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PubMed1993

Ultrastructure of the human anogenital "sweat" gland.

A newly described type of cutaneous gland occurring in the human anogenital region was investigated in specimens from the vulva by electron microscopy. This gland, which is characterized by a long excretory duct opening at the skin surface, by a wide coiled secretory part with multiple lateral extensions in the form of diverticula and branches lined by a two-layered pseudostratified epithelium of myoepithelium, and by a luminal layer of tall columnar cells with conspicuous "snouts," could not be categorized as an eccrine, apocrine, or mammary gland. Electron microscopy confirmed its separate position by showing that the luminal layer of secretory cells with prominent cytoplasmic caps had elaborately folded lateral membranes, occasional canaliculi, and a large number of uniform electron-lucent to moderately electron-dense secretory granules as part of a probable merocrine secretion. The excretory duct showed a poorly developed cuticular border. This combination of ultra-structural features is alien to the other tubular cutaneous glands. The function of this anogenital "sweat" gland remains obscure, but the presence of these granules suggests a secretion product that is different from that of other cutaneous glands.

Breast↗
PubMed2003

Sentinel lymph node analysis in patients with sweat gland carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy (SLNB) has become a standard staging procedure for patients with cutaneous neoplasms of known metastatic potential. In the current study, the authors explored the use of SLNB in patients with primary sweat gland carcinomas (SGCs). METHODS: Six patients with SGC underwent SLNB. The tumors and lymph nodes were examined using routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections and by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratins. RESULTS: Metastases were detected in the SLNs of four of the six patients with SGC. One patient with a primary tumor of the neck was found to have bilateral positive SLNs. Tumor deposits were detected by H&E stained sections alone in all but two SLNs, in which the metastatic cells were recognized only with the aid of immunohistochemical stains. Positive non-SLNs were found in two patients after complete regional lymph node dissection was performed. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of positive SLNs in this small series suggests that SLNB is a useful staging tool for patients with SGC. As in SLNBs of other tumors, immunohistochemistry appears to facilitate the recognition of small microscopic metastases.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sweat gland carcinoma with hypercalcemia.

A case is presented in which a large recurrent malignant tumor of the thigh of probable sweat gland origin is associated with hypercalcemia. The tumor invaded the periosteum of the pubis. Hypercalcemia subsided following hemipelvectomy and the patient has remained asymptomatic since 1977.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ninhydrin sweat test: a simple method for detecting antibodies neutralizing botulinum toxin type A.

Approximately 5% of patients with cervical dystonia receiving repeated botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) injections develop secondary loss of treatment benefit. Currently available tests to directly detect neutralizing BoNT/A antibodies (BoNT/A-AB) are either expensive or time consuming. To establish a simple, clinically useful test for antibody detection, we adapted the ninhydrin sweat test (NST). Eighteen dystonic patients with secondary nonresponse and clinically suspected BoNT/A-AB formation were tested for BoNT/A-AB in the mouse diaphragm test (MDT). In addition, the size of the anhidrotic area was determined by the NST 21 days after an intradermal dose of 10 U Dysport into the hypothenar region of the left palm. In nine patients, positive BoNT-AB titers were found in the MDT. There was a significant correlation between the BoNT/A-AB titers and the anhidrotic area (Spearman's rho = -0.9, P < 0.0001). Both tests provided comparably good results with respect to qualitative antibody detection. In the clinical situation of secondary nonresponse to BoNT/A therapy, the economical NST may be a helpful tool to detect neutralizing BoNT/A-AB.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sweat-testing: a review of current technical requirements.

Sweat-testing remains a key component of the diagnostic workup for cystic fibrosis. However, it is technically challenging, especially in young children. This review covers technical aspects related to the devices and protocols associated with conducting successful tests.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1995

Ion transport in primary cultures from human sweat gland coils studied with X-ray microanalysis.

