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PubMed1993

[Prospective longitudinal studies on lens changes after vitrectomy--quantitative assessment by fluorophotometry and refractometry].

We prospectively evaluated lens changes after vitrectomy on 55 patients with vitreoretinal interface syndrome such as idiopathic epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular traction syndrome, and impending stages of idiopathic senile macular hole. Postoperative changes in crystalline lenses were assessed by fluorophotometric measurement of lens autofluorescence, measurement of refractive errors and biomicroscopic evaluation of progression of nuclear sclerosis. Examinations were repeated prior to surgery and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. While autofluorescene and light transmittance of the lens were not affected by vitrectomy in patients less than 50 years old, older patients showed a significant increase of autofluorescence and decreased transmittance as early as 3 months after surgery. The refraction became myopic with time especially in the older patient group. Nuclear cataract was also found on biomicroscopic examination in the older patients as early as 1 month after surgery and progressed with time. The older the patients were, the more prominent those lens changes were.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Nail involvement in leprosy: a study of 300 patients.

Three hundred leprosy patients were recruited to study the pattern and frequency of nail changes. Nail changes, like longitudinal ridging in finger nails, transverse striations involving both finger and toe nails etc. which occurred with similar frequency in the PB and MB patients in comparison with the control group, were excluded from the analysis. Out of a total number of 150 PB patients, 84 (56%) showed nail changes. Fifty-eight (38.6%) patients showed changes in the finger nails, with an average of 3.2 involved nails per patient. Fifty-three (35.3%) patients showed changes in the toe nails, with an average of 3.0 nails per patient. The most common change observed was longitudinal melanonychia (32.4%) in the finger nails and longitudinal ridging (46.3%) in the toe nails.In comparison, 131/150 (87.3%) MB patients showed nail changes. Finger nail changes were seen in 102 (68%) patients with an average of 5.5 nails affected per patient. Changes in toe nails were seen in 116 (77.3%) patients, with an average of 6.0 nails involved per patient. The most common nail change observed was longitudinal melanonychia in 89/523, (17%) of the total involved finger nails and subungual hyperkeratosis in 164/702, (23.4%) of the total toe nails involvement. Out of a total of 32 colony patients, 31 (96.9%) showed nail changes both in finger and toe nails with an average of 7.9 and 8.4 affected nails per patient, respectively. The most common nail change observed was rudimentary nail(s) on fingers (29%) and toes (21.1%). Among MB patients, a significantly higher number had finger nail involvement in LL group. The frequency of nail involvement for both fingers and toes was significantly greater in LL as compared to BL group of patients. The frequency of nail involvement was significantly more in patients having disease for more than 5 years and in those having trophic changes secondary to loss of sensations and impaired circulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Motoneurons of the axial swimming muscles in hatchling Xenopus tadpoles: features, distribution, and central synapses.

Xenopus tadpole motoneurons make cholinergic synapses within the spinal cord. This excitation changes with longitudinal position and contributes to the excitation that controls motor activity and its longitudinal spread during swimming. To explore the anatomic constraints on this excitation, backfilling has been used to examine the anatomy and distribution of the whole population of spinal motoneurons, to define the extent of their central axons and to find where they make synapses. Motoneuron features show considerable variation but do not allow their separation into primary and secondary. Most motoneurons have descending central axons and it is likely that central synapses are made from these axons as longitudinal dendritic extent is very limited. Motoneuron density reaches a broad plateau over the mid-trunk region at 12-13 per 100 microm. Soma size does not change with longitudinal position, but the dorsoventral extent of the dendrites decreases caudally, whereas the central axon length increases. Motoneuron distribution data were used to estimate the longitudinal distribution of central motoneuron axons. This has a broad plateau at 12-14 per 100 microm over much of the trunk and only decreases significantly caudal to the anus. This distribution correlates with cholinergic excitation during swimming. Transmission electron microscopy of motoneurons backfilled with horseradish peroxidase was used to show that central motoneuron axons make en passant synapses with motoneuron dendrites and the dendrites of other unstained neurons. By using measures of synapse frequency and total dendrite length, trunk motoneurons are estimated to each receive 100-200 synapses.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1981

Prognosis of women with exercise-induced ECG changes--results from a longitudinal population study.

A comprehensive population study of women aged 38-60 was carried out in Göteborg, Sweden in 1968-1969. A subsample comprising 194 women were submitted to a maximal work performance test using a bicycle ergometer. Exercise-induced ECG changes were common and as common in women as in men in Göteborg who had been studied in the same way. ST depressions (Minnesota Code items 4:1-2) were observed 4 min after maximal exercise in 30 women. All these women were still alive when a follow-up was made 6 years later, none had had myocardial infarction, and only 2 of them reported symptoms of angina pectoris. 1 woman later on had a fatal myocardial infarction as was found in a 12-year-follow-up study. It is concluded that exercise-induced ECG changes are of limited value for predicting myocardial infarction or death from ischaemic heart disease in women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Four-year incidence of macular changes in the Barbados Eye Studies.

