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PubMed2002

Comparison of the Brucella Standard Agglutination Test with the ELISA IgG and IgM in patients with Brucella bacteremia.

The presumptive diagnosis of Brucellosis is based on a high or rising antibody titer measured by the Brucella Standard Agglutination Test (SAT). This tests does not discriminate between the immunoglobulin classes (IgG and IgM). The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of SAT with Brucella Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) IgG and IgM tests in patients with Brucella bacteremia. Over a one-year period, we had 68 patients with clinical features suggestive of Brucellosis who had positive blood cultures for Brucella species. Sera were obtained from all of the patients as well as a control group of 70 healthy military personnel who were blood donors and had no symptoms of Brucellosis. Patients and blood donors originated from the same referral population. All the sera were tested by SAT and ELISA. All the 70 controls had a negative SAT. The sensitivity and specificity of the SAT test for the bacteremic patients were 95.6% and 100.0% respectively, while that of the ELISA IgG were 45.6% and 97.1%, and that of the ELISA IgM were 79.1% and 100.0% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of either IgG or IgM positivity were 94.1% and 97.1% respectively. Assuming that the population prevalence of active Brucellosis in Saudi Arabia (SAT >or=1:320) is 5%, the positive and negative predictive values of SAT were 100% and 99.7% respectively; of ELISA IgG they were 45.2% and 97.1%; and of ELISA IgM they were 100% and 98.9%. When both the ELISA IgG and IgM were combined, the positive and negative predictive values were 63% and 99.6% respectively. In patients with Brucella bactremia, the sensitivity of either ELISA IgM or IgG were lower than SAT, however, combining IgM and IgG had similar sensitivity and specificity to SAT. The positive predictive value of SAT and IgM is satisfactory.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of six rapid agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains.

Six rapid agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated by testing 416 strains of staphylococci. The sensitivities and specificities of the tests were as follows: Staphyloslide, 97.7% and 99.3% respectively; Prolex Staph Latex, 96.9% and 93.6%; Staphaurex, 95.4% and 94.2%; Staphaurex Plus, 100% and 93.4%; Slidex Staph Plus, 98.9% and 99.3%; and Staphytect Plus, 99.6% and 88.2%. The three tests utilizing latex particles coated with staphylococcal capsular antibodies were better able to identify methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but only Staphyloslide and Slidex Staph Plus had adequate specificity.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a rapid slide agglutination test for identification of Staphylococcus aureus.

This study compared the Staph Latex Kit (Remel) with two other rapid agglutination tests (Staphaurex Plus (Murex) and Staphyloslide (Becton Dickinson Microbiological Systems)) and the tube coagulase test. The Staph Latex Kit, Staphaurex Plus, Staphyloslide, and Tube Coagulase correctly identified 98.4%, 100%, 99.5%, and 99.5%, of 191 staphylococcal isolates, respectively.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2000

Rapid detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci using a slide latex agglutination kit.

The slide latex agglutination test, MRSA-Screen, was compared with the mecA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and traditional susceptibility test methods for the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The MRSA-Screen test detected the same number of methicillin-resistant S. aureus as the mecA PCR and the traditional susceptibility tests. It correctly identified all 21 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus as being sensitive. It also produced the same result as the mecA PCR in identifying a methicillin-resistant S. aureus among six isolates classified as borderline resistant by traditional susceptibility tests. The MRSA-Screen test and mecA PCR detected methicillin resistance in 10 and 15 of 17 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, respectively. From these results, it is concluded that the MRSA-Screen is a very accurate, reliable and rapid method of detecting methicillin resistance in S. aureus and is suitable for use in clinical microbiology laboratories. Further study of its use in detecting methicillin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci is required.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1972

Studies on the adsorption of certain medium proteins to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and their influence on agglutination and haemagglutination reactions.

Serum proteins from Mycoplasma gallisepticum culture medium could be detected on the organisms as a result of incubation at low pH. Only certain of the serum proteins, including IgG and IgM, were found, and the adsorption appears to depress the haemagglutinating activity of the organisms. There was no obvious effect on slide agglutination (SA) sensitivity but an incidental finding was that brief acid treatment enhanced the SA sensitivity of an antigen prepared from a young culture.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1973

Salmonella dublin abortion in cattle. II. Observations on the whey agglutination test and the milk ring test.

