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PubMed2006

Developmental concepts of nicotine addiction.

Piagetian interviewing techniques were used to explore concepts of nicotine addiction among 96 children and adolescents aged between 5 and 17 years. Verbal probes elicited each subject's most sophisticated level of reasoning about smoking and addiction. Responses were scored using the six developmentally ordered categories of the Developmental Conceptions of Addiction scoring system. Data indicate progression in conceptual reasoning about addiction consistent with Piagetian stages of cognitive development and physical causality. Age was associated with but not predictive of Developmental Conceptions of Addiction scores. Findings provide information that may be useful in designing more effective smoking prevention and cessation interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 4. Effect on physical self-concept and depression.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) paraplegia who participated in an electrical stimulation walking program experienced changes in measures of physical self-concept and depression. DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: Human SCI applied research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 12 men and 3 women with SCI paraplegia, mean age 28.75 +/- 6.6yrs and mean duration of injury 3.8 +/- 3.2yrs. INTERVENTION: Thirty-two FNS ambulation training sessions using a commercially available system (Parastep 1). The hybrid system consists of a microprocessor-controlled stimulator and a modified walking frame with finger-operated switches that permit the user to control the stimulation parameters and activate the stepping. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered before and after training. Only the Physical Self subscale of the TSCS was analyzed. After training, individual interviews were performed to assess participants' subjective reactions to the training program. RESULTS: A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that desired directional and statistically significant changes occurred on the Physical Self subscale of the TSCS (F(1,14) = 8.54, p < .011) and on the BDI (F(1,14) = 5.42, p < .035). CONCLUSIONS: Subsequent to the ambulation training program there were statistically significant increases in physical self-concept scores and decreases in depression scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The professional self concept of Korean hospital nurses.

From a background of strong North American influence in a country with deeply embedded customs, a collaborative study was initiated to examine and communicate to the international nursing community some of the characteristics and features of Korean nurses. Seven hundred Korean hospital nurses were administered an instrument aimed at examining their professional self concept, their self esteem and related demographic variables. Older, married graduates and those with more than 12 years nursing experience reported a higher professional self concept than their younger, unmarried, diploma and less experienced colleagues. Of concern was the small number (6%) of graduates who were over 35 years of age and who had worked for over 12 years. Useful information for clinicians, educators and nurse administrators is provided and useful data for future research to compare nursing samples, is offered. The instruments used in the study proved reliable and useful as a measure for examining the self-esteem and professional self concept of nurses.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Caring attributes, professional self concept and technological influences in a sample of Registered Nurses in eleven countries.

Caring, the theoretical foundation of nursing, is identified as one of the core values by Hospital Authorities world-wide to be actualised in clinical practice. Exactly how caring attributes relate to nurses' professional self image and quality nursing service in the context of a contemporary technological environment have yet to be operationalised. In total, 1957 Registered Nurses from 11 different countries were involved in the study which aimed to: develop an understanding of and compare the responses to items relating to caring, professional self concept and technological influences. To collect data an instrument containing 104 Likert items was administered to RNs working in general hospitals. The instrument contained sections which examined professional self concept, technological influences and caring attributes. Descriptive and inferential statistics revealed that many of the Asian nurses in the sample were younger, had less experience yet were more qualified than their 'western' colleagues. The mean scores for the caring attributes for nurses from the Philippines, Sweden and South Africa were significantly higher than those from China (Beijing), Korea, China (Hong Kong) and Scotland. The Korean sample demonstrated the lowest mean score for professional self concept while the New Zealand sample the highest. The Australian, Canadian, NZ, Scotland and Swedish samples were strongly of the opinion that the increase in technology has not brought about the any more spare time in nursing and generally had a more negative opinion about the influence of technology when compared to those from China (Beijing), Philippines, China (Hong Kong) and Singapore. The results are discussed in the light of the cultural differences in the sample and recommendations for future research are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Self-concept, body image, and use of unconventional therapies in patients with gynaecological malignancies in the state of complete remission and recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: Are there differences in self-concept and body image in patients with cancer recurrence in comparison to patients with complete remission? What impact has cancer recurrence on use, users and non-users of unconventional cancer therapies? PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and nine patients with no evidence of disease after gynaecological cancer and sixty-one patients with recurrent disease were analysed for self-concept with the Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen and body image with the Frankfurter Körperkonzeptskalen. Use and motivation for unconventional therapies was assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: With respect to frequency of use and expected benefits of unconventional therapies no differences were observed between the groups. However, cancer recurrence was found to induce considerable changes of self-concept and body image, some indicating even positive changes due to cancer recurrence. CONCLUSION: It may be beneficial to consider body therapy and psychotherapy as a mean to improve body image and self-esteem in cases with cancer recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Before the paradigm shift: concepts and communication between doctors and nurses in a burns team.