Chloride secretion in primary cultures of cells originating from the secretory coil of human sweat glands was investigated by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The total intracellular Cl concentration was lowered by muscarinic agonists (carbachol and acetylcholine), as well as by the calcium ionophore A23187. The muscarinic agonists also lowered the cellular K concentration. Cl- secretion induced by these agonists could be inhibited by the chloride channel blocker NPPB. After cAMP stimulation, the frequency distribution of the Cl concentration changed from Gaussian to bimodal, indicating that cAMP induces Cl- secretion only from a subpopulation of the cells. Also ATP stimulated Cl- secretion, indicating the presence of purinergic receptors. The results suggest that some of the cells in addition to Ca(2+)-regulated Cl- channels also possess cAMP-activated Cl- channels. Hence, the primary cultures still possess the Cl- transport mechanisms known to be present in intact glands. It can, however, not be excluded that some coil cells have acquired ductal characteristics during culture.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1995

Calcium-activated chloride fluxes in cultured NCL-SG3 sweat gland cells.

The dependence of chloride permeability of the human sweat gland cell line NCL-SG3 cell line on cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) was investigated. X-ray microanalysis, fura-2 fluorescence and patch clamp methodology were used. Carbachol and A23187 decreased cellular Cl and K for cells grown on permeable supports, but carbachol had no effect on cells grown on impermeable supports. In perforated patch experiments with impermeable supports, ATP and calcium ionophores increased the inward current (ic) whereas carbachol had no effect. ic was unaffected by cation channel blockers or removal of extracellular Na+ but was blocked by chloride channel blockers. Lowering bath Ca2+ decreased ic. On raising bath Ca2+ ic and [Ca2+]i responded with a transient rise which was not blocked by La3+ or D-600. La3+, but not D-600, blocked the entry of Mn2+. K(+)-depolarization and Bay-K-8644 had little effect on [Ca2+]i. The rise in [Ca2+]i may be mediated primarily via depletion operated Ca(2+)-channels. Irrespective of substrate NCL-SG3 cells have a chloride permeability which depends on [Ca2+]i.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1990

Identification of sequences of chromosome 7 that are expressed in sweat gland epithelial cells.

This paper describes an approach that can be used to identify specifically expressed coding sequences in defined regions of genomic DNA. We developed this method to identify expressed sequences from chromosome 7 located at or near the cystic fibrosis (CF) locus. Radioactively labelled single-stranded cDNAs derived from sweat gland epithelial cells and from fibroblasts were used to screen a genomic library constructed from flow-sorted chromosomes. Differential screening of phage lifts with these two probes yielded 36 different DNA segments. By using somatic cell hybrids containing different portions of chromosome 7, four of the clones were mapped to the 7q31 region in which the CF locus is located. These four clones and two others that gave strong differential epithelial signals but that were not within 7q31 were studied further. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were identified for two of the DNA segments within 7q31 and used for linkage analysis using a panel of CF families. One DNA segment was assigned to a location centromeric to the met locus. The other marker did not show recombination with CF but was subsequently excluded from the CF region by physical mapping. Three of the six DNA segments were found to hybridize to various RNAs using the Northern technique and therefore contain portions of genes. One of the clones showed strong differential expression when epithelial tissues were compared to fibroblasts and may represent an epithelium-specific gene.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1977

[Determination of the factors Gm(1,2,4,5,21) and Inv(1) in human secretions: saliva, sweat, nasal secretion and semen (author's transl)].

If there is enough stain material available Gm and InV factors can be proved to be present in semen. Contamination by nasal or vaginal secretions should be taken into account. Sweat, however, does not interfere with the determination. In saliva, InV but no Gm properties were demonstrable. Stamp glue reacts unspecifically with InV antiserum and could therefore be a source of error. The conclusive value of Gm and InV findings as evidence in court was derived from the phenotype frequencies obtained in blood samples of 400 unrelated persons.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1994

Rapid regulation of electrolyte absorption in sweat duct.