OBJECTIVE: To describe longitudinal macular changes in a black population after 4 years of follow-up. DESIGN: Population-based incidence study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases (BISED) reexamined the Barbados Eye Study cohort, which was based on a random sample of the country's residents, 40 to 84 years. The BISED included 3427 persons, or 85% of the eligible cohort. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four-year incidence of macular changes, as determined by gradings of color stereoscopic macular photographs. RESULTS: Among black participants, the overall 4-year incidence of early macular changes (medium or large drusen or >20 small drusen with retinal pigment epithelium [RPE] atrophy or pigment) was 5.2% (95% confidence interval, 4.0%-6.6%) and tended to be higher in women (5.8%) than in men (4.1%). Incidence of related features was 5.2% for medium drusen (64-250 microm), 0.3% for drusen >250 microm, 1.1% for confluence, 0.5% for pigment, and 0.1% for RPE atrophy. Of the 2362 persons at risk for late macular changes (geographic atrophy, fluid, lipid, hemorrhage, disciform scar), exudative features developed in only 1 person in 4 years. Less than 1% of persons with early macular changes at baseline had disappearance of related features. CONCLUSIONS: After 4 years, the development of severe macular disease was rare in this black population, and the incidence of early macular changes also was lower than in other populations. Results are consistent with the low risk of macular degeneration in persons of African descent.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cephalometric changes during self-correction of primary anterior crossbite.

Longitudinal growth changes were investigated cephalometrically for sixty-one Japanese girls who had anterior crossbite at the initial visit (ages 3 years and 11 months on an average). Cephalograms were taken annually from the initial visit to the end of the observation period (ages 7 years 6 months on an average). Eleven of them (Group N1) showed self-correction of anterior crossbite during the primary dentition; ten (Group N2) showed self-correction when the permanent incisors erupted and forty (Group R) did not show self-correction. There was no statistical skeletal difference between Groups N1 and N2 during the observation period. Groups N1 and N2 were larger, however, than Group R in A'-Ptm'/Pog'-Go (p < 0.05) and Group N1 was smaller than Group R in Pog'-Go/N-S (p < 0.01) at the end of the observation period. In summary, favorable growth of the maxilla relative to the mandible leads to self-correction of primary crossbite and when mandible size relative to the cranial base is large, primary crossbite does not show self-correction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

How neuroticism, long-term difficulties, and life situation change influence psychological distress: a longitudinal model.

The causal relationships between neuroticism (N), long-term difficulties (LTDs), life situation change (LSC), and psychological distress (PD) were examined using self-report and interview data from a 7-year, 3-wave study in a general population sample (N = 296). LTDs were classified as either endogenous (dependent) or exogenous (independent). We found that earlier neuroticism had a strong direct and a moderate indirect effect (through endogenous LTDs) on PD. The direct effect was strikingly stronger than those of LTDs and LSC. In addition, much correlation between endogenous LTDs, LSC, and PD could be attributed to the confounding effects of earlier neuroticism. High neuroticism tended to strengthen the effect of LSC on PD. These findings suggest that temperamental dispositions are more powerful than environmental factors in predicting PD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

[Changes in some ventilation and respiration parameters in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease in prospective longitudinal study].

The changes of several parameters of ventilation and respiration in 104 men taken into prospective longitudinal observation were analysed. All men in average 53.3 years old at the time of first examination were suffering from chronic obstructive lung diseases. The time between last and first examination amounted to 52 months in average. During this period the functional state did not change in one third of all patients; in the other two thirds the condition has impaired and 19 (18.3%) among 104 had died. The functional parameters evaluated showed a statistically significant decrease of FEV1 (71 ml in average every year) and of pulmonary diffusion capacity for CO by the steady state and single breath methods whereas the changes of airway resistance being insignificant in these cases. The results give rise to the statement that progression of the disease would occur in the area of peripheral airways and alveoli.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Changes in the temporomandibular joint after oblique sliding osteotomy of the mandibular rami. A longitudinal radiological study.