The evolution of care delivered by a multidisciplinary burns team is a function of the effectiveness of the professional communication between team members. In this exercise, we have explored concepts and communication between nurses and doctors in a burns team. Loosely structured weekly meetings were held over a 4-month period. The explicit objective was to determine and define the current model of burns care in a regional burn centre. The implicit objective, however, was to develop a mutual appreciation of actual and potential problems in communication. Consensus task identification was achieved at the end of each meeting with full compliance in completing the tasks before the next meeting. Although there was a unanimous commitment to the team concept, traditional, professional, paradigms persist. For nurses, the concept of holistic modelling predominated, whilst the disease centred paradigm remained the focus of medical modelling. Linguistic, cultural and professional barriers to effective communication were identified but did not readily conform to prior expectations. Experience in burns care can transcend these barriers more effectively than a common culture or profession. In conclusion, team work and team building is a complex process that can benefit from an ongoing process of re-evaluation. An obvious yet common error is to assume a level of mutual understanding that does not in fact exist. Stepping aside to re-explore fundamental principles on which team members base their personal and professional practice can help in elucidating and determining new paradigms of care, which can be evaluated and appropriately implemented. The consensus conclusion was that this approach was a very valuable investment in time in pursuing excellence in the field of burns care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

A scale to measure the impact of a schizophrenic illness on an individual's self-concept.

This study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the Modified Engulfment Scale (MES) which measures the impact of schizophrenia on self-concept. The concept of engulfment offers a theoretical framework for understanding how a person's self-concept incorporates the experience of mental illness. In a homogeneous sample of 100 outpatients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder increased engulfment was found to correlate positively with hopelessness and low self-esteem and negatively with self-efficacy. In addition, clinical findings revealed that increased levels of engulfment were associated with an earlier age of onset, a longer illness, a greater number of hospitalizations and decreased social adjustment. These results suggest that individuals with a more severe form of the illness are vulnerable to engulfment. The study results also show substantial evidence for the reliability and validity of the MES.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Involvement in Special Olympics and its relations to self-concept and actual competency in participants with developmental disabilities.

The current study examined the relations among components of a physical activity program, Special Olympics (SO), and the self-concepts (i.e., perceived physical competence, social acceptance, and general self-worth) and adaptive behaviors of individuals with developmental disabilities. This research can assist in the development of theoretical models of how physical activity programs can be implemented to effect psychological change. Participants consisted of a randomly selected group of 97 individuals with developmental disabilities, between 9 and 43 years of age, and their parents. Participants' self-concepts and adaptive behaviors were measured both by direct interview and parental report. Examined program components consisted of the length of time affiliated to the organization, number of competitions attended, of hours spent in training, of sports, and of medals obtained. Multiple regression analyses suggest relations between specific components of SO and participants' self-concepts and adaptive behaviors. These relations highlight the importance of competition and sport for individuals with developmental disabilities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Representations of health concepts: a cognitive perspective.

