In re Jane, 22 December 1988.
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Australia↗
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Results for “decision intelligence”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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Avila v. New York Health and Hospitals Corporation, 22 July 1987.
The Supreme Court of New York held that an institution receiving federal funds and performing sterilizations may not arbitrarily prevent a mentally competent person and freely consenting individual from being sterilized. The plaintiff was a thirty-seven year old woman who, although mildly retarded, was not mentally incompetent under federal law.
Americas↗
In re T, 10 July 1987.
The subject of these proceedings was a nineteen year old severely mentally handicapped woman who had become pregnant, despite the close supervision of her mother and others. Her mother sought to have an abortion and sterilization performed since a psychiatrist found her daughter to have no comprehension of pregnancy and to be incapable of caring for a child. Unlike the case In re B (a Minor), the daughter had reached the age of majority and could not be made a ward of the court; thus there was no one to give consent to the operations. Nonetheless, the Court authorized the operations. It ruled that in exceptional cases when there was no one to consent and when a patient is suffering from a mental abnormality that prevents the giving of consent, a court can authorize operations consistent with good medical practice.
Abortion, Induced↗
Personal and social factors related to medical specialty practice.
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Adult↗
Development of conceptual knowledge in children with mental retardation.
Nine and 14-year-old children with mild mental retardation and children without mental retardation matched for mental and chronological age were first shown a novel category made up of five visual figures. They were then given a recognition test with a set containing the previously presented figures, novel category members, and the category prototype. The relative contribution of prototypical and exemplar-specific information to subjects' performance on the recognition test was evaluated. Results showed that the children without mental retardation employed both forms of information in arriving at a recognition decision whereas both of the retarded groups tended to rely only on prototype information. Use of exemplar-specific information was also found to be positively correlated with IQ and, in particular, with measures of short-term memory span.
Adolescent↗
A pilot study on transplant eligibility criteria: valuing the stories in numbers.
The medical and nursing literature often seem divided between numerical, qualitative studies, and quantitative, narrative-based case histories. Rarely are the numbers generated by the first informed by the experiences and insights offered by the second type of study. This paper reports on a pilot study carried out at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, on a methodology combining qualitative and quantitative data. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a type of multicriterion decision making, focus groups were used to analyze survey-based organ transplant eligibility criteria. Through this process, a portrait of the limits of that data was generated by staff members. Organ transplant eligibility was chosen because of its importance, and very public discussions arising from high profile cases in Canada and the United States.
Child↗
Cognitive late effect factors related to decision making and risk behaviors of cancer-surviving adolescents.
The purpose of this correlational study was to examine factors related to cognitive late effects of treatment that may be predictors of decision making and risk behaviors for cancer-surviving adolescents. A convenience sample of 52 survivors (ages 14-19 years, disease-free for 5 years, no treatment for 2 years, and with all types of cancer except primary brain tumors) participated in this study at two regional survivor follow-up clinics. A medical record review, a semistructured interview with the teen, and intelligence testing on a separate day were used to collect data. A history of cancer therapy threatening cognitive function (defined as > or = 18 gy of radiotherapy, intrathecal or high-dose systemic methotrexate, or both) was a marginally significant predictor of poorer-quality decision making in the first regression model. Poorer-quality decision making was a significant predictor of one or more risk behaviors in the second model. Younger age at initial treatment and lower cognitive ability (full-scale IQ) were not significant predictors for either of the models. There were no significant differences for the Wechsler IQ subtests related to abstract and analytic ability by cognitive threat status. Post hoc analysis indicated that lack of sensitivity to change of the Wechsler IQ measure may have affected outcomes. Abstract and/or analytic ability may be important links for decision making and risk behaviors of teen survivors, thus warranting further examination within a larger sample. Intervention to improve decision making needs to be provided for teen survivors; this may be true especially when there is a history of therapy threatening cognitive function.
Adolescent↗
Knowing that you know: an essay on mechanistic metaknowledge.
Humans are adept at providing accurate statements of confidence in their perceptual identification and recall memory responses. In spite of this, mechanical pattern-recognition systems and other artificial intelligence devices seldom express response certainty. The purpose of this paper is to show how useful confidence ratings can be in integrating the results of a variety of pattern-recognition systems to produce a single, optimal decision concerning the target to be recognized. We outline several ways neural network pattern-recognition systems could be modified to issue confidence ratings with each classification response. In sketching a mechanical system of confidence ratings we find we have also provided a preliminary framework for understanding human confidence judgments and human metacognition.
Artificial Intelligence↗
Forgoing treatment in an adult with no apparent treatment preferences: a case report.
This article reports in detail an ethics case consultation involving a decision to forgo life-sustaining treatment for a middle-aged man following a "massive" cerebral bleed resulting in profound brain damage, but not unconsciousness. An unusual feature of this case is that, despite normal intelligence, caring family relationships and a history of life-threatening cardiac disease, vigorous and sustained inquiry could not elicit any indications of this patient's values, perceptions or preferences regarding end of life care. Other than a deliberately autobiographical methodological prologue and a few brief comments at the end, the case is presented straightforwardly and without intercurrent analysis.
Brain Diseases↗
[Presentation of a system for computer-aided decision in diabetes therapeutics].