Even though the same Cl channel (CFTR) is common to certain fluid transport functions that are oppositely directed, i.e., secretion and absorption, only fluid secretion has clearly been shown to be acutely regulated. It is now clear that fluid secretion activated by beta-adrenergic stimulation is controlled by cAMP-mediated opening and closing of CFTR-Cl channels. Since the conductance of the human sweat duct is almost wholly due to CFTR-Cl conductance (CFTR-GCl), we sought to determine whether salt absorption via CFTR-Cl channels could also be subject to acute regulation in this purely absorptive epithelium. After alpha-toxin permeabilization, we found that addition of cAMP resulted in a large increase in Cl diffusion potentials across the apical membrane and a more than twofold increase in the average membrane conductance. Since the cAMP effects were dependent on Cl alone, not on Na, and since apical Cl conductance appears to be almost exclusively comprised of CFTR-GCl, we surmise that this form of electrolyte absorption like secretion is also subject to acute control through CFTR-GCl. Acute regulation of absorption involves both activation by phosphorylation (PKA) and inactivation by dephosphorylation (unknown endogenous phosphatase) of CFTR. Phosphorylation of CFTR was shown by the facts that CFTR-GCl could be activated by cAMP and inhibited by the kinase antagonist staurosporine, or by removal of either substrate ATP or Mg2+ cofactor. Inactivation of CFTR-GCl by endogenous phosphatase(s) was indicated by a spontaneous but reversible loss of CFTR-GCl upon removal of cAMP. Such loss of CFTR-GCl activity could be prevented either by application of phosphatase inhibitors or by using phosphatase-resistant ATP-gamma-S as substrate to phosphorylate CFTR. We surmise that absorptive function is subject to rapid regulation which can be switched "on" and "off" acutely by a control system that is common to both absorptive and secretory processes and that this control is crucial to switching between conductive and nonconductive transport mechanisms during salt absorption.

Absorption↗
PubMed1991

Changes in cholinergic sweat gland activation in diabetic neuropathy identified by computerised sweatspot analysis.

Peripheral small-fibre denervation has been reported to result in decreased activation of eccrine sweat glands to muscarinic cholinergic agents. Using computerised image-analysis of pilocarpine-activated sweatspot prints of a 4 cm2 area of the dorsum of the foot in 79 randomly selected diabetic patients we have identified a group of neuropathic patients (18%) with decreased sweatspot activation (less than 20/cm2), and a smaller group (6%) of younger patients with less marked neuropathy who had increased activation (greater than 132/cm2), probably resulting from denervation supersensitivity. The associations between sweatspot density and other conventional tests of peripheral nerve function were weak. The prevalence of abnormal sweatspot density, 24%, was similar to that of other tests, except thermal thresholds at the feet (35-37%), which were not correlated with sweatspot activation, suggesting that diabetic neuropathy has differing effects on afferent and efferent small fibres. The method is rapid and reproducible (median coefficient of variation 14%) and its ability to identify patients with increased, as well as decreased, peripheral nerve function may be of value in the characterisation and longitudinal follow-up of small-fibre abnormalities in diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

ALPHA-Amylase activity in sweat and serum of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

The hypothesis by Doggett and Harrison, according to which alpha-amylase is the pathogenic factor of the exocrinopathy in cystic fibrosis (C.F.), is investigated. No elevation of alpha-amylase in sweat and serum of C.F. patients, as compared with controls of similar age, is observed. It is concluded that the "C.F. factor" cannot be identified with alpha-amylase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Ultrastructural localization of keratin and alpha-L-fucose in human eccrine sweat glands.

Human eccrine sweat glands were embedded in Lowicryl K4M. Cytokeratin proteins and blood group H antigen were localized by applying a postembedding immunogold method using a monoclonal antikeratin antibody and the lectin Ulex europaeus I. The antikeratin antibody labeled intermediate filaments in the secretory coil and dermal duct. Within dark secretory cells bundles of filaments criss-crossing the cell were labeled. Within the luminal cells of the dermal duct filaments arranged parallel to the cell surface and lying in the apex of the cell were labeled, too. The association of keratin filaments with desmosomes was visualized demonstrating their subcellular connection with other cell organelles. The desmosomes themselves remained unlabeled. The lectin Ulex europaeus I is a blood group H specific lectin and binds to alpha-L-fucosyl-containing glycoproteins. Dark cells of the secretory coil reacted with the lectin. Here the secretory granules, the lateral cell membranes, and the microvilli membranes were labeled. The endoplasmatic reticulum, the Golgi complex, and transport vesicles were not labeled, although the glycoprotein synthesis is considered to be located in the Golgi complex. Thus, either the number of alpha-L-fucose molecules in the Golgi is too low to be detected by the technique employed or the determinant of blood group H antigen is released after the secretory granules and transport vesicles leave the Golgi complex.

