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PubMed2002

Knowledge and beliefs of nurse researchers about informed consent principles and regulations.

We examined differences in the knowledge and beliefs that exist among nurse researchers in the USA (n = 119) regarding informed consent and the use of data from patients' medical records. Using a mail survey, two domains of ethical knowledge and beliefs were assessed: the legal right to privacy and the moral right to privacy. More than half of the participants were very confident in their knowledge of institutional review board procedures, research ethics, informed consent, the legal right to privacy, and the moral right to privacy. In contrast, most rated themselves as uncertain about US federal research regulations and there was wide variation in knowledge about current federal guidelines. Those who were more confident in their knowledge of or had more practical experience with research ethics, were no more likely to answer correctly a question about current federal guidelines regulating the use of patient data from medical records than those who reported less confidence or experience.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

The role of trainee knowledge structures in aviation team environments.

The importance of having well-developed knowledge structures to enhance complex team performance has been recently indicated in the training effectiveness literature. This work tested that proposition within an aviation team training setting. Results suggested that aviation team training improved the knowledge structures of those participants who received the training. Knowledge structure data also provided information related to the training that was not available from more traditional measures of learning. Finally, results obtained from the knowledge structure measures were consistent with performance results, suggesting that knowledge structure measures are a potentially valid predictor of performance.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2004

Evaluating the effects of an educational symposium on knowledge, impact, and self-management of older african americans living with osteoarthritis.

The purpose of the study1 was to determine the effects of a 1-day educational symposium on knowledge, impact, and self-management of older African Americans living with osteoarthritis (OA). A 1-group pre- and posttest design was employed. The educational symposium was the intervention variable. Speakers were experts in the field of arthritis care. Participants were recruited from a community senior center. Participants completed the Short Form of the Arthritis Impact Management Scales (AIMS2-SF), the Summary of Arthritis Management Methods (SAMMS), and a 6-question Knowledge Test about OA before the symposium. The knowledge test was administered again at the completion of the program. Posttesting of the AIMS2-SF and SAMMS occurred 3 months later to assess changes in arthritis impact and self-management strategies. Knowledge scores increased significantly immediately following the symposium. The AIMS2-SF subscales of Affect, Symptom, and Physical Function decreased significantly 3 months after the symposium indicating that arthritis had less impact on participants after the conference. Participants also reported using more self-management methods 3 months after the event. The results of this pilot study indicate that this symposium was effective in increasing participants' knowledge of OA, improving self-management, and decreasing the impact of OA on daily function. The small sample size and preexperimental design limit generalizability.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

Factors influencing osteoporosis knowledge: a community study.

According to the 2004 Surgeon General's report, more than 10 million people in the United States have osteoporosis, and another 34 million are at risk of developing this crippling disease that affects the quality of life. Efforts must be made to stem this disease that may be largely prevented with lifestyle changes. To engage in self-care to prevent osteoporosis, people need to have knowledge of risks and preventive behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing osteoporosis knowledge in 255 people in a university community. The Facts on Osteoporosis Quiz (Ailinger, Lasus, & Braun, 2003) was used to measure osteoporosis knowledge. Findings indicated that respondents had inadequate knowledge about osteoporosis. Age was positively correlated with knowledge (r = .27, p < .000), but education was not. There were marked differences in mean scores among ethnic groups. The findings suggest topics that community health nurses need to focus on in their osteoporosis educational interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Long-term retention of knowledge after a distance course in medical informatics at Charles University Prague.

BACKGROUND: Distance education is instructional delivery that does not constrain the student to be physically present in the same location as the instructor. The electronic distance learning called e-learning has evolved with the development of computer technologies and electronic communication. PURPOSE: Before setting the distance way of teaching as a standard part of medical schools' curricula, the impact of number of factors on the effectiveness of this way of teaching should be considered. METHODS: A group of 38 students went through a distance course of medical informatics. The course consisted of 10 lessons. At the end of the course the students sat for a final test that contained 60 multiple-choice test questions. There was always one correct answer. Time limit for test completion was 60 minutes. After 12 months, 31 students from the original group sat for the same test. The topics of the course were not repeated in the meantime. The students were not aware that their knowledge would be tested after 1 year. RESULTS: The average retention of knowledge expressed as a percentage of the students' performance in the first test was 66.8%. The knowledge retention correlated significantly with the statement "I liked the online course more than the classroom course" and positively with the number of hours spent with the computer weekly. CONCLUSIONS: Retention of knowledge after the electronic distance course after 12 months is close to 67%. Other results indicate that we can expect better retention of knowledge from independent, responsible, and positively motivated students who can easily operate information technologies.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

