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PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Among the psychiatric illnesses associated with old age primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) has gained increasing importance in recent years. Even though a curative treatment of the disease is currently impossible, various drugs can be used to slow down its progression. In the present study the influence of oral treatment with 240 mg/day of Ginkgo bilabo special extract EGb 761 (Tebonin forte, manufactured by Dr Willmar Schwabe, Karlsruhe) on the clinical course of DAT was investigated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel-group design in 20 outpatients. The duration of treatment was 3 months. The primary outcome variable was the sum score in the SKT-test for the determination of attention and memory. Other psychometric tests (trailmaking test, ADAS, CGI) and electrophysiological investigations (EEG topography) were evaluated descriptively. Although the active-treatment group, with a mean sum score of 19.67 points in the, S.K.T., had a poorer baseline level than the placebo group (18.11 points), it experienced an improvement to 16.78 points under treatment with EGb 761 whereas the placebo group deteriorated to 18.89 points. The differences between the baseline and final values formed the basis for a statistical group comparison, which gave a result favourable to EGb 761, at a significance level of p < .013. In addition to this psychometric confirmation of efficacy, certain descriptive trends were found at the psychopathological (Clinical Global Impression) and dynamic functional (EEG findings) levels, which can be interpreted as evidence of effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in mild to moderate dementia and of local effects in the central nervous system. Inter-group differences in the ADAS cognitive and non-cognitive subscales did not reach statistical significance, probably because of the small sample size.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Investigation of protein refolding: a special feature of native structure responsible for refolding ability.

A possible origin of the refolding ability of globular proteins is discussed. It is shown that the structure of native proteins has a special feature, namely, that this is the only structure in which the short overlapping segments of the polypeptide chain are in one of the significantly stable conformations of the oligopeptides with the same amino acid sequences as segments themselves. It is shown that this special feature is responsible for the refolding ability of proteins. A simple formula is given for the estimation of the time, t, necessary for the spontaneous formation of a refolding nucleus by a certain segment and it is shown that the segment which has the smallest t value, will serve as a refolding nucleus. It is suggested that natural selection which ensures the maintenance of the native structure of globular proteins automatically results in the refolding ability of proteins regardless of the biological relevance of this ability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Plasma membrane specializations in the cells of the kidney distal segment of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica (von Martens).

The unique and highly specialized structural features of the plasma membrane in the cells of the kidney distal segment of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica, were studied by electron microscopy. The cells of the distal segment are largely filled by a continuous network of cytoplasmic tubules which are derived from the basolateral plasma membrane. Thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas of the membrane of the cytoplasmic tubules show spirally wound parallel rows of particles. The rows are approximately 17 nm apart and are wound at a pitch of approximately 45 degrees with respect to the major axis of the tubules. Another type of membrane specialization was found in the freeze-cleaved surface of the basolateral plasma membrane. It consists of large square aggregations of membrane particles containing 100-400 cuboidal subunits. The distribution of these particles in this cell, as well as in other systems in which they have been noted, suggests a polarization of membrane activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Special health considerations for travelers.

Special health considerations include many issues that affect travelers at both ends of the age spectrum. Pulmonary diseases may seriously alter the physiologic responses to both cabin pressures in commercial airliners and exposure to high altitudes, but many of these responses can be predicted by blood gas determinations and simple measurements of pulmonary function conducted at sea level. Cardiac events represent the most common and unpredictable health problems that threaten both serious morbidity and death for adult travelers. Diabetic travelers require insulin dosage adjustments during east-west travel and well-stocked travel kits with adequate supplies. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected travelers require consideration of their levels of immunosuppression at the time of immunizations and special precautions for preventing potentially chronic enteric infections. Young children pose similar questions, and there is the additional problem posed by a limited number of readily available antimalarial agents for pediatric use.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2004

[Clinical benefit following the implementation of a specialized urgent stroke care system].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Several strategies as stroke teams, stroke code teams, or stroke units development have demonstrated to improve stroke care quality. The potential benefit of implementing them as a whole has not been studied. We aimed to test the clinical efficacy of a specialized and urgent stroke assistance system in a University Hospital, as well as the specific impact of each part of the system on several clinical indicators. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The implementation of the system followed three consecutive steps: stroke team and stroke code development, stroke unit creation and finally on-call stroke neurologists incorporation. Several clinical indicators to evaluate results have been selected. We compared data available before system onset (1992-1997) with data obtained during the system implementation (1998-2002). Modification in the results indicators following each of the individual steps of the system was also evaluated. RESULTS: During the five years of the system implementation, 5843 stroke patients have been prospectively studied. Admission and readmission necessities were reduced up to 34.2% and 81.8% respectively. Length of stay progressively decreased from 18 (pre-1998) to 7 days (2002). In-hospital mortality and institutionalization necessities were reduced to 50.1% and 50.5% respectively. The third step, in which on-call stroke neurologist were incorporated to the system, has demonstrated to be the most efficient in decreasing the length of stay, hospital mortality and institutionalization necessities. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of a specialized urgent stroke care system, protocol based and developed in stroke units, improves the medical assistance quality for stroke patients. Stroke neurologists on-call have a relevant role in the system working.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Special diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in pediatric ophthalmology.

Ophthalmology is a specialty rich in instrumentation used for special diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Many of these special modalities are appropriate to pediatric ophthalmology, and this article discusses them in summary fashion for those who may wish to know about the procedures but who may not be involved directly in their use.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Inter-agency assessment of respite care needs of families of children with special needs in Fife.

