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PubMed1999

Medium-chain triglyceride loading test in carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency: insights on treatment.

The results of a medium-chain triglyceride loading test in a patient with severe carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency clearly demonstrated impaired in vivo utilization of medium-chain triglycerides. The loading test was performed at the ages of 7 and 36 months. The diet was adjusted accordingly. The clinical course has been favourable and the child is now in very good condition at age 4 years. We conclude that the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides is only partial in carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and cannot reasonably be considered an optimal source of energy for these patients. Careful adjustment of dietetic treatment may help to improve prognosis.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2000

Effects of very long chain versus long chain triglycerides on gastrointestinal motility and hormone release in humans.

Fish oil (a very long chain triglycerides, VLCT) has received much attention because of its favorable metabolic properties; however, its effect on gastrointestinal function has not been studied. We investigated the effects of intraduodenally administered VLCT on gut-hormone release [cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin, peptide YY (PYY)], gallbladder emptying, antroduodenal motility, and small bowel transit time (SBTT) in comparison to intraduodenal administration of saline and long chain triglycerides (LCT, corn oil) in nine healthy volunteers. Gallbladder contraction duration was significantly shorter after VLCT than after LCT (138 +/- 16 min vs 233 +/- 38 min, P < 0.05). Both fats induced a fed motility pattern, while SBTT was not significantly altered. CCK secretion was significantly reduced after VLCT compared to LCT (36 +/- 12 pM x 120 min vs 78 +/- 15 pM x 120 min, P < 0.05), whereas PYY and neurotensin release were not significantly different. In conclusion, effects of triglycerides on CCK and gallbladder motility appear to be chain-length dependent, in contrast to the effects on distal gut-hormone release and intestinal motility and transit, which appear to be chain-length independent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Fat emulsions based on structured lipids (1,3-specific triglycerides): an investigation of the in vivo fate.

PURPOSE: Structured lipids (1,3-specific triglycerides) are new chemical entities made by enzymatic transesterification of the fatty acids in the 1,3 positions of the triglyceride. The purpose of this study is to characterize structured lipids with either short chain fatty acids or medium chain fatty acids in the 1,3 positions with regard to their hydrophobicity, and investigate the in vivo fate in order to evaluate the potential of structured lipids as core material in fat emulsions used as parenteral drug delivery system. METHODS: The lipids were characterized by employing reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The biodistribution of radioactively labeled emulsions was studied in rats. RESULTS: By employing high performance liquid chromatography a rank order of the hydrophobicities of the lipids could be given, with the triglycerides containing long chain fatty acids being the most hydrophobic and the structured lipid with short chain fatty acids in the 1,3 positions the least. When formulated as fat emulsions, the emulsion based on structured lipids with short fatty acids in the 1,3 positions was removed slower from the general blood circulation compared to emulsions based on lipids with long chain fatty acids in the 1,3 positions. CONCLUSIONS: The type of core material influences the in vivo circulation time of fat emulsions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides on antroduodenal motility and small bowel transit time in man.

UNLABELLED: Medium-chain triglycerides are known to induce diarrhea, possibly resulting from accelerated intestinal transit. We performed antroduodenal manometry and lactulose hydrogen breath testing simultaneously in eight healthy subjects in order to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain triglycerides (LCT) on gastrointestinal motility and small bowel transit time. LCT (15 mmol/hr) induced a fed motor pattern. In contrast, during MCT, in both equimolar (15 mmol/hr; MCT-1) and equicaloric (30 mmol/hr; MCT-2) amounts comparable to LCT, interdigestive motility was preserved but with a significantly (P < 0.05) shorter MMC cycle length (MCT-1, 65 +/- 7 min; MCT-2, 53 +/- 6 min) compared to control (saline infusion; 127 +/- 14 min). Duodenocecal transit time (DCTT) was significantly (P < 0.05) accelerated during administration of MCT (MCT-1, 56 +/- 6 min; MCT-2, 69 +/- 9 min) and was not affected by LCT (105 +/- 13 min) when compared to control (101 +/- 9 min). IN CONCLUSION: MCT, in contrast to LCT, preserve interdigestive motility with a shorter MMC cycle length and accelerate DCTT.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1997

Hyperglycemia affects gastric electrical rhythm and nausea during intraduodenal triglyceride infusion.

