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PubMed1992

Effects of cold acclimation on cold-induced changes in lipid metabolism of rat brown adipose tissue.

Effects of acute cold exposure (0 degree C, 12 h) on lipid metabolism of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were studied in warm controls (25 degrees C) (WC) and cold-acclimated rats (5 degrees C, 4 weeks) (CA). 1) We confirmed that cold acclimation brought about decreased BAT triglyceride (TG) level and increased BAT phospholipid (PL) level. The indexes of unsaturation, such as unsaturation index and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio, of bulky fatty acids (FA) (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids) decreased in TG, while those increased in PL. Rare FA (eicosadienoic acid, homo-gamma-linoleinic acid, lignoceric acid) level, which were about five times higher in PL than TG in WC, decreased in both TG and PL in CA. 2) Effect of acute cold exposure in WC: The level as well as the amount of TG in BAT was greatly reduced and the indexes of unsaturation in TG-FA increased. The most part of reduced TG (85%) was explained by the bulky FA. Rare FA explained only 1.1% of reduced TG. PL level in BAT did not change, but its amount decreased. The indexes of unsaturation increased in PL-FA. 3) Effect of acute cold exposure in CA: CA was placed in warm temperature of 25 degrees C before cold exposure. In contrast with the cold-reduced TG in WC, either the level or the total amount of TG in BAT did not change, but the indexes of unsaturation in TG-FA decreased. The level as well as the total amount of PL in BAT increased. The arachidonic index and arachidonate in PL-FA decreased, but the indexes of unsaturation did not change. These results indicate as a whole that acute cold exposure as well as cold acclimation influences BAT lipid metabolism in FA compositions as well as amount of TG and PL, suggesting that such changes are related to thermogenic activity of this tissue.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

[Psycrophilic organisms in snow and ice].

Psychrophilic and psycrotrophic organisms are important in global ecology as a large proportion of our planet is cold. Two-third of sea-water covering more than 70% of Earth is cold deep sea water with temperature around 2 degrees C, and more than 90% of freshwater is in polar ice-sheets and mountain glaciers. Though biological activity in snow and ice had been believed to be extremely limited, various specialized biotic communities were recently discovered at glaciers of various part of the world. The glacier is relatively simple and closed ecosystem with special biotic community containing various psychrophilic and psycrotrophic organisms. Since psychrophilic organisms was discovered in the deep ice-core recovered from the antarctic ice-sheet and a lake beneath it, snow and ice environments in Mars and Europa are attracting a great deal of scientific attention as possible extraterrestrial habitats of life. This paper briefly reviews the results of the studies on ecology of psychrophilic organisms living in snow and ice environments and their physiological and biochemical adaptation to low temperature.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1984

Hemichloris antarctica, gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta), a cryptoendolithic alga from Antarctica.

Hemichloris antarctica gen. et sp. nov. (Oocystaceae, Chlorococcales) is characterized by a single, articulated, pyrenoid-less, thick saucer-shaped chloroplast, which generally fills less than half of the cell periphery. Multiplication is only by autospores. The species is psychrophilic and is damaged at temperatures above 20 degree C. Hemichloris antarctica is a member of the cryptoendolithic microbial community living in porous sandstone rocks of the Antarctica cold desert. It inhabits the zone below that of cryptoendolithic lichens and survives at extremely low light intensities. In the natural habitat, morphology is somewhat different from that in culture, as chloroplasts are smaller and without articulation, and the cells develop a gelatinous sheath.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1991

Sleep-quality among girls with different involvement in competitive sports during fall in the Arctic Circle.

Eight high-school girls participating in competitive sports and six non-participating girls living north of the polar circle recorded their sleep once a week during the Fall, including the period when the sun does not rise above the horizon. Sleep-quality scores were computed as the sum of answers identical to a present "right" answer indicating good sleep-quality. Significant differences on sleep-quality between the two groups were found, but a significant influence of amount of daylight or exercise could not be confirmed. When sleep-quality was ranked during three periods through the Fall, the girls participating in competitive sports showed a trend of increasing sleep-quality and the nonparticipants a decreasing one. An explanation based on influence of exercise thresholds upon sleep-quality is presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

The incidence of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer in north Norway. A prospective epidemiological study.

