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PubMed1980

[Aminoacetonitrile and fetogenesis of the rat. III. Malformations of the osseous skeleton (author's transl)].

The paper describes disturbances of ossification and malformations of the osseous skeleton of rat fetuses after application of 300 mg aminoacetonitrile/kg body weight during fetogenesis (days 15--19). Malformations are inducible at all days proved: Single doses of the lathyrogenic agent (intraperitoneally applicated) produce severe scoliosis, bending of extremities, wristdrop of the fore paws, shortening of the lower jaw, cleft palate and distorsion of the ribs. This paper is a continuation of 2 preceding parts dealing with general parameters of reproduction and gross anomalies after application of aminoacetonitrile, and disturbances of internal organ systems.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Administration of BCG cell wall skeleton into malignant effusions: toxic and therapeutic effects.

Thirty-nine patients with 40 refractory malignant effusions (26 pleural and 14 peritoneal) were treated locally with a nonviable mycobacterial vaccine. The vaccine was administered into the effusion and consisted of BCG cell wall skeleton and trehalose dimycolate attached to oil microdroplets. A dose range of 150--3000 microgram was tested. The overall response rate was 44.0% (complete response [CR] plus partial response [PR]) and was not clearly dose-related. The response rates for each site were 13.6% (CR) and 31.8% (PR) for pleural effusions and 33.3% (CR) and 8.3% (PR) for peritoneal effusions. Toxic effects consisted of fever (40%), serosal pain (37.5%), and increased effusion (27.5%) and were not clearly dose-related. Gastrointestinal toxic effects were seen in 50% of patients treated for peritoneal effusions. Response correlated with prior exposure to BCG vaccine or tuberculosis, and with a febrile response to vaccine administration. This vaccine has a therapeutic effect on both pleural and peritoneal effusions.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1981

Killing of tumor cells in vitro by macrophages from mice given injections of squalene-treated cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra.

Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) harvested from mice after i.p. injection of squalene-treated cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra (N. rubra-CWS) demonstrated vigorous cytolytic activity in vitro toward tumor target cells. Fractionation of these PEC by adherence to plastic dishes showed that the cytolytic activity in PEC was associated with an adherent phagocytic cell. Induction of the cytolytic adherent PEC required an optimal dose of 50 micrograms N. rubra-CWS and i.p. injection. Cytolytic activity of N. rubra-CWS-induced adherent PEC was maximal after 5 days and fell steadily thereafter. Susceptible tumor targets included cells syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic to the effector cell source. In contrast, nonneoplastic xenogeneic cells were not affected by N. rubra-CWS-induced adherent PEC. The effector cells were not found in the spleen or peripheral lymph nodes. In addition, the cytolytic activity of N. rubra-CWS-induced adherent PEC was completely inhibited by treatment with antimacrophage serum and complement or carrageenan. Treatment with monoclonal anti-Thy 1.2 antibody and complement, however, did not affect the cytolytic activity of the adherent PEC. These features make it likely that N. rubra-CWS-induced cytolytic effector cells are macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phase I study with cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra.

Toxicity of the cell wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra (N-CWS) was evaluated in 60 patients with lung cancer, leukemia, and malignant melanoma who were given the agent intratumorally, intrapleurally, and intradermally in doses of 100-2000 micrograms. Fever was the most common toxic effect and was more frequent after intratumoral and intrapleural doses than after intradermal doses. The other predominant reaction was skin lesions such as erythema, induration, and abscess at the injection sites.

Abscess↗
PubMed1981

Changes in skeleton, bone marrow reactivity and in immunity of patients with tumors of testis during long-term complete clinical remission.

