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PubMedDate not supplied

New estimates of mortality associated with fertility control.

Recent data on mortality related to pregnancy and to use of various contraceptive methods show that up to age 30 the risk to life among noncontraceptors from pregnancy and childbirth is far in excess of that experienced by users of any method. After age 30, the mortality risk experienced by pill users who smoke rises dramatically, but among nonsmokers the risk remains relatively low--and is lower than the risk of death among noncontraceptors even after age 40. Safest at all ages is condom or diaphragm backed up by abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraception and sterilization in the United States, 1965-1975.

Although the pill remains the most popular method of contraception among young married women, sterilization is now the method of choice among couples married a decade or more, as well as among couples who have had all the children they want. Indeed, contraceptive and medical sterilizations combined now comprise the most frequent barrier to conception among all married couples of reproductive age. Three-quarters of couples using contraception now use the most effective methods, the pill, sterilization or the IUD, and the trend data suggest a continuing increase in the reliance on such methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Is users' knowledge about contraceptives adequate? A case study of Finnish IUD users.

Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are popular: in Finland, in 1987, about 25% of women of childbearing age used them. We studied Finnish women's knowledge about contraindications for and side-effects of IUD use, with emphasis on current users. In December 1987-January 1988, a postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 1000 women of childbearing age, in Uusimaa province, which includes the capital, Helsinki. After three reminders, the response rate was 84%. We compared the answers of current and past users and nonusers of IUDs, and analyzed the associations between IUD use, education, age, and knowledge about side-effects. In contrast to the recommendations for use and information to be given to the contraceptive users, a substantial proportion of current IUD users assumed there are few limitations for IUD use. Some side-effects possibly leading to severe consequences were not considered to be connected with IUD use, not even by users. Although risk of infection was a quite well known fact, infertility was seldom associated with IUD use, and 22% of current IUD users did not associate ectopic pregnancy with IUDs. The results thus suggest that contraceptive counseling is not fully adequate and should receive more attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Fertility and contraception in women older than 40 years].

Women in their later reproductive years constitute a large proportion of contraceptive users. Although increasing age is accompanied by a general decline in fecundity, each individual needs to know her own risk or possibility of becoming pregnant and when it is safe to stop using contraceptives. Women over 40 need special consideration since pregnancy and childbirth is sometimes associated with higher health risks both for mother and infant. Women over 40 are more likely than younger women to have medical problems, menstrual disorders and previous experience that may affect their choice and use of contraceptive methods. Recommendations for counselling, health screening and choice of contraceptive method in women in their later reproductive years are given.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Fertility rates and abortion rates: simulations of family limitation.

A computerized model that simulates reproductive events during the childbearing years of a cohort of women is used to analyze the impact of contraception and induced abortion on fertility. Four different reproductive regimens are investigated: (2) contraception only, (2) abortion only, (3) abortion as a backstop to contraception, and (4) combinations of abortion and contraception. It is concluded that in historical as well as in modern populations, levels of fertility near replacement are unlikely to be obtained without the use of induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