Prostate cancer knowledge and beliefs among Black and White older men in rural and urban counties.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. In this report, we describe prostate cancer knowledge and beliefs among subgroups of men and compare knowledge and beliefs with perceived personal risk. METHODS: We administered a random-digit-dialed telephone survey to 235 respondents. RESULTS: Risk factor knowledge was lowest among rural Black men. Beliefs across subgroups were more similar than were knowledge levels. Of the urban White men, 26% perceived their risk for prostate cancer as high compared to 10% for other groups. Predictors of low-to-no-or-uncertain self-perceived risk included not knowing that age increases risk. CONCLUSIONS: Many Georgia men appear to have low levels of knowledge about prostate cancer, especially personal risk. Educational and counseling interventions might assist such men in making informed screening decisions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

College students' knowledge and perceptions of genital herpes.

Given the rising prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and the lack of accurate information about STDs in general, it is important to understand specific aspects of knowledge and attitudes regarding genital herpes acquisition among college students. This study examined the knowledge and attitudes regarding HSV-2 among college students by recruiting subjects (n=518) from an undergraduate psychology class to complete a questionnaire. The percentage of students answering individual knowledge items correctly ranged from 67% to 99%. The media was a common source of information, and almost one-third of the students anticipated that their care provider would think negatively of them should they acquire the disease. There were gender differences in care-seeking behaviour, knowledge, and attitudes, with females having a more negative view of themselves if they acquired the disease. This study pointed to the challenges in ensuring accurate knowledge about genital herpes that will encourage preventive behaviours without causing undue alarm or shame.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evidence, interests and knowledge translation: reflections of an unrepentant zombie chaser.

Justice Emmett Hall's landmark 1964 Royal Commission report is remarkable as, among other things, a very early Canadian example of successful knowledge brokering. It predates by about three decades even the earliest discourse in Canadian health research circles about knowledge translation, knowledge transfer, knowledge exchange, knowledge brokers, and the like.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' knowledge of prevention and management of constipation.

Constipation is often a preventable problem in health care; therefore health professionals must have the appropriate knowledge to help patients prevent this common complaint occurring. The purpose of this study was to assess nurses' knowledge of constipation in a teaching hospital in Northern Ireland. A knowledge questionnaire on constipation was obtained and adapted for use in this study using a non-experimental survey design to assess a convenience sample of nurses (n = 131) within various hospital specialities. The results demonstrated gaps in nurses' knowledge of constipation and also indicated that knowledge varied between specialties and between nursing grades. Educational initiatives must not allow bowel care, often labelled 'basic nursing care', to be neglected in postregistration education and training.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2004

Development and validation of the stroke knowledge test.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of stroke knowledge (the Stroke Knowledge Test [SKT]) using a systematic test construction process and to investigate the psychometric properties of this test. There are relatively few published measures of stroke knowledge, and, of those that exist, relatively little is documented about test construction or psychometric properties. Such tests are important for evaluation of stroke education programs. METHOD: Test construction involved systematic generation of pilot test items, expert review of pilot items, and calculation of pilot item properties. After final item selection, two experiments were conducted to determine if the SKT was sensitive to varying levels of stroke knowledge and to estimate the reliability of the test. RESULTS: The final version of the test included 20 items with good content coverage, acceptable item properties, and positive expert review ratings. Results from psychometric investigations suggest that SKT has relatively good reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) and construct validity (i.e., SKT scores significantly increased after stroke education [cf. nonstroke education], and community-dwelling older adults who had a relative with stroke [and more prior exposure to stroke information] scored higher on the SKT than those without a stroke relative). CONCLUSION: Findings provide preliminary support for the SKT as a valid and reliable tool for assessing stroke knowledge. The SKT may be used to identify individual information needs of stroke survivors and their caregivers or as a tool to evaluate group- or community-based stroke education programs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Stroke knowledge and misconceptions among survivors of stroke and a non-stroke survivor sample.

PURPOSE: To investigate stroke knowledge, knowledge gaps, and misconceptions about stroke among stroke survivors and non-stroke survivors. METHOD: Archival data from a stroke knowledge test administered to 38 non-stroke survivors (community sample) were compared to data collected for this study from 42 stroke survivors. RESULTS: No difference in the overall level of stroke knowledge between groups was found. There were 12 issues about which stroke survivors and non-stroke survivors appear to have good understanding (e.g., the role of aspirin in preventing stroke). There were a smaller number of issues about which participants from both groups reported they lacked knowledge (e.g., the relationship between TIAs and stroke) or held erroneous beliefs (e.g., the effect of atrial fibrillation on stroke risk). CONCLUSION: There is a continuing need for education about stroke. Particular areas on which such programs might need to focus are identified.