A series of various tests were carried out in 19 patients treated for germinal tumors of the testis, with a long-term survival rate (7 to 28 years) in a complete clinical remission and the results compared with those of a previous investigation made 6 years earlier [3]. The tests involved: radionuclear investigation of the skeleton (85Sr--test), determination of bone isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline excretion, cytological examination of bone marrow, assay of serum levels of IgM, IgG and IgA as also of C3 complement, determination of the percentage and absolute number of peripheral T-lymphocytes, the test of blastic lymphocyte transformation after PHA and the skin test with DNCB. A chronic restructuralization of bone tissue (positive and suspected 85Sr-test in 74% of patients) was noted even after the relatively long time span. Likewise, an enhanced activity of bone isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase was found in the majority of the patients, as also nonspecific reactive changes of bone marrow in the form of total hyperplasia and hyperplasia of various cellular elements, particularly of plasmacytes, eosinophils and lymphoid reticulum. Immunological tests revealed a depressed cell-mediated immunity -- especially a significant drop in the absolute number of peripheral T-lymphocytes.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Antimetastatic effect of cell-wall skeleton of Propionibacterium acnes C7 on Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6J mice.

The effect of the cell-wall skeleton (CWS) of Propionibacterium acnes C7 on the metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6J mice was examined. Intratumoral or intravenous injection of P. acnes-CWS was effective for both prolongation of the survival period and protection against pulmonary metastases, but intraperitoneal injection was ineffective in tumor-bearing mice. Intratumoral injection of P. acnes-CWS also inhibited lymph node metastases and produced some complete tumor regressions. These cured mice were rechallenged with the same tumor but no evidence of transplantation resistance was found. On the other hand, neither inhibition of lymph node metastases nor complete tumor regressions were observed in the groups treated with intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of P. acnes-CWS. Intrapleural injection of P. acnes-CWS after surgical excision of the primary tumor was also effective for the prolongation of survival period but not for protection against pulmonary metastases.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1981

[Fracture of the mandibular condyle in a skeleton dating from the early middle ages (author's transl)].

The skeleton of a 45 to 50 year-old man dating from the early Middle Ages (discovered at Schwechat in Lower Austria) was examined. In addition to numerous pathological findings with respect to the masticatory apparatus such as caries, severe crown abrasion, pulp necrosis and inflammatory and degenerative alterations in the areas near the teeth, an exceptionally rare findings was observed, namely that of a deformation of the right mandibular condyle. The differential diagnosis on the basis of the radiological findings showed the presence of post-traumatic transformation processes with functional adaptation. Since anatomical specimens of completely healed jawbone fractures are exhibited only rarely in recent case histories, this findings takes on a special significance from the medical as well as from the archeological and anthropological points of view.

Austria↗
PubMed1981

Visualization of the "membrane skeleton" in human erythrocytes by freeze-etching.

Monolayers of human erythrocytes on positively charged pieces of mica were lysed, fixed with formaldehyde and freeze-fractured 'by hand' (under liquid nitrogen). Freeze-dried replicas revealed flat membranes with structural surfaces consisting of filaments and groups of particles. The length of the filaments ranged from 40 nm to 140 nm, the arithmetic mean being 82 +/- 21 nm (S. D.). The topography of the two structural elements supports the view that the 'membrane skeleton' is formed by interactions of spectrin filaments (probably tetramers) with protein particles attached to the lipid bilayer.

Erythrocyte Membrane↗
PubMed1980

[Skeleton of swimmers' hands].

The skeleton of the hand fingers was studied roentgenographically and osteometrically in swimmers 8--10 and 17--19 years of age. As the investigation demonstrated, it is necessary to take into account sports selection in order to study adaptive peculiarities of the osseous system in young sportsmen. Increasing rate in osteogenesis noted in the hand bones of swimmers 8--10 years old does not result from increasing physical loading on the hand but is a cause of the original selection of more physically suitable and biologically mature children for swimming. In order to study adaptive peculiarities of the most loaded skeletal parts in sportsmen, it is necessary to compare them rather with other sportsmen experiencing physical loading on similar skeletal parts, and differing only in the mode of performance, but not with persons nonsportsmen. Uniform lengthening of the metacarpal bones and uniform thickening of their compact substance on the radial and ulnar sides symmetrically on both hands is one of specific morphological features of the swimmers' hands adaptation to physical loadings.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1980

Effect of Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton on the induction of lung cancer and amyloidosis by 3-methylcholanthrene in rabbits.