Hyperglycemia slows gastric emptying and increases the intensity of perception of gastric distension during fasting and small intestinal nutrient stimulation. In order to examine the possibility that abnormalities of gastric electrical rhythm may be associated with the effects of hyperglycemia, the gastric electrical rhythm (cutaneous electrogastrogram) and the perception rating scores for upper gastrointestinal sensations (visual analog scale) were examined. Studies were performed during intraduodenal triglyceride infusion in 10 healthy volunteers under euglycemic and hyperglycemic (approximately 15 mmol/liter) conditions. During fasting, hyperglycemia had no effect on either gastric electrical rhythm or sensation. Intraduodenal triglyceride infusion was associated with an increase in bradygastria (<2.4 cpm) during both euglycemia (33 +/- 9%) and hyperglycemia (36 +/- 10%, P < 0.05 vs baseline for each). During intraduodenal triglyceride infusion, tachygastria (>3.6 cpm) was more prevalent during hyperglycemia when compared to euglycemia (25 +/- 10% vs 1 +/- 1%, P < 0.05) and the perception rating scores for nausea and abdominal discomfort were greater during hyperglycemia (P < 0.05 for both). The intensity of nausea correlated with the proportion of time spent in tachygastria (r = 0.64, P < 0.01). These data are consistent with the concept that postprandial upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus may be modulated by the blood glucose concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative trait locus analysis of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in KK x RR F2 mice.

A previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) study on hyperlipidemia in C57BL/6J x KK-Ay/a F2 mice identified three significant cholesterol QTLs (Cq1 and Cq2 on chromosome 1, and Cq3 on chromosome 3), and a suggestive triglyceride QTL on chromosome 9. An alternative analysis of this study identified a novel cholesterol QTL on chromosome 9 (Cq4), and a significant triglyceride QTL on chromosome 9 (Tgq1). In the present study, QTL analysis was performed on KK x RR F2 mice. A significant cholesterol QTL (Cq5, lod score 5.6) was identified on chromosome 9, and a significant triglyceride QTL (Tgq2, lod score 4.7) was identified on chromosome 8. The Cq5 locus was mapped to a region similar to the Cq4 locus. On the other hand, the Tgq2 locus overlapped with the QTL region responsible for glucose intolerance (Giq1) that was identified in a previous study. The results suggest that a different combination of QTLs is involved in the trait when a different counterpart strain is used. Identification of distinct, but related traits in an identical chromosomal region will facilitate revealing the responsible gene.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Serum free carnitine and total triglycerid levels in children with iron deficiency anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia and hyperlipidemia are common public health problems in Turkey. The connection between iron and lipid metabolisms has not been clarified yet. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of iron deficiency on carnitine and lipid metabolism. Study group was consisted of 70 children (mean age 14.7 +/- 1.3 months) suffering from iron deficiency anemia and 20 healthy children (mean age 13.7 +/- 1.2 months) attended to outpatient clinics of Cumhuriyet University, Sivas were enrolled the study as the control group. Assessments of serum free carnitine concentrations, total triglyceride, total cholesterol and VLDL levels were made in both groups. The mean serum free carnitine concentration was significantly lower than the control group (18.9 +/- 0.43 nmol/ml and 45.9 +/- 1.47 nmol/ml respectively, t = 17.5 p < 0.01). Results of our study also indicated higher serum total triglyceride, total cholesterol and VLDL levels in iron deficient patients than the healthy controls. Regression analyses indicated a negative correlation between serum free carnitine and total triglyceride levels in iron deficient patients. This study confirms that iron deficiency anemia may be linked to the endogenous carnitine synthesis in pediatric age group, and thus hyperlipidemia appears to be a risk factor for premature cardiovascular diseases.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1980

Impaired plasma triglyceride clearance as a feature of both uremic and posttransplant triglyceridemia.

