chlamydia measured by an ELISA method.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum IgG and IgM antibodies against chlamydia group antigen is presented. 187 selected sera were tested both in the ELISA and in the complement-fixation test (CFT). Of 71 sera with negative results in the CFT, 19 (26.8%) were positive in the ELISA. Of 116 CFT positive sera, ten (8,6%) were ELISA negative. In 35 of 72 sera (48.6%) with CFT titre less than 40 chlamydial IgM was demonstrated, while 11 of 115 sera (9.5%) with CFT titre less than 40, were IgM positive. IgM may inhibit binding of IgG to the antigen by competition. The ELISA showed a greater discrimination between titre-values compared to the CFT. The results are presented as "estimated titers". This method is based on linear logarithmic dose-response curves. The method gives a continuous titre scale, is easily understood, is reproducible and may be used in seroepidemiology. One single serum dilution is required except for sera with high titre which have to be retested at a higher dilution.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) research in nonhuman primates.

A satisfactory animal model has been found for laboratory studies of human hepatitis A-namely, the white-moustached marmoset (Saguinus mystax). With this species it has been possible to perform serum-neutralization tests and to develop immune-adherence and complement-fixation tests demonstrating antigen and antibody to the virus. The recent work in marmosets has also led to determination of the agent's characteristics: it most closely resembles the enteroviruses of the picornavirus family. These advances open the way for development of a routine serologic test for diagnosis of the disease, of a human immune globulin for general use that would be precisely standardized for hepatitis A antibody, and, ultimately, of a vaccine. They also provide bases for epidemiologic studies that could reveal nonspecific measures for the disease's control. In addition, there is indication that marmosets could be used for safety control of the hepatitis B vaccine that has already been developed. An adequate supply of S. mystax-threatened by recent embargoes on their exportation-is essential to continuation of this work. The question of marmoset supply, both in the short term and over the long range, deserves serious review.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Simian rotavirus (SA 11) in serodiagnosis of human rotavirus infections.

Tests were made on 169 sera from children up to 10 years of age for rotavirus antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests. The simian strain SA 11 served as a substitute antigen for the human rotavirus. Furthermore, the SA 11 complement-fixing antigen was compared with a commercial antigen of the bovine rotavirus strain NCDV. It was demonstrated that SA 11 which can be more easily propagated than most bovine strains, may be used as a substitute antigen in complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence for serodiagnosis of human rotavirus infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS IN THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM GROUP OF ORGANISMS.

Fraser, C. E. Ovid (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and David T. Berman. Type-specific antigens in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group of organisms. J. Bacteriol. 89:943-948. 1965.-Antigens of 14 strains of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (PLV) group of organisms were prepared by treating purified particles with deoxycholate and trypsin. In complement-fixation tests of these antigens with the homologous and heterologous antisera, specific serotype differences were observed. Application of the method of specificity differences permitted placement of the 14 strains into 7 subgroups. The possible value of these techniques in immunology, epizootiology, and taxonomy of the PLV group is discussed.

Antigens↗
PubMed1971

Relative sensitivity of gel diffusion, complement fixation, and immunoelectroosmophoresis tests for detection of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody.

The immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) test was compared with gel diffusion and complement fixation (CF) tests for sensitivity in detecting hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) in the sera of hepatitis patients, for titration of HAA, and for detection of antibody to HAA. The IEOP test was found to be slightly more sensitive than either gel diffusion or CF tests for detection of antigen in the patients' sera. Titers of HAA demonstrated by IEOP were higher than those seen in gel diffusion tests but lower than CF titers. The gel diffusion test with an "enhancement" pattern was found to be more reliable than the other two procedures for detection of low levels of anti-HAA, due to the greater inhibitory effect of an antigen excess in the IEOP system and the possible masking of low levels of antibody by anticomplementary activity in the CF test system. Staining of immunoprecipitates in the IEOP test contributed little to the sensitivity of the test for detection of HAA.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Evaluation of a tanned red cell technique for thyroid microsomal antibodies.

A haemagglutination test for thyroid microsomal (cytoplasmic) antibodies, using formolized tanned sheep red cells, is described and evaluated. The technique is essentially similar to the thyroglobulin tanned red cell test. It has been shown to be more sensitive and easier to use than the complement-fixation test. A combined screening test to detect both thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies is described.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A seroprevalence study of camel brucellosis in three camel-rearing regions of Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional investigation was made into the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels in three arid and semi-arid camel-rearing regions of Ethiopia (Afar, Somali and Borena) between November 2000 and April 2001. When sera collected from 1442 accessible camels were screened with the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). 82 (5.7%) of them reacted. The results of a complement fixation test (CFT) on those sera that had given a positive reaction to the screening test then indicated a 4.2% prevalence of brucellosis in the tested camels. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of brucellosis (chi2 = 7.91, p < 0.05), which was highest in Afar (5.2%) followed by Somali (2.8%) and Borena (1.2%) regions. Camels in Afar had a four times higher risk of brucellosis with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.34 (confidence interval, CI = 1.76-10.72, p < 0.001) compared to the risk in Borena. Likewise, Afar had higher risk (OR = 1.76, 1.13-2.74, p < 0.05) than that in Somali. There was no significant difference in seroprevalence between the sexes (p > 0.05). Although a higher prevalence (6.3%) was observed in camels over 3 years old in Afar, there was no significant overall age difference (p > 0.05).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

[Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses by an enzyme-bound immunosorbent micromethod (ELISA)].

Fixed were the optimal conditions for the employment of the ELISA method. The latter was successfully applied to differentiate and study the foot-and-mouth disease viruses. It was found that ELISA was almost fifty times more sensitive as against the passive hemagglutination test, and almost one-hundred times more sensitive than the complement-fixation test. The results were found to correlate fully in the investigation of F. M. D. viruses of various origin with the use of the diagnostic methods referred to.

Aphthovirus↗
PubMed1982

Detection of parainfluenza IgM antibody by hemadsorption immunosorbent technique.

A hemadsorption immunosorbent technique (HIT) was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) to parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3. Twenty-six (90%) of twenty-nine patients under 6 yr of age from whom parainfluenza virus was isolated showed parainfluenza IgM antibody in one or both of their paired sera, with titres ranging from 320 to 81,920. In about one third of the cases IgM antibody was demonstrated in the initial sera taken 1 to 3 days after the onset of illness. Heterotypic IgM antibody responses were observed in about 20% of the patients. The HIT test was more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation tests in detecting a seroresponse in the 29 virus-positive children. The results of studies in older patients with HI titre rises to parainfluenza virus suggested that reinfection probably induced IgM antibody in a proportion of cases. The HIT test proved to be specific for the IgM class of antibody and avoided false-positive results due to rheumatoid factor. It permits an early presumptive diagnosis in a proportion of patients with parainfluenza infection.

Adolescent↗