The serum and whey agglutination test were compared on paired samples from thirty-five cases of bovine abortion associated with Salmonella dublin infection. The whey test proved nearly as useful as the serum test for confirming an active infection though it was only practicable to examine the whey for flagellar antibodies. S. dublin was isolated from nearly half of the milk samples obtained within the first week of abortion but none of those collected after the fourth week. The whey test proved of no value in retrospective identification of abortion cases. The trial using the milk ring test was disappointing.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1977

Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. II. Coombs', complement fixation and fimbrial agglutination tests.

In a previous paper (Brodie, 1977) the value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was shown to be limited. Evaluation of possible alternative tests showed that: (1) the sensitivity of the anti-human globulin (Coombs') test appeared greater than that of the agglutination test but the length of time (48 h) before results were available rendered it of little value in rapid diagnosis: (2) the complement fixation test offered no particular help towards diagnosis; (3) immunized and non-immunized typhoid fever patients developed fimbrial antibodies, as also did immunized healthy individuals. In this latter group, however, those immunized with alcoholized TAB vaccine had higher antibody titres to fimbrial antigen than those immunized with heat-killed phenolized vaccine.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1994

Surface antigens of Litomosoides carinii microfilariae: agglutinating antibodies react with sheath components of 40 and 120 kilo Dalton molecular mass.

This study was conducted to identify surface antigens of the microfilarial sheath of Litomosoides carinii which are accessible to antibodies. Rabbit antisera were raised against the soluble and insoluble fractions of purified sheaths by extracting them with a buffer containing 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecylsulphate. These sera and rabbit hyperimmune sera directed against homogenates of total microfilariae, mature (i.e. microfilariae liberating) female parasites and excretory-secretory products of adult females were able to agglutinate live and formaldehyde-fixed microfilariae. When the antisera directed against sheath constituents were administered to patently infected Mastomys coucha, the microfilaraemia of these animals was rapidly reduced and remained low for a period of 2-3 weeks. Antibodies specifically binding to the microfilarial surface were immunoaffinity-purified on formaldehyde-fixed microfilariae. The antibodies react with sheath antigens of 40 and 120 kDa molecular mass which are produced by the epithelium of the distal uterus of the mature female, secreted and attached to the surface of the sheaths. A 120 kDa antigen recognized by anti-sheath surface antibodies was also detected in the excretory-secretory products of in vitro-cultured immature female L. carinii from day 30 post-infection onwards. In the excretory-secretory products of mature adult female parasites recovered on day 130 post-infection, this 120 kDa molecule was absent. However, material reacting with the antibody was detected in the stacking gel of SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This finding may indicate that the basic units forming the 120 kDa antigen of immature adults or microfilarial sheath surface antigens occur in a highly polymerized form in the excretory-secretory products of mature female parasites.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Selective antenatal screening for toxoplasmosis and the latex agglutination test.

Recent publicity concerning congenital toxoplasmosis has generated a demand for serological assessment of pregnant women. Many laboratories are requested to undertake primary screening in these cases. We assessed the latex agglutination test (LAT) findings in 158 specimens with detectable toxoplasma specific IgM derived from pregnant women. The LAT titres ranged from 16 to greater than or equal to 4000 reflecting the variable antibody response observed in acute toxoplasmosis. We recommend that non-reference laboratories test specimens from pregnant women using the LAT at a screening dilution of 1:16 and select all reactive samples for detailed investigation.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

Corresponding type-specificity of vibriocidal and agglutinating activities of Vibrio cholerae antisera: relevance to vaccine immunogenicity.

Cholera vibrios can be allocated to one of three biotypes (classical, intermediate and El Tor), each of which can be sub-divided into two serotypes (Ogawa and Inaba). Vibriocidal tests with absorbed antisera have shown no evidence of biotype specificity in the killing of bacteria, but they have confirmed the role of the two serotype-specific antigens in immunity to cholera. The same presence of serotype specificity, and absence of biotype specificity, has been found by bacterial agglutination, an easier and quicker serological test. The use of this simpler test in ensuring a balanced serotype response to cholera vaccine is discussed, together with evidence that may lead to the production of more effective vaccine and better immunity.