From a prospective epidemiological study of peptic ulcer disease in the northern part of Norway, incidence rates for gastric and duodenal ulcer are presented. Over a 3-year period 4234 patients were examined radiologically or endoscopically. The population at risk was 72,537 persons, 16 to 93 years old. The yearly incidence rate for gastric ulcer in women was 0.9 per 1000 and for men 1.4 per 1000. For duodenal ulcer the incidence rates were 0.8 and 1.5 per 1000, respectively. The ratio of gastric ulcer to duodenal ulcer is still 1 to 1.1 for both sexes, 1 to 0.9 in women, and 1 to 1.14 in men in the northern part of Norway. Furthermore, the present study indicates a statistically significant positive correlation between increasing age and the occurrence of peptic ulcers for both sexes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Increased solids intake and feeding frequency for calves in hutches during cold weather.

Seventy-seven Holstein calves born during October through March were used to evaluate increased solids intake from liquid feed and once versus twice daily feeding on weight gains and health of calves. Dietary treatments were 3.6 kg whole milk fed once daily (A) or in two feedings (B), 3.6 kg whole milk plus 113 g whey-fat blend powder fed once daily (C) or in two feedings (D), and 4.5 kg milk daily fed in two feedings (E). Calves fed diets A and B received .45 kg of solids daily in their liquid feed, whereas those fed diets C, D, and E received .56 kg of solids. These amounts were fed for 4 wk starting 3 d after birth, then amounts were reduced by half during the 5th wk. Weight gains during wk 1 to 5 (.36, .47, .48, .57, and .61 kg/d) were highest for calves fed additional solids and were greater when fed liquid twice instead of once daily. Weight gains were similar for all calves during wk 6 to 10, although weight gains during the entire 10 wk (.67, .70, .72, .81, and .82 kg/d) reflected the differences of the initial 5 wk. Dry feed consumption was similar for all treatment groups during all periods. Incidence of diarrhea tended to be lower in calves fed twice daily, although diarrhea was not a major problem for any treatment group. For optimum growth and health, calves housed in hutches during cold weather should be fed at least .56 kg of solids daily in two or more liquid feedings.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Tolerance of altitude-acclimatized rats to exercise in the cold.

The tolerance of altitude-acclimatized (18,000 ft 4 wk) and unacclimatized rats to exercise at 5 degrees was determined. Fewer unacclimatized than acclimatized rats became fatigued during 9 hr of exercise in the cold. Normal body temperatures were maintained in both groups during 9 hr in the cold at rest, but after exercise unacclimatized rats became mildly hypothermic (body temperature 35 degrees) and acclimatized rats severely hypothermic (body temperature 27.9 degrees). Polycythemia (hematocrit 69) was produced during the altitude acclimatization. Altitude-acclimatized rats developed more severe hypoglycemia and lower liver glycogen and serum lactic acid concentrations after exercise than did controls. No pathological changes were found in resting altitude-acclimatized rats, but after exercise in the cold, a higher percentage of acclimatized than unacclimatized rats developed focal myocardial necrosis within 4 days. Reduced exercise tolerance is attributed to severe hypothermia with associated decreased metabolism, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, and a higher incidence of pathological changes in the cardiac and striated muscles.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2002

Interdisciplinary developments in hazardous environment research: a silent tribute to general systems theory?

PURPOSE: This paper draws attention to a welcome trend in certain areas of applied and experimental research that appears to endorse a General Systems Theory for the acquisition of knowledge. METHOD: By way of illustration it makes an appraisal of key studies of human/environmental interaction that were either derived from actual operational groups in naturalistic settings or contrived in the laboratory or the field to simulate extreme conditions. RESULTS: It urges more anthropologists, physicians, physiologists, psychologists, and sociologists to follow suit and make their disciplinary boundaries permeable. Were they to do that, it is argued that their research methods would be more appropriate for studying the dynamic integration of their subject matter than those derived from the conventional use of scientific method. CONCLUSIONS: It asserts that the solutions to complex problems of human adaptation to the environment are not to be found within the domain of any single academic discipline.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Inuit health in Greenland: a population survey of life style and disease in Greenland and among Inuit living in Denmark.