OBJECTIVE: This paper studies the differences between controlled medical vocabularies that are designed as external artifacts and the mental concepts that are inside users' heads and used by users for reasoning, decision making, diagnosis, and treatment. DESIGN: The major theories of concept representations developed in cognitive science were reviewed, analyzed, and compared with the major controlled medical vocabularies developed in medicine. RESULTS: It was found that there are significant mismatches between controlled medical vocabularies that are designed as external artifacts and the mental concepts that are inside users' heads and used by users for reasoning, decision making, diagnosis, and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Controlled medical vocabularies should be designed with systematical considerations of the cognitive structures and processes of the users. Without such considerations, the designed vocabularies will not be appropriate for people because they are hard to use, although they may or may not be appropriate for machine processing.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of concept mapping on critical thinking in baccalaureate nursing students.

This article describes a quasi-experimental study that used a pretest-posttest design with a control group to evaluate the effectiveness of concept mapping in developing critical thinking skills in baccalaureate nursing students. A convenience sample (n = 76) was randomly assigned to experimental (n = 44) and control (n = 32) groups. The experimental group was taught to use concept mapping of patient information to prepare for clinical experiences. The control group was taught to use traditional nursing care plans. Critical thinking skills were measured with the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, which yielded six scores: an overall score and five subscales (analysis, evaluation, inference, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning). A significant difference (p <.05) was found between the mean pretest and posttest scores and each subscale. Post hoc tests found differences between groups to be insignificant, while various differences within a group were significant. Experimental-group scores improved significantly (p <.05) on the overall score and the analysis and evaluation subscales, while control-group scores improved significantly only on the evaluation subscale and declined significantly on the inference subscale. The findings suggest that concept mapping is effective in helping students develop critical thinking skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of a cooperative-creative program of assertive behavior and self-concept.

This study examined the effects of a game program of assertive behavior, helpful behavior, and self-concept in children aged 8 to 10. A pretest-intervention-posttest design was used with a sample of 126 experimental and 28 control subjects. Three instruments were administered before and after intervention: the Children's Assertive Behavior Scale, Sensitivity Scale, and the Adjective Check List. Assertive behavior, helpful behavior, and self-concept were the dependent variables. Intervention consisted of a group play-session carried out once a week during the whole academic year. The program's games encourage children to cooperate and share, as well as to develop creative play. The program included presentation, communication, help, cooperation, creativity, and emotional expression games. Results of multiple variance analyses suggest that the program caused significant improvement in assertive behavior (p < .001) and self-concept (p < .01). This paper reveals empirical evidence of the positive contribution of cooperative-creative play to child development.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1976

Causal priority of social desirability over self-concept: a cross-lagged correlation analysis.

The study examined the causal relationship between social desirability (SD) and self-concept (SC). Two self-report instruments--Crandall's Children's Social Desirability Scale and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale--were administered before and after a 9-month therapeutic treatment designed to enhance self-concept. Subjects were 57 upper elementary pupils in a laboratory research school. Three hypotheses were proposed: (a) There is a positive correlation between SD and SC; (b) SD is more stable across time than SC; and (c) SD is causally prior to SC. Cross-lagged panel correlation analysis supported all three hypotheses. Discussion centers on a causal explanation of the distorting effect of SD upon SC scores.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Self-related problems beyond the self-concept: motivational consequences of discrepant self-guides.

This article considers emotional-motivational predispositions associated with self-beliefs other than the self-concept. Specifically, we examined the consequences of a chronic conflict between two valued selves. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people who possess conflicting standards or self-guides are vulnerable to a particular type of psychological discomfort. We found that subjects possessing discrepant self-guides experienced significantly more frequently the cluster of emotional-motivational problems predicted to be related to a chronic double approach-avoidance conflict (feeling muddled, indecisive, distractible, unsure of self or goals, rebellious, confused about identity) than did subjects without such a discrepancy. Evidence is presented that this specific relation is independent of self-concept-related beliefs and problems. However, evidence is also presented that self-guide-self-guide discrepancies influence the nature of the self-concept, which may reflect subjects' chronic difficulties with self-assessment along a dimension described by this type of discrepancy.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making.