After accurate plasma volume calculation, endogenous plasma very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride turnover rates were measured in 20 undialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and in 16 renal transplant recipients with stable graft function. When kinetic criteria were based on a group of healthy subjects (Vmax = 36.7 mumoles/hr/kg), it was clear that, on the whole, CRF patients had a reduced capacity for VLDL-triglyceride removal (Vmax = 14.0 mumoles/hr/kg), as did graft recipients (Vmax = 19.5 mumoles/hr/kg). In transplant recipients with impaired graft function, however, extremes of both under removal and over production of VLDL-triglycerides were observed. In CRF, defective clearance was accompanied by a reduction in postheparin lipoprotein and hepatic lipase activities, although there was no statistical relationship. Enzyme activities were not reduced, however, after transplantation, and the metabolic factors responsible for defective clearance were not clearly identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Decreased uncoupling protein expression and intramyocytic triglyceride depletion in formerly obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the muscular uncoupling protein expression 2 (UCP2) and UCP3 gene expression in morbid obese subjects before and after bariatric surgery [bilio-pancreatic diversion (BPD)]. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Eleven obese subjects (BMI = 49 +/- 2 kg/m(2)) were studied before BPD and 24 months after BPD. Skeletal muscle UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA was measured using reverse transcriptase-competitive polymerase chain reaction and UCP3 protein by Western blotting. Intramyocytic triglycerides were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in a respiratory chamber. RESULTS: After BPD, the average weight loss was approximately 38%. Nonprotein RQ was increased in the postobese subjects (0.73 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.02, p < 0.001). The intramyocytic triglyceride level dropped (3.66 +/- 0.16 to 1.60 +/- 0.29 mg/100 mg of fresh tissue, p < 0.0001) after BPD. Expression of UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA was significantly reduced (from 35.9 +/- 6.1% to 18.6 +/- 4.5% of cyclophilin, p = 0.02; from 60.2 +/- 14.0% to 33.4 +/- 8.5%, p = 0.03; respectively). UCP3 protein content was also significantly reduced (272.19 +/- 84.13 vs. 175.78 +/- 60.31, AU, p = 0.04). A multiple regression analysis (R(2) = 0.90) showed that IMTG levels (p = 0.007) represented the most powerful independent variable for predicting UCP3 variation. DISCUSSION: The strong correlation of UCP expression and decrease in IMTG levels suggests that triglyceride content plays an even more important role in the regulation of UCP gene expression than the circulating levels of free fatty acids or the achieved degree of weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of a long-term fat-modified diet on serum lipoprotein levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in patients on home haemodialysis.

1. Changes in serum total and lipoprotein fraction triglyceride and cholesterol levels were studied in 24 adults on home haemodialysis. Half the patients were randomly allocated to a low cholesterol (mean 200 mg/day), fat-modified diet (mean polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio of 1.0 with a mean of 43% of the total energy content derived from fat). 2. Before dietary manipulation, triglyceride levels in all lipoprotein fractions were significantly higher (P less than 0.02) than in a control group of age and sex matched normal subjects. Total cholesterol, very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were also significantly raised (P less than 0.02), but high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was normal. In the patients on a fat-modified diet triglyceride levels did not alter in any of the lipoprotein fractions. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels fell significantly into the normal range (P less than 0.002 and less tha 0.001 respectively) but VLDL and HDL cholesterol levels did not change. 3. Hypertriglyceridaemia is the most common lipid abnormality in patients with renal failure and a long-term fat-modified diet is, therefore, of limited therapeutic importance in these patients unless there is a low HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Palmitic acid oxidation and incorporation into triglyceride by needle liver biopsy specimens from control subjects and patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease.

A micro-technique was developed to measure fatty acid oxidation in vitro and to investigate its possible derangement in alcoholic fatty liver disease. Percutaneous liver biopsy specimens were obtained from nine control subjects and 28 alcoholic patients with mild to severe fatty liver. Fresh tissue (10-15 mg) was incubated at 37 degrees C for 90 min in a sealed reaction flask containing 1.92 mmol/l [1-14C]palmitic acid (1-2 microCi) and 1% essentially fatty acid free albumin in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4. Radiolabelled CO2 and perchloric acid-soluble ketone bodies were isolated and counted. CO2 production was markedly reduced in alcoholic patients with mild and severe fatty liver compared with controls. This depression was reversed by the addition of malate to the reaction flask but not by carnitine or coenzyme A. Ketone body production was similar in controls and patients with mild and severe fatty liver. After the incubation in vitro, the tissue was extracted with chloroform/methanol and the triglyceride fraction isolated by thin layer chromatography and counted for radioactivity. The rate of palmitic acid incorporation into triglyceride was higher in alcoholic patients, particularly those with severe fatty infiltration, compared with controls. It is suggested that alcoholic fatty liver is accompanied by a progressive reduction in palmitic acid oxidation with the major defect occurring in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In contrast, the rate of palmitic acid esterification into triglyceride is enhanced.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Partial conservation of the sn-2 position of dietary triglycerides in fasting plasma lipids in humans.