Agglutination↗
PubMed2003

Serodiagnosis of Japanese encephalitis among Nepalese patients by the particle agglutination assay.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious health problem in the southwestern region of Nepal. Serological diagnostic kits for routine diagnostic use in this region have not been available. This study was performed to examine if the particle agglutination (PA) assay for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) IgM could be applicable to the samples collected in Nepal and also to evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of JE. One hundred and ninety-three blood samples were collected from the patients clinically diagnosed with JE or other infectious diseases in the JE-endemic, southwestern region of Nepal, in 2000. The PA assay was performed on these 193 serum samples and the results were compared with those by IgM-capture ELISA. Eighty-six samples were IgM-positive by the PA assay, and 71 of 86 were also positive by IgM-capture ELISA (sensitivity, 99%; specificity, 88%; positive predictive value, 0.82; negative predictive value, 0.99). These results suggest that the PA assay is a simple, reliable and useful diagnostic test to support clinical diagnosis in rural hospitals of Asia including Nepal.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1999

Multi-centre evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility of the direct agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the serological direct agglutination test (DAT) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with aqueous antigen in a multi-centre study in VL-endemic areas in Sudan, Kenya and Nepal. METHODS: Repeatability within each centre and reproducibility between the centres' results and an external reference laboratory (Belgium) was assessed on 1596 triplicate plain blood samples collected on filter paper. RESULTS: High kappa values (range 0.86-0.97) indicated excellent DAT repeatability within the centres. The means of the titre differences between the reference laboratory and the centres in Sudan, Kenya and Nepal (2.3, 2.4 and 1.1, respectively, all significantly different from 0) showed weak reproducibility across centres. 95% of the titre differences between the reference laboratory and the respective centres were accounted for by large intervals: 0.6-9 fold titre variation for Sudan, 0.7-8 fold for Kenya and 0.26-4 fold for Nepal. CONCLUSION: High repeatability of DAT confirms its potential, but reproducibility problems remain an obstacle to its routine use in the field. Reproducibility was hindered by alteration of the antigen through temperature and shaking, especially in Kenya and Sudan, and by nonstandardization of the test reading. DAT handling procedures and antigen quality must be carefully standardized and monitored when introducing this test into routine practice.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2000

Follow-up of Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (CATT) positive but apparently aparasitaemic individuals in Côte d'Ivoire: evidence for a complex and heterogeneous population.

The aetiological diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is based on the detection of the parasite, but currently available parasitological tests have low sensitivity and are hampered by fluctuating parasitaemia. The identification of seropositive individuals on whom to focus parasitological examination is based on antibody detection by means of the Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (CATT/T.b.gambiense). A complicating phenomenon is the occurrence of serologically positive but parasitologically unconfirmed results (isolated CATT positivity). This work presents a two-year longitudinal serological, parasitological and molecular follow-up of CATT-positive individuals including repeated examinations of each individual, to study the evolution over time of seropositivity at both the population and the individual levels. At the population level, the rate of seropositivity decreased during the first months of the survey, and afterwards showed remarkable stability. At the individual level, the results reveal the extreme heterogeneity of this population, with subjects showing fluctuating results, others with a short transient CATT positivity, and subjects that maintain their seropositivity over time. The stability of seropositivity and the pattern of results obtained with both immunological and parasitological examinations support the view that individual factors, such as immune response to infection, might be involved in the isolated CATT positivity phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of an rK39 dipstick rapid test with direct agglutination test and splenic aspiration for the diagnosis of kala-azar in Sudan.

