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Results for “Communication Disorders”

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PubMed1996

Communication intervention in an adolescent with profound cognitive impairment and autistic features.

The service delivery model currently used with a large proportion of profoundly cognitively impaired (PCI) persons, results in the under-utilization of their potential and often contributes to social isolation. By providing communication and independence training the self-actualisation potential and the right to power and control, is recognised. This single case study describes the implementation of a communication intervention model with a PCI adolescent. His mother was trained in the use of picture symbol task analysis as well as positive reinforcement to promote change in the adolescent's communication skills and independence. Results indicated significant changes in the skills of both participants and highlighted the mother's need for support to meet the demands of change.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Evaluating the effects of functional communication training in the presence and absence of establishing operations.

We conducted functional analyses of aberrant behavior with 4 children with developmental disabilities. We then implemented functional communication training (FCT) by using different mands across two contexts, one in which the establishing operation (EO) that was relevant to the function of aberrant behavior was present and one in which the EO that was relevant to the function of aberrant behavior was absent. The mand used in the EO-present context served the same function as aberrant behavior, and the mand used in the EO-absent context served a different function than the one identified via the functional analysis. In addition, a free-play (control) condition was conducted for all children. Increases in relevant manding were observed in the EO-present context for 3 of the 4 participants. Decreases in aberrant behavior were achieved by the end of the treatment analysis for all 4 participants. Irrelevant mands were rarely observed in the EO-absent context for 3 of the 4 participants. Evaluating the effectiveness of FCT across different contexts allowed a further analysis of manding when the establishing operations were present or absent. The contributions of this study to the understanding of functional equivalence are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Video-phone communication with cognitively impaired elderly patients.

We investigated the potential role of remote interactions via video-phone in the care of the elderly. Family members and nursing staff were interviewed about their experiences of communicating with elderly people via video-phone. Seven family members and seven nursing staff participated in the studies. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that it was possible for elderly people with cognitive impairment to engage in remote communication when certain conditions were met. There were also indications that the video-phone interaction sometimes increased the attention and focus of the elderly subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. 2: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, course, prognosis, neuropathology, therapy].

The diagnosis of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is rarely established, mainly because abortive cases are common. The principal symptoms are recurrent circumscribed swelling mostly of the orofacial region, peripheral facial paralysis and lingua plicata, which is nowadays no longer regarded as pathognostic. The syndrome is defined best as general disorder respectively "recurrent edematous granulomatosis" with specific pathoclisis to "angioneurotic intermittent edemas". The--non obligatory--classical histological finding is cheilitis granulomatosa. Etiopathogenesis, clinic, symptomatology and therapy are dealt with. Disorders of the function of the salivary glands, vegetative marginal symptoms, extrafacial intermittent edemas, cranial nerve syndromes and mostly mild peripheral neural and/or CNS syndromes along with psychiatric disorders are communicated. Atypical constellations of symptoms, differential diagnosis and neuropathological results are discussed. Finally neurovegetative, pathophysiological and phylogenetic aspects as well as therapeutic principles are mentioned.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2006

The effects of trauma on intimate relationships: a qualitative study with clinical couples.

Research has traditionally focused on the development of symptoms in those who experienced trauma directly but has overlooked the impact of trauma on victims' families. In recent years, researchers and clinicians have begun to examine how individual exposure to traumatic events affects the spouses or partners, children, and professional helpers of trauma survivors. The current study examines qualitative interview data from 17 individuals, analyzed using a retroductive methodology to identify how intimate relationships are affected when there is a history of trauma exposure. The following primary themes were identified: increased communication, decreased communication, increased cohesion/connection, decreased cohesion/connection, increased understanding, decreased understanding, sexual intimacy problems, symptoms of relationship distress, support from partner, and relationship resources. Areas for future research and clinical implications are identified.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical outreach to homeless substance users in New York City: preliminary results.