Changes in the temporomandibular joint following oblique sliding osteotomy of the mandibular rami were studied using axial, frontal and lateral radiographs. The condyle/fossa relationship was also studied with regard to the effect of intraosseous wiring of the proximal fragment. Antero-inferior displacements of the condyles were regularly seen after the osteotomies. The use of intraosseous wiring had no adverse effects on the temporomandibular joint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A longitudinal study of chest radiographic changes of workers in the refractory ceramic fiber industry.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: This industry-wide longitudinal study examines chest radiographic changes of workers manufacturing refractory ceramic fibers (RCF). DESIGN: Chest radiographs were obtained every 3 years and were interpreted using the 1980 International Labour Organization classification for pneumoconiosis. Three exposure metrics were calculated: duration and latency in a production job, and cumulative exposure (fiber-months per cubic centimeter). PARTICIPANTS: The radiographic survey included 625 current workers at five manufacturing sites and 383 former workers at two of the five sites. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Pleural changes were seen in 27 workers (2.7%). Of workers with > 20 years of latency from initial production job or 20 years of duration in a production job, 16 workers (8.0%) and 5 workers (8.1%) demonstrated pleural changes, respectively. Results from the cumulative exposure analysis (> 135 fiber-months per cubic centimeter) demonstrated a significant elevated odds ratio (OR) of 6.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 31.0). The incidence of irregular opacities at profusion categories > or = 1/0 was similar to other nonspecified dust-exposed worker populations at 1.0%, and showed a nonsignificant elevated OR in regard to cumulative fiber exposure of 4.7 (95% CI, 0.97 to 23.5). CONCLUSIONS: RCF are significantly associated with pleural changes that were predominantly pleural plaques, but have not resulted in a statistically significant increase in interstitial changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Lipids, lipoproteins and alpha-tocopherol: relationship and changes during adolescence. A longitudinal study.

From May 1976 until June 1982 a longitudinal study in 54 apparently healthy Austrian schoolchildren with a mean age of 11.2 years at their first visit was performed. The aim of this study was to determine if there are any age-related changes in serum lipids, lipoproteins and alpha-tocopherol concentrations during adolescence and whether a permanent relationship between lipoproteins and alpha-tocopherol can be observed. Total cholesterol showed a significant decrease from age 11 to 14 years in boys (from 195.5 +/- 42.2 to 147.9 +/- 40.3 mg/dl) as well as in girls (from 181.9 +/- 29.7 to 144.1 +/- 23.4 mg/dl); thereafter, a slight increase could be shown. Similar changes could be observed for LDL cholesterol. No significant sex differences were found either in total or in LDL cholesterol, whereas in HDL cholesterol concentrations, a decrease in boys between 12 and 14 years (from 58.4 +/- 18.3 to 41.7 +/- 10.8 mg/dl) and an increase in girls from 13 years onwards led to significantly lower values in boys than in girls from the age of 16 years onwards. No consistent changes could be shown for alpha-tocopherol blood levels. Nevertheless, a close relationship between total cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol could be observed during all our investigations (0.4695 less than or equal to 0.7300, p less than 0.05) and, to a lesser degree, between LDL cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol. Significant correlations between alpha-tocopherol and HDL cholesterol and between alpha-tocopherol and triglycerides occurred only occasionally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal study of personality change in young adulthood.

The present research examined personality continuity and change in a sample of young men and women assessed at the beginning and end of college. Two-hundred seventy students completed measures of the Big Five personality traits when they first entered college and then 4 years later. Analyses indicate small- to medium-sized normative (i.e., mean-level) changes, large rank-order stability correlations, high levels of stability in personality structure, and moderate levels of ipsative (i.e. profile) stability. Overall, the findings are consistent with the perspective that personality traits exhibit considerable continuity over time, yet can change in systematic ways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of cholinesterase changes in pregnancy.

Serum cholinesterase activity was measured at intervals before, during, and after 44 pregnancies in 43 women. Three patterns of change were seen: (a) A decline in activity after conception, with no return towards pre-conception values before delivery (20 pregnancies). (b) A decline in activity accompanied by a partial or complete return to pre-conception values before delivery (19 pregnancies). (c) Either no discernible decline or increased activity during gestation (five pregnancies). We saw no association between these patterns and either the sex of the child, parity, smoking history, or alcohol intake. However, the continuous decrease in cholinesterase activity occurred in the youngest group of women, a decrease followed by an increase in the intermediate age group, and no decrease at all in the oldest group. Although not all the age-related differences quite reached statistical significance, these findings suggest that the patterns of change may be determined by some aspect of maternal physical maturity.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing.