Tested the hypothesis that induced conceptions of ability as a stable entity or as an acquirable skill would affect self-regulatory mechanisms governing performance in a simulated organization. Ss served as managerial decision makers in which they had to match employees to subfunctions and to discover and apply managerial rules to achieve a difficult level of organizational performance. Those who performed the challenging managerial task under an entity conception of ability suffered a loss in perceived self-efficacy, lowered their organizational goals, and became less efficient in their analytic strategies. Ss who managed the organization under an acquirable skill conception of ability sustained their perceived self-efficacy, set challenging organizational goals, and used analytic strategies effectively. These divergences in self-regulatory factors were accompanied by substantial differences in organizational performance. Path analysis revealed that perceived self-efficacy had both a direct effect on organizational performance and an indirect effect through its influence on analytic strategies. Personal goals also affected organizational performance through the mediation of analytic strategies. The relation of prior organizational performance to subsequent performance was mediated entirely by the combined influence of the self-regulatory factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Self-concept change and self-presentation: the looking glass self is also a magnifying glass.

Studies 1 and 2 showed that identical behaviors had greater impact on the self-concept when performed publicly rather than privately. That is, the self-concept is more likely to change by internalizing public behavior than by internalizing behavior that is identical but lacks the interpersonal context. The self-concept change extends even to behavioral changes and occurs even when participants are unaware of being observed. In addition, those who are high in self-monitoring are more likely to internalize their behavior than those who are low in self-monitoring. Study 3 provided evidence about what components of a public situation affect the internalization of behavior. Choice about making the self-portrayal, drawing on episodes from one's own past rather than relying on a yoked script, and expecting future interaction with the audience all increased the internalization of a public behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Longitudinal multilevel models of the big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept: counterbalancing contrast and reflected-glory effects in Hong Kong schools.

Longitudinal multilevel path models (7,997 students, 44 high schools, 4 years) evaluated effects of school-average achievement and perceived school status on academic self-concept in Hong Kong, which has a collectivist culture with a highly achievement-segregated high school system. Consistent with a priori predictions based on the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE), higher school-average achievements led to lower academic self-concepts (contrast effect), whereas higher perceived school status had a counterbalancing positive effect on self-concept (reflected-glory, assimilation effect). The negative BFLPE is the net effect of counterbalancing influences, stronger negative contrast effects, and weaker positive assimilation effects so that controlling perceived school status led to purer--and even more negative--contrast effects. Attending a school where school-average achievement is high simultaneously resulted in a more demanding basis of comparison for one's own accomplishments (the stronger negative contrast effect) and a source of pride (the weaker positive assimilation effect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial impact of illness intrusiveness moderated by self-concept and age in end-stage renal disease.

This study assesses whether a person's self-concept as a "chronic kidney patient" differentially moderates the psychosocial impact of illness intrusiveness--illness-induced lifestyle disruptions--across the life span. Renal transplant (n = 52) and maintenance dialysis patients (n = 49) completed the illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale, a semantic-differential self-concept measure, and structured interviews measuring psychosocial well-being and emotional distress. Across ages, distress rose with increasing illness intrusiveness when self-concept was similar, but not dissimilar, to the chronic kidney patient stereotype. The relation between illness intrusiveness and psychosocial well-being differed significantly between younger and older respondents depending on whether they construed themselves as similar versus dissimilar to the chronic kidney patient. Although self-definition moderates the psychosocial impact of chronic disease, this varies across the life span and across affect states.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Children's concepts of physical illness: a review and critique of the cognitive-developmental literature.

Cognitive-developmental studies relevant to children's concepts of physical illness are reviewed and critiqued. Although numerous methodological weaknesses make firm conclusions difficult, most data appear to suggest that children's concepts of illness do evolve in a systematic and predictable sequence consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Methodological weaknesses identified include poor description of samples, assessment instruments, and procedures; lack of control over potential observer bias, expectancy effects, and other confounding variables; and minimal attention to reliability and validity issues. Increased methodological rigor and a further explication of the specific and unique ways in which children's concepts of illness develop over the course of cognitive development could substantially increase the value of these studies for professionals in pediatric health care settings.

Adolescent↗