An innovative, experimental, medical out-reach initiative, using a fully-equipped mobile medical van with a staff of 2 part-time physicians, a physician assistant, a social worker, and a driver/medical aid serving the needs of 1048, mostly male, minority group, high-level, homeless New York City substance users with infectious diseases is described. The study sample (N = 250) was divided into experimental S's who received Intensive case management and a control group who could choose to refer themselves to the SW. Biological tests revealed high rates of cocaine use and infectious diseases. Preliminary 4-month outcomes (N = 128) showed reductions in drug use, homelessness and health complaints in both groups; experimental subjects compared with controls received more Public Assistance and had fewer emergency room visits.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating facilitated communications of people with developmental disabilities.

A quasi-experimental message-passing procedure was used to assess the validity of the facilitated communication (FC) by people with autism and mental retardation or with mental retardation. The 23 participants were classified as having intellectual skills within the range of severe to profound mental retardation. Message-passing consisted of showing and verbally labeling a picture of a familiar object with the facilitator absent, and subsequent facilitation to generate a label or description of the object. Three-trial blocks were conducted with each participant on two different days. Blocks were conducted in the participants' normal FC setting, with their facilitators of choice, and no special apparatus was used. No participant was able to accurately label or describe the object shown to them with facilitation. Possible reasons for findings set forth by proponents of FC and findings from the emerging quantitative literature on FC are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Theraplay--a direct communication play therapy].

This paper introduces the basic concepts and the application of the directive short-term play therapy called Theraplay. Goals and methods are illustrated by examples from the assessment (Marschak Interaction Method) and by sessions with a 6 year old regressive noncompliant mutistic twin.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Concurrent validity of the GMS-AGECAT (A3) package in a Danish nursing home population.

AIM: To validate the Danish version of the GMS-AGECAT (A3), the Standardized Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) by comparing them to clinical ICD-10 criteria in a Danish nursing home population. METHODS: With a participation of 91%, the study included 100 residents. All residents were interviewed with the GMS-AGECAT (A3), SMMSE and GDS-15 by an MD and then blindly diagnosed by a consultant geriatric psychiatrist. All residents approached for an interview were included, also those who were not able to communicate (the non-accessibles). RESULTS: The prevalence of clinical psychiatric ICD-10 main diagnoses was 56%. The non-accessibles had significantly higher psychiatric morbidity and lower ADL scores (modified Barthel ADL index) compared to those who were able to communicate. With the non-accessibles (N = 100) included, the optimal screening and diagnostic cutpoint for the GMS-AGECAT organic diagnoses was 2/3, with 96% sensitivity, 73% specificity, 77% predictive value of a positive test and 95% predictive value of a negative test. The SMMSE and GDS-15 had better screening properties compared to the GMS-AGECAT but only 60% of the residents were able to complete the SMMSE and 78% were able to complete the GDS-15. CONCLUSION: The Danish version of the GMS-AGECAT has relevant diagnostic and screening properties for organic disorders in Danish nursing home populations.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Definitions related to the medical use of opioids: evolution towards universal agreement.

Misunderstandings regarding the nature and occurrence of addiction have historically been barriers to the appropriate treatment of pain and have stigmatized the medical use of opioids. This article reviews the evolution of nomenclature related to addiction, presents current scientific understanding of addiction that may help shape universally acceptable terminology, and discusses an integrated effort of pain and addiction professionals to reach consensus on addiction-related terms. The article suggests key principles that may clarify terminology including: clear differentiation of the concepts of addiction and physical dependence, conceptualization of addiction as a multidimensional disease, and use of a label for the phenomenon of addiction that does not include the ambiguous term "dependence." More universal agreement on terminology related to addiction is expected to improve the treatment of both pain and addictive disorders; improve communication between health care providers, regulators, and enforcement agencies; and reduce health care and other societal costs.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1990

Hidden intelligence of a multiply handicapped child with Joubert syndrome.

A child with Joubert syndrome (episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye-movements and ataxia) was followed from birth to eight years of age. Although severe mental retardation was suspected until approximately five years of age, unexpected and exceptional mental capacities were evident at later follow-up. Adequate testing and appropriate stimulation of children with such a severe early motor disorder are difficult, so they may give a false impression of mental retardation. The history of this child challenges the notion that mental retardation is part of Joubert syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1987

Strategic family therapy interventions with deaf member families.

