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PubMed1979

Development of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness by murine lymph node cells. I. Identification of differences in the in vitro proliferative responses during a first and a second period of responsiveness.

The development and course of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness by murine lymph node cells (LNC) was observed for 16 weeks post-immunization. The initial phase of responsiveness was characterized by antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness in vitro which reached a maximum 3-5 weeks post-immunization and then declined to low levels by 6-8 weeks. Without injection of additional antigen, the initial phase of responsiveness was followed by the development of a second phase of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness 10-12 weeks post-immunization. These findings suggest that the in vivo development of lymph node lymphocytes capable of a proliferative response to antigen is under some type of modulation which is maximal 6-8 weeks post-immunization. Early in the first phase the proliferative responses to higher concentrations of antigen peaked early in the culture period (days 3-4), whereas responses to the lower concentrations of antigen were optimal after 5-6 days of culture. During the latter half of the first phase, however, peak proliferative responses were made to all the concentrations of antigen on the same day of culture (day 6). In contrast, the responses detected at the beginning and throughout the second phase of responsiveness were characterized by maximum proliferation to all the concentrations of antigen late in the culture period (day 7). These results delineate the temporal requirements for maturation of antigen-induced proliferative responsiveness of murine LNC post-immunization and indicate the time interval when optimal responses may be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The skin inflammatory response of the badger (Meles meles).

Twenty-five badgers, captured in an area where they had been implicated in outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis, received intradermal inoculations of control medium, 150 micrograms phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), 40 units streptokinase/10 units streptodornase (SK/SD), 200 micrograms purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium bovis (PPD), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA), and Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA), each in 0.1 ml of inoculum. The reactions were assessed by skinfold thickness and skin histology 30 min--7 days after inoculation. Control medium caused slight cellular reaction, mostly polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs), but no significant increase in skinfold thickness. SK/SD provoked no reaction. PHA stimulated a marked increase in skinfold thickness; the cellular reaction was predominantly PMNs, with some macrophages occurring after several days. IFA and CFA promoted a long-lasting increase in skinfold thickness, and a mixed histological picture of PMNs and macrophages; later in the response, especially to CFA, giant cells and some lymphocytes occurred. PPD stimulated a small increase in skinfold thickness with a timing (2-3 days) consistent with delayed hypersensitivity (DTH); there was, however, no erythema or palpable oedema or induration. The histology was an initial multifocal reaction of PMNs with a later phase of lymphocytes and macrophages with some granuloma formation. Other cell types (eosinophils, basophils) were seen in varying proportions in all reaction sites. M. bovis was isolated from four badgers; the cellular reaction to PPD was stronger than in uninfected animals, but other aspects of the skin response were unaffected. This study shows the capacity of badgers for strong inflammatory responses, and is the first report of a DTH response to PPD in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients with type B acute and chronic hepatitis.

Skin reactivity to HBsAg was studied in patients with type B acute and chronic hepatitis and in healthy controls. HBsAg preparations containing 50 micrograms/ml of antigen both with and without alum elicited positive skin reactions in all seven anti-HBs+ persons. Histological examination of skin tissue from the reactive area using monoclonal antibodies to the cell surface of lymphocytes revealed accumulation of Leu-3a positive lymphocytes, showing that the inflammation was a typical delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Irrespective of the presence of HBeAg and anti-HBe, patients with chronic type B hepatitis responded clearly to PPD and SK/SD antigens, whereas they did not exhibit DTH skin reactivity to HBsAg. In contrast, although patients with acute type B hepatitis did not exhibit specific DTH a reaction to HBsAg in the acute period, they began to develop DTH skin reactivity to HBsAg in the convalescent phase of the disease preceding the appearance of anti-HBs antibody. It is suggested that DTH reaction to HBsAg might play an important role in the pathogenesis of type B viral hepatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1965

Persistent fibrin.

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Endopeptidases↗