The authors investigated the effect of the position of fatty acids within dietary triglycerides on the composition of plasma lipids. Sixty volunteers consumed two diets of equal fatty acid compositions for 3 weeks each. In the palm oil diet 82% of palmitic acid was attached to the sn-1 and sn-3, and 18% to the sn-2 position of glycerol. In the diet rich in a palm oil analogue, Betapol, these figures were 35% and 65% respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid in palm oil were mainly in the sn-2 position, and in Betapol mainly in the sn-1 and sn-3 position. The proportion of palmitic acid in the 2 position of fasting plasma triglycerides was 10·2 g 100 g-1 on palm oil and 12·3 on Betapol; that of oleic acid was 46·dot 9 vs. 43·6 (P < 0·0001). Overall oleic acid content of triglycerides was 1·4 g 100 g-1 lower on Betapol than on palm oil (P = 0·002). Betapol increased palmitic and palmitoleic acid in cholesteryl esters by 1 g 100 g-1 (P < 0·0001) at the expense of oleic and linoleic acid. The positional configuration of dietary fatty acids has small but consistent effects on lipid metabolism that persist beyond fat absorption and chylomicron clearance.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

In vitro and in vivo lipolysis of plasma triglycerides increases the resistance to oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins.

BACKGROUND: The majority of studies on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size and susceptibility to oxidative modification have been either descriptive or interventional, but there are few mechanistic studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effects of exhaustive in vitro and in vivo lipolysis of serum and plasma triglycerides, respectively, by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were investigated in healthy normotriglyceridemic men. The LDL end-product of lipolysis of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) underwent compositional analysis, gradient gel electrophoresis and an assessment of resistance to copper-induced oxidative modification. RESULTS: The LDL particle contents of free fatty acid and alpha-tocopherol increased, whereas the contents of free and esterified cholesterol, alpha-carotene and coenzyme Q10 decreased upon incubation of serum with LPL in vitro. The LDL particle size decreased and the resistance to the oxidative modification of LDL increased. Lipolysis of plasma triglycerides in vivo, achieved by intravenous injection of heparin, did not alter the LDL particle size but increased the resistance to the oxidative modification of LDL. This change was accompanied by an increase in the LDL particle content of alpha-tocopherol, whereas the free fatty acid content was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the increased resistance to oxidative modification of LDL after lipolysis of plasma triglycerides was concomitant with an increased LDL particle content of alpha-tocopherol, and that free fatty acids did not seem to contribute to the increased resistance to oxidative modification of LDL in vivo. Furthermore, our data indicate that the resistance of LDL to oxidative modification is not dependent on particle size.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Significant dominance of fibrinogen over immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein, cholesterol and triglycerides in maintaining increased red blood cell adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral venous blood: a model in hypercholesterolaemic patients.

BACKGROUND: It is not clear what is the relative importance of fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations on the appearance of aggregated red blood cells in the peripheral blood. DESIGN: Six hypercholesterolaemic patients undergoing regular LDL apheresis that were examined repeatedly before and following the procedure. RESULTS: We determined the degree of erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation in relation to the concentration of the above-mentioned macromolecules in 80 samples. In a linear logistic regression the respective R2 values for fibrinogen, total cholesterol, triglycerides, hs-CRP, IgG, IgM and IgA were 0.45 (P<0.0001), 0.2 (P<0.0001), 0.02 (P=0.02), 0.001 (P=NS) and 0.002 (P=NS), respectively. We further analyzed the potential of ApoA, ApoB and Lpa to participate in red cell adhesiveness/aggregation and found them to be not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In a milieu of adhesive macromolecules, lipids and inflammation-sensitive proteins including fibrinogen, total cholesterol, triglycerides, hs-CRP and immunoglobins G, M and A, fibrinogen has a dominant role in maintaining the red blood cell adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral venous blood. These findings are relevant for the research directed at finding new apheretic modalities to reduce the degree of red blood cell adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral blood.

Blood Component Removal↗
PubMed2000

The Q/E27 polymorphism in the beta2-adrenoceptor gene is associated with increased body weight and dyslipoproteinaemia involving triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether a substitution of glutamine by glutamic acid at amino acid position 27 (Q/E27) and an arginine to glycine transition at amino acid 16 (R/G16) in the beta2-adrenoceptor gene are associated with lipid and lipoprotein disturbances and/or increased body weight in men. DESIGN: Population-based study. SETTING: Department of medicine at a university hospital. SUBJECTS: A total of 180 healthy men, aged 30-45 years, were recruited at random from a register containing all permanent residents in Stockholm County (response rate of 70%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of beta2-adrenoceptor genotypes and alleles in relation to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and body mass index. RESULTS: Individuals carrying the E27 allele and/or the G16 allele had significantly higher body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, carriers of the E27 allele had significantly higher plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol and VLDL triglycerides than did subjects homozygous for the Q allele. CONCLUSION: The E27 allele of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene is associated with slightly to moderately elevated BMI and dyslipoproteinaemia involving triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in healthy younger and middle-aged men.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Twenty-four-hour patterns of hormones and metabolites in week 9 and 19 of lactation in high-yielding dairy cows fed triglycerides and free fatty acids.