During 1997-2001 a population survey was carried out amongst Greenland Inuit living in Denmark and West Greenland (Nuuk, Sisimiut, Qasigiannguit and four villages in Uummannaq municipality). Data collection comprised an interview, a questionnaire, clinical examinations and sampling of biological specimens (blood, urine, subcutaneous fat tissue). The clinical examinations included anthropometric measurements, an oral glucose tolerance test, ECG, ultrasound of thyroid gland and carotid arteries, a skin prick test, and lung function. The data collection areas in Greenland ranged from the westernized capital of Nuuk (pop. app. 13,000) to small fishing and hunting villages (pop. app. 250). A total of 4,162 persons aged 18+ participated in the study; clinical examinations were performed on 2,056 of these, 739 from Denmark and 1317 from Greenland. Some of the above mentioned procedures were performed on a subset of the participants. The participation rate was 62%. We provide an overview of the background of the study and a detailed description of the methods employed for the data collection. A set of standard tables are provided for the indigenous population of Greenland. These cover statistics for selected variables by gender and ten-year age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cold working environments on dairy farms in Finland.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to clarify in what kind of thermal environments agricultural work is done in Finland. The investigation focused on low temperatures and the working environments on dairy farms. METHODS: The approached was based on measurements of thermal environments in dairy barns and calf shelters, and weather data from 117 meteorological stations in Finland. The interdependence between the indoor temperatures and the weather was studied with the help of mathematical models. RESULTS: Mathematical prediction models for air temperature in various work-places on a farm were determined and air velocity measured. Farmers are exposed to a wide range of temperatures on a daily basis. The range is widest on farms having insulated barns and long work periods with a tractor. There is frosty weather during 3-6 months per year. The air velocity is normally fairly low. CONCLUSIONS: The main problem in the working environments on a farm relating to thermal conditions is the wide temperature range of the various work-places occupied during a work cycle. Knowledge of thermal environments should be taken into consideration when planning work-places and when planning work sequences, their order and methods of working, and the division of labour between farm workers.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A model for managing cold-related health and safety risks at workplaces.

Cold conditions increase health and safety risks at work in several ways. The effects of cold have not been sufficiently taken into consideration in occupational safety and health practices. A systematic model and methods were developed for managing cold-related health and safety risks at workplaces. The development work was performed, in a context-bound manner, in pilot industries and workplaces. The model can be integrated into the company's occupational health and safety management system, such as OHSAS 18001. The cold risks are identified and assessed by using a checklist. The preventive measures are systematically planned in a written form specifically produced for cold workplaces. It includes the organisational and technical preventive measures, protective clothing and personal protective equipment, as well as training and information of the personnel. According to the model, all the workers, foremen, occupational safety personnel and occupational health care personnel are trained to recognise the cold risks and to conduct preventive actions. The developed model was evaluated in the context of cold outdoor (construction) and indoor work (fish processing), and by occupational health and safety professionals. According to the feedback, the model and methods were easy to use after a one-day introduction session. The continuum between the cold risk assessment and management worked well, although there was some overlap in the documentation. The cold risk management model and its methods form an essential part of ISO CD 15743 Strategy for risk assessment, management and work practice in cold environments.

Cold Climate↗
PubMed2004

Incidence of psychiatric disorders after extended residence in Antarctica.

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of psychiatric disorders and depressive symptoms was examined in a cohort of American men and women who spent an austral winter at two different research stations in Antarctica to determine whether extended residence of nonindigenous inhabitants in a polar region is associated with psychiatric morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: Debriefings interviews with 220 men and 93 women were conducted by 3 psychiatrists and 1 clinical psychologist at McMurdo Station and South Pole Station at the end of the austral winter between 1994 and 1997. Crewmembers were assigned a DSM-IV diagnosis if they satisfied diagnostic criteria. Debriefed crewmembers also completed the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Inventory-Seasonal Affective Disorders version (SIGH-SAD). RESULTS: Thirty-nine (12.5%) crewmembers presented with symptoms that met the criteria for one or more DSM-IV disorders. After weighting the prevalence to account for the low participation rate of civilian personnel, the incidence of DSM-IV disorders was 5.2%. Mood disorders were the most common diagnoses, accounting for 30.2% of all diagnoses, followed by adjustment disorders (27.9%), sleep-related disorders (20.9%), personality disorders (11.6%), and substance-related disorders (9.3%). Depressive symptoms as measured by the SAD-SIGH were significantly associated with female gender, military occupation, station, year of expedition, and DSM-IV diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Differences in the distribution of symptoms and diagnoses by demographic and expedition characteristics suggests that the social environment may be a more powerful determinant than the physical environment of psychiatric disorders in a polar region.

Adult↗