Atrial Fibrillation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacists' smoking cessation practices: relationship to their knowledge and skills, attitudes, and perceptions of roles.

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with pharmacists' practices regarding patients' smoking and smoking cessation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Four Canadian provinces (Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island). PARTICIPANTS: Practicing community pharmacists (n = 906; weighted n = 897). INTERVENTION: Population-based mailed questionnaire survey with 72% response rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bivariate and multivariate relationships between 12 clinical interventions regarding smoking and smoking cessation and 7 domains: basic pharmacologic knowledge; applied health science knowledge and skills; positive, negative and economic-related attitudes toward smoking cessation; perceptions of pharmacists' roles with patients who smoke: assessing and motivating patients; assisting, referring and following up. RESULTS: Basic pharmacologic knowledge and applied health science knowledge and skills were independently related to 12 and 10 interventions, respectively. Positive attitudes toward smoking cessation were independently related to 8 interventions. Negative attitudes and economic-related attitudes toward smoking cessation were each independently related to only 1 intervention. Perceptions of pharmacists' roles with respect to "assessing and motivating patients," and "assisting, referring, and following up" were independently related to 8 and 3 interventions, respectively. CONCLUSION: Initiatives to increase tobacco-related knowledge and skills and enhance positive attitudes and role perceptions with respect to smoking and smoking cessation may promote interventions by community pharmacists with patients who smoke.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2005

Are students' beliefs about knowledge and learning associated with their reported use of learning strategies?

BACKGROUND: Although considerable research has examined beliefs and learning outcomes (e.g. Schommer, 1990, 1993a, 1993b; Schommer & Dunnell, 1997), little has looked at the relationship between beliefs and the actual learning process. AIMS: This research examines the relationship between beliefs about learning and knowledge, and reports of learning strategy-use relevant for successful text comprehension. SAMPLE: Participants were 81 Norwegian university students who had studied from 1 to 4 years in a range of disciplines. METHOD: Students' beliefs about knowledge and learning were measured with the Schommer Epistemological Questionnaire (SEQ; Schommer, 1998b). Learning strategies particularly useful for text-based learning were measured with the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ; Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, & McKeachie, 1991). A correlational analysis between measures and full regression analyses of how beliefs influence strategy selection were performed. RESULTS: Beliefs about how thoroughly knowledge is integrated in networks (simple) and how fixed the ability to learn is from birth (fixed) contributed significantly to reported strategy use: Simple to rehearsal and organizational strategies, fixed to elaboration and critical thinking strategies, and a combination of simple and fixed to strategies relevant to the thoughtful monitoring of learning tasks. Beliefs about how certain knowledge is (certain) and how quickly learning can be expected to occur (quick) were not found to contribute to reported learning- strategy use in any significant way. CONCLUSION: Some, but not all, beliefs about knowledge and learning offer insight into students' reported use of learning strategies relevant for reading course literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of the health knowledge of hearing-impaired and hearing high school students.

A health knowledge questionnaire was administered to 139 hearing and 66 hearing-impaired high school students from 12 to 18 years of age. The level of health knowledge of the normally-hearing students was found to be superior to that of hearing-impaired students at all ages but appeared not to improve with increasing school grade. In contrast, the health knowledge of the hearing-impaired students increased markedly from Grade 8 to Grade 12, so that by Grade 12 they were achieving only marginally below their hearing grade mates. Some of this apparent increase in health knowledge probably was due to the fact that only academically able hearing-impaired students continue at school in Australia after Grade 10. Deficits in the health knowledge of hearing-impaired students were distributed uniformly over all areas investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and beliefs about guidelines for exclusion of ill children from child care.

BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics published national child care illness exclusion guidelines in 1992 and 2002. To our knowledge, no published studies have examined child care providers', parents', and pediatricians' knowledge or beliefs about these guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To compare parents', pediatricians', and center-based child care providers' (CCPs) knowledge and beliefs about exclusion guidelines. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted in 2000 of 80 CCPs, 142 parents, and 36 pediatricians in Baltimore City. Main outcome measures included familiarity with and knowledge of exclusion guidelines and beliefs about exclusion effectiveness among these groups. RESULTS: Response rates were 58% for parents, 59% for pediatricians, 85% for CCPs. Sixteen percent of child care providers (CCPs), 39% of parents, and 53% of pediatricians had not seen any written exclusion guidelines. Compared with national guidelines for 12 common symptoms, responses from CCPs and parents indicated overexclusion, while pediatricians indicated underexclusion. The groups scored similarly in number of correct answers on knowledge items (CCPs 63%, parents 64%, pediatricians 61%, P = .44). More CCPs and parents than pediatricians believed that exclusion effectively controlled infection spread and that sick children should be excluded because they spread disease, would be more comfortable, and recover faster at home (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This survey found CCPs, parents, and pediatricians all failed to recognize how national guidelines recommended managing 4 out of 10 common conditions on average. CCPs were more likely than pediatricians to believe that exclusion was warranted to control infection or for the child's personal needs.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Inadequate literacy is a barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship of literacy to asthma knowledge and ability to use a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) among patients with asthma. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Emergency department and asthma clinic at an urban public hospital. PATIENTS: Convenience sample of 273 patients presenting to the emergency department for an asthma exacerbation and 210 patients presenting to a specialized asthma clinic for routine care. INTERVENTIONS: Measurement of literacy with the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, asthma knowledge (20 question oral test), and demonstration of MDI technique (six-item assessment). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Only 27% of patients read at the high-school level, although two thirds reported being high-school graduates; 33% read at the seventh- to eighth-grade level, 27% at the fourth- to sixth-grade level, and 13% at or below the third-grade level. Mean asthma knowledge scores (+/-SD) were directly related to reading levels: 15.1+/-2.5, 13.9+/-2.5, 13.4+/-2.8, 11.9+/-2.5, respectively (p < 0.01). Patient reading level was the strongest predictor of asthma knowledge score in multivariate analysis. Poor MDI technique (< or =3 correct steps) was found in 89% of patients reading at less than the third-grade level compared with 48% of patients reading at the high-school level. In multivariate regression analyses, reading level was the strongest predictor of MDI technique. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate literacy was common and strongly correlated with poorer knowledge of asthma and improper MDI use.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of pulmonary diseases: survey of use, training, and practitioner knowledge base.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pulmonologists' use, training in the use, and knowledge base of the drug cyclophosphamide. DESIGN: Survey through questionnaire. Testing of knowledge base before and after instructional conference. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Pulmonologists (94 attendings, 31 fellows), selected randomly at the 1996 and 1997 annual meetings of The American Thoracic Society, completed surveys of their use and training in the use of cyclophosphamide. Thirty-five attending at the 1998 meeting completed a test of knowledge base of the drug. Members of the pulmonary teaching service at The University of Chicago Hospitals completed the test before and after a case-based conference designed to educate pulmonologists in the use of the drug. RESULTS: Forty-three percent of the attending pulmonologists and 55% of the fellows were currently using the drug in the management of their patients; 77% of the attending pulmonologists had prescribed the drug in the past. Nonmalignant diseases for which the drug was prescribed included usual interstitial pneumonitis/desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, vasculitis, collagen vascular disease, constrictive bronchiolitis, sarcoid, and Goodpasture's disease. Sixty-eight percent of attending pulmonologists and 81% of fellows had no training in the drug's use. Of the attending pulmonologists who made use of the drug, 64% were prescribing and managing its use themselves. Of those who prescribed and managed the drug's use themselves, 65% had had no training in its use. Of those fellows who prescribed and managed the drug's use themselves, 73% had had no training in the drug's use. On knowledge-based testing, the average correct score was 30 +/- 10%. With an educational conference, average pre- and post-test scores rose from 40 +/- 10% to 80 +/- 10% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cyclophosphamide had been used by the vast majority of pulmonologists, either currently or in the past, for a wide variety of lung diseases. Its use is commonly managed by physicians who have no specific training relevant to this agent. Practitioner knowledge base of the drug is poor, and case-based conferences in fellowship may be an effective means of imparting information concerning this drug.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Diffusion of HIV/AIDS knowledge, positive attitudes, and behaviors through training of health professionals in China.

A study evaluated a training-of-trainers strategy to update HIV/AIDS knowledge and improve attitudes and behavior among health professionals and the public. A survey was carried out among health workers and villagers. An initial workshop was given to 55 staff from several health institutions. Trainees were provided limited funds to conduct secondary workshops at local levels. They were requested to diffuse knowledge to patients during routine health visits. A follow-up survey was conducted 18 months later in counties in which workshops were not held. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior were compared both at the baseline and follow-up surveys, and before and after the intervention. Nearly 95% (94.8%, or 13,782) of health workers in Fuyang Prefecture were trained secondarily at local levels. Knowledge was significantly higher in intervention (88.5-99.8%) compared with nonintervention (37.4-53.7%) counties, and after intervention (22.2-66.6%), respectively (p < .01). Attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS improved significantly in intervention counties. Condom use during last sexual intercourse increased from 11.0% to 33.5% in health workers (p < .01) and from 8.7% to 18.5% among villagers (p <.01). The strategy wascost effective for improving knowledge and attitudes and promoting condom use.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