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Enterococci.

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Cross Infection↗
PubMed1988

In vitro activity of three fluoroquinolones against enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: modified categorization system for discrepant broth dilution and agar disk diffusion test results.

The fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were examined in vitro against 103 enterococcal isolates and 138 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in an attempt to determine which respective proposed interpretive criteria (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) versus diameter of agar disk diffusion inhibition zones) correlated best, i.e., resulted in fewer discrepant results. A previously proposed system for grouping discrepant results (very major, major, and minor discrepancies) of Barry and co-workers was modified to comprise 6 categories (very major, major, minor, slight, minimal, and negligible); this expanded system rendered the encountered discrepant in vitro test results more transparent. Overall, the currently employed interpretive criteria for norfloxacin (MICs versus 10-micrograms disks) resulted in fewer discrepancies with the above two groups of bacterial isolates than those proposed for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (MICs versus 5-micrograms disks, respectively).

Ciprofloxacin↗
PubMed2001

Isolation and characterization of enterocin SE-K4 produced by thermophilic enterococci, Enterococcus faecalis K-4.

Enterococcus sp. K-4, with a bacteriocin-like activity against E. faecium, was isolated from grass silage in Thailand. Morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic studies clearly identified strain K-4 as a strain of E. faecalis. Strain K-4 produced a maximal amount of bacteriocin at 43-45 degrees C. We purified, for the first time, the bacteriocin produced at high temperature by E. faecalis to homogeneity, using adsorption on cells of the producer strain and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The bacteriocin, designated enterocin SE-K4, is a peptide of about 5 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE, and Mass spectrometry analysis found the molecular mass of 5356.2, which is in good agreement. The amino acid sequencing of the N-terminal end of enterocin SE-K4 showed apparent sequence similarity to class IIa bacteriocins. Enterocin SE-K4 was active against E. faecium, E. faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium beijerinckii, and Listeria monocytogenes. Enterocin SE-K4 is very heat stable.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of two commercially available selective media to screen for vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

Campylobacter medium (CAMPY, Becton Dickinson [BD] Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) and Vancomycin Screen Agar (VSA, BD) were compared for their ability to screen for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) from primary plates. A microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay (Pasco, BD) served as the reference vancomycin MIC. In the random sample of 200 enterococcal clinical isolates tested, the distribution of isolates was as follows: Enterococcus faecium, 113 (97 VRE); Enterococcus faecalis, 71(12 VRE); Enterococcus gallinarum, 10; and Enterococcus casseliflavus, 6. Of the 75 vancomycin-susceptible strains, none grew on CAMPY and 4 grew on VSA, whereas all 109 VRE isolates grew on both screen plates. Of the 16 strains with a Van C phenotype, ie, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, 2 grew on CAMPY and 14 on VSA. Of the 899 clinical specimens plated onto both agars, 45 of 67 VRE were detected with both media, 20 were detected only with CAMPY and 2 were not detected by either screen plate. CAMPY compared with VSA as a primary plating medium was more sensitive and, when used to screen for VRE isolates from primary plates, was more specific for strains displaying Van A and B phenotypes.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2003

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a road map on how to prevent the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance.

Nosocomial acquisition of microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics represents a threat to patient safety. Here we review the mechanisms that have allowed highly resistant strains belonging to the Enterococcus genus to proliferate within our health-care institutions. These mechanisms indicate that decreasing the prevalence of resistant organisms requires active surveillance, adherence to vigorous isolation, hand hygiene and environmental decontamination measures, and effective antibiotic stewardship. We suggest how to tailor such a complex, multidisciplinary program to the needs of a particular health-care setting so as to maximize cost-effectiveness.

Animals↗