Eccrine Glands↗
PubMed1977

[The ultrastructure and acid phosphatase activity in the sweat glands with "clear, reticulated cytoplasm" (author's transl)].

Investigations were carried out on the ultrastructure and distribution of acid phosphatase in the human sweat glands with "clear, reticulated cytoplasm". It is probable that the gland cells with vacuolized cytoplasm develop from the serous gland cells through a morphologically recognizable intermediate state. An extralysosomal activity of acid phosphatase occurs in the vacuolized gland cells. The free distribution of the enzyme activity is focal. A correlation between these findings and a possible holocrine mode of secretion is discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1987

Permeability properties of cell membranes and tight junctions of normal and cystic fibrosis sweat ducts.

The transepithelial permeability properties to Na, K, and Cl in microperfused segments of human eccrine sweat ducts from normal (N) subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were examined. Amiloride administered on the luminal surface caused the transepithelial potential (Vt) of normal ducts to depolarize to 0 mV, but in the absence of Cl in the medium or in CF ducts, amiloride caused the Vt to significantly reverse electrical polarity from lumen negative to lumen positive with respect to the serosal bath. The Vt responses to changes in Na concentration in the lumen and K concentration in the bath were similar in CF and N ducts and showed that the basolateral membrane of the duct is K permeable and the apical membrane (in the absence of an anion shunt) is an almost ideal Na electrode. The Vt of N ducts was insensitive to 10-fold changes in luminal K and contraluminal Na solution concentrations. These responses show that in normal ducts, the apical membrane and tight junctions are relatively impermeable to K, and the basal membrane and tight junctions are relatively impermeable to Na. The Vt was highly sensitive to Cl- changes on either surface before or after ouabain inhibition in N ducts, but in every case were insensitive to Cl- changes in CF ducts. By comparison to control ducts the cation selective properties of the CF duct are probably normal, but both cell membranes as well as the tight junctions of the CF duct are relatively impermeable to Cl. The present data are inconclusive as to whether the route of Cl movement across the N duct epithelium is trans- or paracellular.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1987

Intracellular potentials of microperfused human sweat duct cells.

Intracellular potentials of cells from isolated segments of microperfused human sweat ducts were measured in order to determine the electrical profiles of these cells under resting, transporting, and inhibited conditions. Even though the cells are relatively small (ca. 6-8 microns), continuous recordings of intracellular potentials from the same impalement were stable for up to 2 h. In the resting condition in normal Ringer's solution when the lumen of the duct was collapsed and not perfused, the intracellular potential measured across the basal membrane was 34.6 +/- 1.5 mV (n = 31; mean +/- SE). In the same bathing medium, when the duct lumen was also perfused with normal Ringer's solution, the basolateral membrane potential (Vb), the apical membrane potential (Va) and transepithelial potential (Vt) was -33.8 +/- 0.47 mV, -23.7 +/- 0.48 mV and -9.6 +/- 0.9 mV (n = 73), respectively. The average input impedence (Ri) of these cells was 19.6 +/- 0.4 M omega (n = 36). The frequency distribution of Vb was unimodal suggesting that only one functional cell type exists in this tissue. Amiloride (0.1 mM) in the lumen hyperpolarized both Va and Vb by -40.5 +/- 3.6 mV and -33.2 +/- 3.7 mV (n = 15), respectively, with a slight but significant increase in Ri(15%) while abolishing Vt. Removing luminal Cl- depolarized Va by +37.0 +/- 4.2 mV and hyperpolarized Vb by -19.0 +/- 4.2 mV (n = 11). Removing Cl- from the bath hyperpolarized Va by -3.3 +/- 2.3 mV and depolarized Vb by +24.3 +/- 2.7 mV (n = 15).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amiloride↗
PubMed1992