A deviance based model of deafness is compared with one based on ethnicity. The function of inadequate communication in deaf member families is explored. Techniques of intervention are examined with a focus on three strategic interventions namely: 1) circular interviewing; 2) positive connotation; and, 3) use of rituals. Case histories are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Compulsive behaviors as presenting symptoms of frontotemporal dementia.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common neurodegenerative dementia syndrome. Compulsive behaviors frequently occur in FTD and may be presenting symptoms of this disorder. This study evaluated compulsive behaviors as presenting symptoms in 29 patients with FTD compared to 48 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) enrolled in the UCLA Alzheimer's Disease Center. The FTD patients met the Lund and Manchester criteria for FTD and had predominant frontal hypoperfusion on single-photon emission computer tomography neuroimaging. The AD patients met National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders criteria for clinically probable AD. Compulsive behaviors occurred in 11 FTD patients (38%) versus 5 AD patients (10%) (chi2 = 6.73, P < .01). This difference persisted after controlling for the younger age of the FTD group. There was a range of compulsive behaviors, with the most frequent being repetitive checking activities. Compulsive behaviors are common presenting symptoms among FTD patients and may result from an inability to inhibit urges to perform compulsive movements from damage to frontal-striatal circuits.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The impact of aided language stimulation on symbol comprehension and production in children with moderate cognitive disabilities.

Over the past decade, aided language stimulation has emerged as a strategy to promote both symbol comprehension and symbol production among individuals who use graphic mode communication systems. During aided language stimulation, an interventionist points to a graphic symbol while simultaneously producing the corresponding spoken word during natural communicative exchanges. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of aided language stimulation on children with moderate cognitive disabilities. Three preschool children with moderate cognitive disabilities who were functionally nonspeaking participated in the investigation. The investigator implemented a multiple-probe design across symbol sets/activities. Elicited probes were used to determine whether the children increased their comprehension and production of graphic symbols. Results indicated that all 3 children displayed increased symbol comprehension and production following the implementation of aided language stimulation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Effect of distraction on communication failures in schizophrenic patients.

Manic, schizophrenic, and normal subjects were interviewed in the presence and absence of distracting information, and their speech performance was evaluated. Normal and manic subjects were unaffected by irrelevant information. Schizophrenic subjects manifested more reference failures during distraction than during nondistraction periods.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Using validation techniques to improve communication with cognitively impaired older adults.

1. Nurses working with confused older adults in clinical settings need improved communication techniques. 2. Reality orientation is commonly used in nursing homes with disoriented persons; experienced nurses, however, often find it meets with withdrawal, vegetation or increasing hostility. 3. Validation strategies are communication techniques which are specifically matched to a particular stage of confusion. 4. When validation techniques are appropriately matched to confusional stage the effectiveness of the intervention can be significantly improved.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Factors associated with emotional and behavioural problems among school age children of breast cancer patients.

To identify factors linked with emotional and behavioural problems in school age (6- to 17-year-old) children of women with breast cancer. Reports of children's emotional and behavioural problems were obtained from patient mothers, their healthy partners, the children's teacher and adolescents using the Child Behaviour Checklist and Mental Health subscale of the Child Health Questionnaire. Parents reported on their own level of depression and, for patients only, their quality of life. Family functioning was assessed using the Family Assessment Device and Cohesion subscale of the Family Environment Scale. Using a cross-sectional within groups design, assessments were obtained (N=107 families) where the patients were 3-36 months postdiagnosis. Risk of problems in children were linked with low levels of family cohesion, low affective responsiveness and parental over-involvement as reported by both child and mother. Adolescents reported family communication issues, which were associated with externalising behaviour problems. Maternal depression was related to child internalising problems, particularly in girls. Whether the mother was currently on or off chemotherapy was not associated with child problems nor was time since cancer diagnosis. These findings held across child age. Where mothers have early stage breast cancer, a substantial minority of their school-aged children have emotional and behavioural problems. Such cases are characterised by the existence of maternal depression and poor family communication, rather than by the mother's treatment status or time since diagnosis. Targeted treatments, which focus on maternal depression and family communication may benefit the children and, through improved relationships, enhance the patients' quality of life.

Adolescent↗