Repeated intravenous administrations of oil-attached Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (N. rubra-CWS) prevented the induction of lung cancer by intrabronchial instillations of 3-methylcholanthrene in rabbits. Amyloidosis was seen after giving 3-methylcholanthrene, and the incidence was higher in the N. rubra-CWS administered rabbits than in the controls.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1980

A re-investigation of the centres of ossification in the avian skeleton at and after hatching.

The centres of ossification occurring in the skeleton of the domestic fowl from hatching onwards have been re-investigated in groups of birds from the same hatches, reared under standardised conditions and sampled at intervals from hatching to 182 days. Selected areas have been surveyed in adult birds. The numerous centres which are already present at hatching have been identified. Those first appearing around the time of hatching were for the uncinate processes and the phalanx of digit IV. The centres appearing after hatching were those for metacarpal II, four carpal centres, the orbitosphenoid, rostal and caudal basibranchials, epibranchials, entoglossal, proximal tibial centre, patella and tarsal sesamoid. These have been illustrated and the mean time of appearance and range of time of appearance of each calculated. Some evidence of slight variation in sequence of appearance was detected. The proximal tibial centre was concluded to be the only true secondary centre in the long bones and to correspond to the traction epiphysis of this region in the mammal. In adults, the phalangeal formula of the manus was found usually to be 2:2:1, but occasionally it was reduced to 1:2:1. The only sesamoidean centre found, other than the patella and the tarsal sesamoid, was in the carpal region and was termed the dorsal carpal sesamoid. Some of the many controversies existing in the previous literature have been assessed in the light of the findings of this study.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

Effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton immunotherapy on the peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with lung cancer after radiotherapy.

The effect of radiotherapy on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of lung cancer and the effect of BCG cell-wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) on recovery of impaired PBL were examined. A remarkable depression of the absolute number of E- or EAC-rosette cells and of the response of PBL to mitogens were observed immediately after radiotherapy, and these continued for several months. With BCG-CWS immunotherapy, the response of PBL to phytohemagglutinin recovered rapidly, compared with non-vaccinated patients. The response of PBL to pokeweed mitogen seemed to give similar results. These results suggested that BCG-CWS injection to the patient receiving radiotherapy was effective for recovery of T-cell response.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

The skeleton after spinal cord injury. Part 1. Theoretical aspects.

Sublesional osteoporosis occurs after acute spinal cord injury (SCI), preferentially weakening the skeleton below the level of the neurological lesion. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, it resembles post-menopausal, high turnover osteoporosis. Physical and pharmacologic therapies are currently being tested for their ability to prevent early loss and restore lost bone. Although treatment strategies hold promise, preservation of skeletal strength after injury may ultimately rest on lifestyle decisions made early in life. If skeletal strength is to be maintained after SCI, ways must be found to optimize skeletal strength prior to injury, arrest early losses, and stabilize, if not restore, lost bone over time.

Female↗
PubMed1978

[Diaphyseal and articular fractures of the growing skeleton of the hand].

The closed as well as the operative treatment of fractures of the skeleton of the hand during growth must take into consideration the growth potential of the bones. It is particularly important in its potential to correct shortening as well as axial deviation and angulation (except rotational deformity). There are, however, limits to this potential as shown in epiphyseal fractures. Modern internal fixation has, therefore, an important -- though very restricted -- place in the treatment of these epiphyseal fractures. Other rare indications are mentioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The instability of the membrane skeleton in thalassemic red blood cells.

The thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by accumulation either of unmatched alpha or beta globin chains. These in turn cause the intramedullary and peripheral hemolysis that leads to varying anemia. A partial explanation for the hemolysis came our of our studies on material properties that showed that beta-thalassemia (beta-thal) intermedia ghosts were very rigid but unstable. A clue to this instability came from the observation that the spectrin/band 3 ratio was low in red blood cells (RBCs) of splenectomized beta-thal intermedia patients. The possible explanations for the apparent decrease in spectrin content included deficient or defective spectrin synthesis in thalassemic erythroid precursors or globin chain-induced membrane changes that lead to spectrin dissociation from the membrane during ghost preparation. To explore the latter alternative, samples from different thalassemic variants were obtained, ie, beta-thal intermedia, HbE/beta-thal, HbH (alpha-thal-1/alpha-thal-2), HbH/Constant Spring (CS), and homozygous HbCS/CS. We searched for the presence of spectrin in the first lysate of the standard ghost preparation. Normal individuals and patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, and anemia due to chemotherapy served as controls. Using gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, no spectrin was detected in identical aliquots of the supernatants of normals and these control samples. Varying amounts of spectrin were detected in the first lysate supernatants of almost all thalassemic patients. The identification of spectrin was confirmed by Western blotting using an affinity-purified, monospecific, rabbit polyclonal antispectrin antibody. Relative amounts of spectrin detected were as follows in decreasing order: splenectomized beta-thal intermedia including HbE/beta-thal; HbCS/CS; nonsplenectomized beta-thal intermedia, HbH/CS; and, lastly, HbH. These findings were generally confirmed when we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique to measure spectrin in the first lysate. Subsequent analyses showed that small amounts of actin and band 4.1 also appeared in lysates of thalassemic RBCs. Therefore, the three major membrane skeletal proteins are, to a varying degree, unstably attached in severe thalassemia. From these studies we could postulate that membrane association of abnormal or partially oxidized alpha-globin chains has a more deleterious effect on the membrane skeleton than do beta-globin chains.

Actins↗
PubMed1995

Asymmetry in the human skeleton. A study on prehistoric Polynesians and Thais.

Atlantal, long bone, and craniofacial measurements of prehistoric Polynesian and Thai skeletons were analysed to ascertain the extent and direction of bilateral asymmetry. The atlantal articular mass was constantly and significantly higher on the right side than on the left. In Thais, the midlongitudinal axis of the atlanto-occipital facet on the right side had a steeper inclination than that on the left. In both groups the dental occlusion was less mesial on the right side and the mandible was shorter, significantly so in the Thais. The long bones were more asymmetric in the Polynesians than in the Thais. Height asymmetry of atlas lateral tuberculum correlated inversely with mandibular ramal width asymmetry. Atlanto-occipital facet length asymmetry correlated with asymmetry of the gonial angle and facet angulation asymmetry correlated inversely with radial length asymmetry. Our results suggest a pervading asymmetry of skeletal structures which we ascribe as local adaptations to functional demands rather than as due to a uniform asymmetric growth pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Inflammatory bone changes in leprous skeletons from the medieval Hospital of St. James and St. Mary Magdalene, Chichester, England.

The extent and location of an inflammatory bone lesion, periostitis, were examined in 50 leprous skeletons from the Chichester cemetery of the Hospital of St. James and St. Mary Magdalene in Sussex, England. Although the presence of periostitis is not pathognomonic of leprosy, it predominantly indicates dermal and neuropathic changes that the patient would have presented in life. The spread of inflammation across the knee joint and the ossification of the interosseous membrane due to inflammation are also suggested.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1978

[Palliative radiotherapy with Strontium-89 in case of extended formation of skeleton metastases (author's transl)].

In order to allay pains or make them cease, fifteen patients with extended tumors and generalized formation of skeleton metastases were submitted in 1976 to an internal palliative radiotherapy. They received between 0.8 and 2.7 mCi of Sr-89, five patients were treated again after four to five months because the pains had reappeared. The results were relatively good. Two patients showed a prompt effect and were completely free of pains within 48 hours, three patients did not present any demonstrable effect. The analgetic effect remained from four days to four months. Due to the utilization of the pure beta emitter Sr-89, the radiation doses measured in the patients after the application are relatively small: after the application they amount at most to 0.5 mR/h in a distance of 1 m.

Adult↗