We compared an rK39 dipstick rapid test (Amrad ICT, Australia) with a direct agglutination test (DAT) and splenic aspirate for the diagnosis of kala-azar in 77 patients. The study was carried out under field conditions in an endemic area of north-east Sudan. The sensitivity of the rK39 test compared with splenic aspiration was 92% (46/50), the specificity 59% (16/27), and the positive predictive value 81% (46/57). Compared with the diagnostic protocol used by Médecins sans Frontières, the sensitivity of the rK39 test was 93% (50/54), the specificity 70% (16/23), and the positive predictive value 88% (50/57). Compared with splenic aspirates, the sensitivity of a DAT with a titre > or =1:400 was 100% (50/50), but its specificity only 55% (15/27) and the positive predictive value was 80% (50/62). Using a DAT titre > or =1:6400, the sensitivity was 84% (42/50), the specificity 85% (23/27) and the positive predictive value 91% (42/46). All four patients with DAT titre > or =1:6400 but negative splenic aspirate were also rK39 positive; we consider these are probably 'true' cases of kala-azar, i.e. false negative aspirates, rather than false DAT and rK39 seropositives. There were no false negative DATs (DAT titre < or =1:400 and aspirate positive), but there were four false negative rK39 tests (rK39 negative and aspirate positive). The rK39 dipstick is a good screening test for kala-azar; but further development is required before it can replace the DAT as a diagnostic test in endemic areas of the Sudan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of the sperm mixed-agglutination reaction test with the peroxidase-labelled protein A test for detecting antisperm antibodies in infertile men with varicocele.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sperm mixed-agglutination reaction (sMAR) with the peroxidase-labelled protein A method (POPA) in infertile patients with varicocele. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 30 men with a history of varicocele-associated infertility and 30 fertile men (control group). Antisperm antibodies against spermatozoa in the semen and against progenitor spermatozoa in testicular tissue were detected using the two methods. RESULTS: The tests were positive in 15 (50%) of patients with both the sMAR and the POPA methods, while no autoantibodies were detected in the control group. There were no significant differences between the methods. The sensitivity and specificity of both tests was approximately 93%, with no significant difference between them (P>0. 05). CONCLUSION: Both methods may be used for detecting sperm autoantibodies in infertile patients with varicocele.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Use of the gel agglutination technique for determination of fetomaternal hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Adequate administration of Rh immune globulin requires an accurate determination of the number of D-positive cells in the circulation of D-negative women. Although several tests have been described for the detection of fetomaternal hemorrhage, there is still a need for a rapid, simple, and clinically relevant screening test. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serial dilutions of a monoclonal anti-D were incubated with stock solutions (0.2 mL) of adult D-negative red cells in the absence or presence of various amounts of fetal D-positive cells (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%). After incubation, the supernatants were tested against D-positive red cells by using the new, gel agglutination technique (GAT). After the GAT was adapted to detect D-positive cells at concentrations of > or = 0.2 percent, unselected postpartum samples from D-negative women (n = 420) who delivered D-positive infants were analyzed by both the new test and the Kleihauer-Betke test (KBT). RESULTS: Three of a total of 420 postpartum samples were positive (> or = 0.4% fetal cells), and 406 were negative in both tests. One had 0.5-percent fetal cells in the KBT and gave negative results in the GAT. The latter test was, however, performed after administration of Rh immune globulin. The KBT gave false-positive results in two cases, because of hereditary persistence of hemoglobin F, and the GAT gave a false-positive reaction in one case because of a maternal weak D variant. In the remaining seven cases, the KBT results were only weakly positive (0.2%) and could not be attributed solely to D positive red cells. CONCLUSION: The GAT is suited for routine screening. It provides rapid and specific detection of D-positive red cells at clinically relevant concentrations. The test may (rarely) yield false-negative results due to insufficient administration of Rh immune globulin before testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cholesterol induced changes in glucose-6-phosphate generating enzymes, concanavalin A agglutinability and haemolytic activity of axenic Entamoeba histolytica.

Repeated passage of the 200-NIH strain of Entamoeba histolytica through cholesterol-enriched axenic growth medium induced marked increases in cholesterol, phosphoglucomutase and hexokinase levels and a less prominent rise in the protein content of amoebic cells. There was also pronounced enhancement of haemolytic activity and Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinability of the culture, but no significant change was observed in glucose phosphate isomerase. These cholesterol-induced effects persisted to a large extent when amoebae were subsequently repassaged through normal axenic medium lacking exogenous cholesterol, but changes in cellular cholesterol and protein levels did not persist. Qualitatively similar results were obtained whether the sterol was layered as a film on the glass walls of the culture tubes or supplied as sonicated micells, but the latter was in general more effective.

Agglutination↗