CONTEXT: Excess body weight is positively associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), a prevalent condition in the US general population. No large study has been conducted of the longitudinal association between SDB and change in weight. OBJECTIVE: To measure the independent longitudinal association between weight change and change in SDB severity. DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study conducted from July 1989 to January 2000. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred ninety randomly selected employed Wisconsin residents (mean age at baseline, 46 years; 56% male) who were evaluated twice at 4-year intervals for SDB. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage change in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI; apnea events + hypopnea events per hour of sleep) and odds of developing moderate-to-severe SDB (defined by an AHI > or =15 events per hour of sleep), with respect to change in weight. RESULTS: Relative to stable weight, a 10% weight gain predicted an approximate 32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20%-45%) increase in the AHI. A 10% weight loss predicted a 26% (95% CI, 18%-34%) decrease in the AHI. A 10% increase in weight predicted a 6-fold (95% CI, 2.2-17.0) increase in the odds of developing moderate-to-severe SDB. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that clinical and public health programs that result in even modest weight control are likely to be effective in managing SDB and reducing new occurrence of SDB.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2025

Clinical and genetic variant re-analysis among pediatric probands undergoing genetic testing for arrhythmia syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Despite increases in genetic testing, longitudinal data regarding changes in diagnostic yield and variant reclassification for inherited arrhythmia syndromes are limited. OBJECTIVE: Determine longitudinal changes in diagnostic yield and variant classification. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study of probands <18 years undergoing genetic testing for suspected inherited cardiac conditions associated with arrhythmias, 2007 to 2018. Variants were classified as diagnostic (pathogenic/likely pathogenic), non-diagnostic (benign/likely benign [B/LB]), or variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Variant reclassification was performed in October 2023 using VarSome and American College of Medical Genetics criteria. We evaluated results by era (early 2007-2013 vs. later 2014-2018, coinciding with Sanger and next-generation sequencing, respectively) and by likelihood of disease based on clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Of 306 probands, initial testing was 23.2% diagnostic, 55.6% non-diagnostic (33.7% no variant, 21.9% B/LB), and 21.2% VUS. When comparing eras, diagnostic yield decreased (34.1%-15.3%), VUS increased (9.3%-29.9%), and non-diagnostic remained similar (55% to 57%). Variants for 22.7% (46/203) of probands with &#x2265;1 variant changed: 9.9% of diagnostic variants (7/71) downgraded to VUS or non-diagnostic, and 60.0% of VUS changed (23.1% upgraded, 36.9% downgraded). B/LB variants did not change. Probands with higher disease likelihood had 6-times the odds of diagnostic results compared to lower disease likelihood, regardless of era (odds ratio 6.3, 95% confidence interval 3.2-12.4, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Variant reclassification led to changes in 23% of probands, both downgrading and upgrading status, even among probands initially thought to be pathogenic. When comparing later to earlier eras, VUS variants increased while diagnostic yield decreased. Findings support the need for variant re-interpretation and periodic reclassification over time.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Using voxel-based morphometry to map the structural changes associated with rapid conversion in MCI: a longitudinal MRI study.

Capturing the dynamics of gray matter (GM) atrophy in relation to the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to clinically probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) would be of considerable interest. In this prospective study we have used a novel longitudinal voxel-based method to map the progression of GM loss in MCI patients over time and compared converters to non-converters. Eighteen amnestic MCI patients were followed-up for a predefined fixed period of 18 months and conversion was judged according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD. Each patient underwent a high-resolution T1-weighted volume MRI scan both at entry in the study and 18 months later. We used an optimal VBM protocol to compare baseline imaging data of converters to those of non-converters. Moreover, to map GM loss from baseline to follow-up assessment, we used a modified voxel-based morphometry (VBM) procedure specially designed for longitudinal studies. At the end of the follow-up period, seven patients had converted to probable AD. Areas of lower baseline GM value in converters mainly included the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and lingual and fusiform gyri. Regions of significant GM loss over the 18-month follow-up period common to both converters and non-converters included the temporal neocortex, parahippocampal cortex, orbitofrontal and inferior parietal areas, and the left thalamus. However, there was significantly greater GM loss in converters relative to non-converters in the hippocampal area, inferior and middle temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and precuneus. This accelerated atrophy may result from both neurofibrillary tangles accumulation and parallel pathological processes such as functional alteration in the posterior cingulate. The ability to longitudinally assess GM changes in MCI offers new perspectives to better understand the pathological processes underlying AD and to monitor the effects of treatment on brain structure.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood.

In a longitudinal study of 47 girls and 44 boys, developmental change in self-esteem (SE) was examined from early adolescence through late adolescence to early adulthood. Males tended to increase and females tended to decrease in SE over time. There was appreciable rank-order consistency in SE over time. Within each gender, the considerable individual differences in developmental trajectories were coherently related to personality characteristics independently assessed in early adolescence. Boys and girls with high SE possessed quite different personality characteristics in early adolescence; by early adulthood, although important differences remained, the personality characteristics associated with high SE were similar for the 2 sexes. Discussion focuses on the implications of our findings for the "consistency versus change" debate, the influence of gender-role socialization on SE development, and the importance of examining normative, gender-specific, and individual developmental change in SE.

Adolescent↗