Effects of feeding crystalline triglycerides (TGA), free fatty acids (FFA), and a starch-rich ration (STA) on metabolite and hormone concentrations in blood plasma were studied in high-yielding dairy cows over a 24-h period in week 9 and 19 of lactating. Energy-corrected milk production in the three groups was similar, but was lower in week 19 than in week 9. Energy and protein intakes were greater in week 9 than in week 19, but energy and protein balances in the three groups and in weeks 9 and 19 were similar. Plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations were lower in week 9 than in week 19. In cows fed FFA, glucose concentrations were highest in week 9. Plasma triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were highest, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were lowest in FFA-fed cows in weeks 9 and 19. Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in week 19 were lower in cows fed TGA and FFA than in those fed the starch-rich ration. Post-prandial responses were usually greater following morning than afternoon meals. Fructosamine, albumin, urea, growth hormone, thyroxine, and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine concentrations were similar in weeks 9 and 19 and were not influenced by dietary treatment or feeding times. In conclusion, there were distinct metabolic and endocrine effects of feeding TGA and FFA compared with STA and the concentrations as well as the 24-h changes of various metabolic and endocrine traits in weeks 9 and 19 of lactation were also different.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1999

Erythropoietin supplement increases plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase levels in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: We reported in previous studies that plasma triglyceride levels, as well as remnant-like particles-cholesterol (RLP-C) and -triglyceride (RLP-TG) levels, were significantly lower in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients treated with erythropoietin (EPO) than in HD patients treated without EPO. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the improvements in abnormal RLP metabolism in HD patients. This study investigates whether EPO supplement therapy in cases of uremic anemia increases the plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) levels in HD patients. METHODS: Twenty HD patients who had not previously received EPO were divided into two groups according to the stage of HD: 12 at the initial stage, defined as a mean HD duration of 0.35 +/- 0.68 months (range of 0 to 2.47 months), and 8 at the maintenance stage, defined as a mean HD duration of 114.1 +/- 91.9 months (range of 13.0 to 253.9 months). Fasting plasma was collected from the HD patients prior to the start of the EPO supplement therapy and at one month after the therapy. RLP-C levels were determined using a RLP-C JIMRO II kit. Fasting plasma was also collected from the HD patients 10 minutes after an intravenous injection of heparin (30 U/kg body wt). Plasma LPL levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay, and HTGL levels were determined using a modified version of the Hernell et al method. RESULTS: Plasma RLP-C levels showed a tendency to decrease after the start of the EPO supplement therapy in HD patients at the maintenance stage. Plasma LPL levels were significantly higher in the two groups of HD patients one month after the start of the EPO supplement therapy than in the same patients prior to the start of the EPO supplement therapy. Plasma HTGL levels were significantly higher in HD patients at the maintenance stage one month after the start of the EPO supplement therapy than in HD patients at the maintenance stage prior to the start of the EPO supplement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the EPO supplement therapy may reduce plasma RLP-C levels by increasing the plasma LPL and HTGL levels in maintenance-stage HD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Antitumor effect of medium-chain triglyceride and its influence on the self-defense system of the body.

Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), long-chain triglyceride (LCT), and their mixture were compared in reference to both cytotoxic effect against human tumor cells and influence on the immune system. MCT showed more potent cytotoxicity than LCT. Continuous contact with MCT also inhibited the cytotoxic effect of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells much more strongly than LCT. However, there is a discrepancy between the concentration of MCT, or the mixture, that could suppress the growth of tumor cells and the concentration that inhibited the cytotoxicity of LAK cells. Moreover, no damage was observed in PBL or LAK cells or in their cytotoxicity when the cells were incubated with TG for 2 h a day. Thus, short-term contact with TG could inhibit tumor growth while immune system was maintained within normal range. Clinically fine control of the concentration of injected triglycerides, especially MCT, can be expected to provide potent antitumor effect and maintenance of normal immune system.

Antineoplastic Agents↗