D-lactate concentrations in blood, urine and sweat before and after exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the concentrations of D-lactate, L-lactate, pyruvate and methylglyoxal (MG) in body fluids after exercise. Eight untrained male students and five male students who were boat club members engaged in the exercise. Each subject performed runs of short and long duration. Compared to pre-exercise values plasma concentrations of D-lactate, L-lactate and pyruvate increased after running; in trained men by 3.6, 5.0, 3.4 times after short runs and by 1.5, 4.6, 2.0 times after long runs, and in untrained men by 3.0, 12.0, 1.6 times after short runs and 2.5, 5.6, 1.6 times after long runs, respectively. In all cases, the increase of L-lactate was always higher than that of D-lactate after running. The MG contents in red blood cells decreased markedly after running, especially in the untrained students. After short runs the MG concentration had decreased to 13% in the untrained men and 30% in the trained men, and after long runs the concentration had decreased to 41% in the untrained and 60% in the trained men. The MG in plasma and red blood cells appeared to have been utilized during relatively anaerobic exercise, especially by the untrained subjects. The D-lactate and related substances were also determined in urine, but the concentration of these substances showed no relationship to exercise. The D-lactate concentration in sweat samples tripled after short periods of running but the relative concentration to sodium ion concentration was not altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Intracellular potassium activity and the role of potassium in transepithelial salt transport in the human reabsorptive sweat duct.

We have measured the intracellular potassium activity, [K+]i and the mechanisms of transcellular K+ transport in reabsorptive sweat duct (RSD) using intracellular ion-sensitive microelectrodes (ISMEs). The mean value of [K+]i in RSD is 79.8 +/- 4.1 mM (n = 39). Under conditions of microperfusion, the [K+]i is above equilibrium across both the basolateral membrane, BLM (5.5 times) and the apical membrane, APM (7.8 times). The Na+/K+ pump inhibitor ouabain reduced [K+]i is insensitive to the Na+/K+/2 Cl- cotransport inhibitor bumetanide in the bath. Cl- substitution in the lumen had no effect on [K+]i. In contrast, Cl- substitution in the bath (basolateral side) depolarized BLM from -26.0 +/- 2.6 mV to -4.7* +/- 2.4 mV (n = 3; *indicates significant difference) and decreased [K+]i from 76.0 +/- 15.2 mM to 57.7* +/- 12.7 mM (n = 3). Removal of K+ in the bath decreased [K+]i from 76.3 +/- 15.0 mM to 32.3 +/- 7.6 mM (n = 4) while depolarizing the BLM from -32.5 +/- 4.1 mV to -28.3* +/- 3.0 mV (n = 4). Raising the [K+] in the bath by 10-fold increased [K+]i from 81.7 +/- 9.0 mM to 95.0* +/- 13.5 mM and depolarized the BLM from -25.7 +/- 2.4 mV to -21.3* +/- 2.9 mV (n = 4). The K+ conductance inhibitor, Ba2+, in the bath also increased [K+]i from 85.8 +/- 6.7 mM to 107.0* +/- 11.5 mM (n = 4) and depolarized BLM from -25.8 +/- 2.2 mV to -17.0* +/- 3.1 mV (n = 4). Amiloride at 10(-6) M increased [K+]i from 77.5 +/- 18.8 mM to 98.8* +/- 21.6 mM (n = 4) and hyperpolarized both the BLM (from -27.5 +/- 1.4 mV to -46.0* +/- 3.5 mV, n = 4). However, amiloride at 10(-4) M decreased [K+]i from 64.5 +/- 0.9 mM to 36.0* +/- 9.9 mM and hyperpolarized both the BLM (from -24.7 +/- 1.4 mV to -43.5* +/- 4.2 mV) and APM (from -18.3 +/- 0.9 mV to -43.5* +/- 4.2 mV, n = 6). In contrast to the observations at the BLM, substitution of K+ or application of Ba2+ in the lumen had no effect on the [K+]i or the electrical properties of RSD, indicating the absence of a K+ conductance in the APM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amiloride↗