This paper presents Sphinx, an expert system for computer-aided diagnosis in diabetes therapeutic. This interactive program makes logic deductions, comprehensible for users and it is not necessary for them to know artificial intelligence methodology. An improvement of the first results is possible and necessary, but the reliability of the advice already expressed by the system makes it useful as a future physician's implement.
Computers↗
Reusable influence diagrams.
Influence Diagrams have been recognized as a suitable formalism for building probabilistic expert systems. Nevertheless, the most part of applications consists in stand-alone systems, concerning a very limited domain. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence research has outlined Blackboard Architectures as the basis for building expert systems in which several knowledge sources, in general built with different formalisms, cooperate to the solution of a complex task. This paper addresses the use of influence diagrams as knowledge sources of such a system, and particularly faces the problem of reusing the same influence diagram in different inference phases. We will show that, specially in planning tasks, the modularity requirement of keeping the knowledge sources separated, may imply that an influence diagram must call another influence diagram to solve itself and to maintain the coherence of the whole set of decisions underlying the plan. Conditions for the correctness of this concatenation of knowledge sources will be provided, and an example from the medical domain of therapy planning for Acute Myeloid Leukemia will be shown, as an implemented prototype exploiting these ideas.
Acute Disease↗
[Laparoscopic resections of malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract].
As the importance of laparoscopic surgery for benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract continues to grow, the application of this approach in cases of malignancy remains controversial. Although the concept of cancer recurrence in the area of surgical wounds is not new, the incidence of port site recurrence is the most obvious concern. Indications and contraindications for surgery as well as a standardized nomenclature describing the type of laparoscopic procedures being performed are some other issues that need to be clarified. Complete laparoscopic procedures or the combination of laparoscopy with open techniques can offer advantages and disadvantages that surgeons will have to take into consideration when making decisions. The skill of the operating team and the extent of disease define the boundaries of laparoscopic surgery possible. The continued research as well as development of intelligent instruments and standardized techniques might give laparoscopy a clear role in the treatment of abdominal malignancies.
Anastomosis, Surgical↗
Thomas: building Bayesian statistical expert systems to aid in clinical decision making.
Knowledge-based system for classical statistical analysis must separate the task of analyzing data from that of using the results of the analysis. In contrast, a Bayesian framework for building biostatistical expert system allows for the integration of the data-analytic and decision-making tasks. The architecture of such a framework entails enabling the system (1) to make its recommendations on decision-analytic grounds; (2) to construct statistical models dynamically; (3) to update a statistical model based on the user's prior beliefs and on data from, the methodological concerns evinced by, the study. This architecture permits the knowledge engineer to represent a variety of types of statistical and domain knowledge. Construction of such systems requires that the knowledge engineer reinterpret traditional statistical concerns, such as by replacing the notion of statistical significance with that of a pragmatic clinical threshold. The clinical user of such a system can interact with the system at a semantic level appropriate to her fund of methodological knowledge, rather than at the level of statistical details. We demonstrate these issues with a prototype system called THOMAS which helps a physician decision maker interpret the results of a published randomized clinical trial.
Artificial Intelligence↗
Speaker verification using committee neural networks.
Security is a major problem in web based access or remote access to data bases. In the present study, the technique of committee neural networks was developed for speech based speaker verification. Speech data from the designated speaker and several imposters were obtained. Several parameters were extracted in the time and frequency domains, and fed to neural networks. Several neural networks were trained and the five best performing networks were recruited into the committee. The committee decision was based on majority voting of the member networks. The committee opinion was evaluated with further testing data. The committee correctly identified the designated speaker in (50 out of 50) 100% of the cases and rejected imposters in (150 out of 150) 100% of the cases. The committee decision was not unanimous in majority of the cases tested.
Algorithms↗
Comment on Gadzella and Penland (1995): creativity and critical thinking.
The moderate correlations reported by Gadzella and Penland in 1995 for scores on the 16PF Creativity scale with scores in the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal are interpreted within the context of literature, suggesting the 16PF Creativity scale may be regarded as reflecting personality traits related to both cognitive style and decision making as well as general ability. This allows development of further hypotheses.
Creativity↗
The customer satisfaction factor: the value of conducting employee evaluations of managed care networks.
Gathering customer satisfaction information is an idea whose time has come. Employers conducting employee evaluations of their managed care networks find the data valuable from both a strategic and a tactical standpoint. The thoughtful, intelligent use of such data can lead to more effective health care management.
Consumer Behavior↗
Generation of dynamically configured check lists for intra-operative problems using a set of covering algorithms.
We present a prototype of a decision support system for anesthesia that applies set covering theory. The system is designed to generate dynamically configured check-lists for intra-operative problems. These lists have the potential to help anesthesiologists detect and manage problems in a timely manner. The items in the lists consist of major complications that should be considered for a particular case. A set covering algorithm that accommodates multiple problem sets was used to implement the prototype. A simulated case and the system behavior are presented. The ultimate goals of a system such as the one presented are to function as an intelligent alarm module for electronic monitors and to facilitate the task of correcting intra-operative problems.
Algorithms↗
Introduction to this special issue. Intelligent data analysis in electromyography and electroneurography.
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Data Interpretation, Statistical↗