BACKGROUND: In response to concern about the respite care provision for parents of children with special needs in Fife a survey was undertaken jointly by the Fife Regional Council social work department and education department and Fife Health Board. METHODS: A postal questionnaire survey was carried out of families of children with special needs in Fife and a retrospective case review of paediatric admission in two Fife hospitals undertaken to identify episodes of respite care in hospital. RESULTS: Results confirmed the considerable demand for additional respite services and the need for a variety of types of respite care provision to cater for the differing needs of families. The two most commonly requested services were a small homely respite care centre and holiday playschemes. The quality of services currently provided was generally considered to be good. The numbers of (usually multiply handicapped) children with a specific need for a health professional input during respite care are relatively few but nevertheless are an important group which often receive respite care inappropriately in a hospital setting. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the survey informed the interagency community care planning process and led to the developments of a Fife-wide family-based respite care scheme and a small residential facility in Kirkcaldy district. The latter is jointly funded by the Regional Council and Health Board. The Health Board will provide nursing support to the small residential service so that the needs of the few severely and multiply handicapped children can be better met. The project represents an example of successful interagency collaboration which was based on a joint commitment to assessing health and social care needs and planning services to meet these needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Egg shells of mallophagans and anoplurans (Insecta: Phthiraptera): morphogenesis of specialized regions and the relation to F-actin cytoskeleton of follicular cells.

The egg shells of investigated phthirapterans consist of three basic elements: an anterior operculum, a main egg shell and a posterior hydropyle. In some species these elements show further regional specializations: bristles and projections that facilitate attachment to feathers of the host, micropyles and aeropylar openings. All of the egg shell specializations are formed by distinct subpopulations of follicular cells. Staining with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin has revealed that these subpopulations significantly differ in the distribution of microfilaments (F-actin). In this respect four morphological categories of the follicular cells have been distinguished: (1) cells devoid of processes and microvilli, with basal arrays of microfilaments, responsible for the secretion of a flat chorion; (2) cells devoid of processes and microvilli, separated by intercellular spaces, with basal arrays of microfilaments, responsible for the secretion of attachment structures; (3) cells equipped with actin-containing processes, responsible for the formation of micropyles or aeropyles, and (4) cells equipped with bundles of microvilli, responsible for the formation of hydropyles.

Actins↗
PubMed1998

Special techniques in diagnostic electron microscopy.

The power of electron microscopy as a diagnostic tool can be amplified considerably by the application of ancillary preparative and analytic methods. Subcellular chemistry and structure can be examined by various forms of microprobe analysis and by special staining methods, including cytochemical, immunocytochemical, and negative staining. Qualitative ultrastructural examination can be augmented by morphometric analysis. Correlative microscopic survey methods can be used as a means of targeting ultrastructural investigations. This article provides an overview of the use of these special techniques in the diagnosis and classification of tumors and other selected pathologic processes.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2000

Conclusions to the special issue of Science of the Total Environment concerning 'The water quality of UK rivers entering the North Sea'.

This paper presents an overview of the water quality functioning of eastern UK rivers draining into the North Sea. It summarises the results of three special issues of Science of the Total Environment and related work and complements a companion bibliography (Neal and Turner, 2000, this volume). The rivers are described in straightforward broad terms, and the reader is guided via the bibliography to the special volumes for the detailed findings. The water quality is shown to be highly variable over space and time. The changes over the past 300 years reflect first the transition from a rural society to the major impact of the industrial revolution and subsequently to one of the worlds' most successful environmental cleanups. The present water quality reflects the relative impacts of diffuse agricultural sources, urban and industrial point source discharges together with background inputs associated with geology: all these can be modified by within-river processes associated with physical mixing, biology and inorganic reactions. The work is set within the context of water quality, modelling and flux outputs to the North Sea and contemporary and future environmental research and management needs. A range of environmental impact studies is included. The detailed information is now available on a major and easily accessible database.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Radioautographology general and special.

A new concept, termed "radioautographology" is advocated and its contents are reviewed. This term is the coinage synthesized from "radioautography" and "(o)logy", expressing a new science derived from radioautography. The concept of radioautographology (RAGology) is a science to localize the radioactive substances in the biological structure of the objects and to analyze and to study the significance of these substances in the biological structure. On the other hand, the old term radioautography (RAG) or autoradiography (ARG) is the technique to demonstrate the pattern of localization of various radiolabeled compounds in biological specimens. The specimens used in biology and medicine are cells and tissues. They are fixed, sectioned and made contact with the radioautographic emulsions, exposed and developed to produce metallic silver grains. Such specimens are designated as radioautographs (or autoradiographs) and the patterns of pictures made of silver grains are named radioautograms. Those people who produced radioautographs were formerly named radioautographers (or autoradiographers) who were only technicians, while those who study RAGology are not technicians but scientists and should be called as radioautographologists. The science of radioautographology was developed in the 20th century and can be divided into two parts, general radioautographology and special radioautographology, as most natural sciences usually can. The general radioautographology is the technology of RAG which consists of 3 fields of sciences, physics concerning radioactivity, histochemistry treating the cells and tissues and photochemistry dealing with the photographic emulsions. The special radioautographology, on the other hand, consists of applications of general radioautographology to various biological and medical sciences. The applications can be classified into several scientific fields, i.e., cellular molecular biology, anatomy, histology, embryology, pathology and pharmacology. Studies carried out in our laboratory were summarized and reviewed. The results obtained from the technology includes 4-dimensional structures of the organs taking the time dimension into account by labeling cells and localizing the sites of incorporation, synthesis, discharge of the labeled compounds in connection with the time lapse and aging of animals. All the results obtained from such applications should be systematized as a new filed of science in the future in the 21st century.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Special considerations in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with symptoms of overactive bladder.

The term overactive bladder (OAB) is used to describe the symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency with or without urge incontinence. Commonly reported symptoms are nocturia, urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence. However, some of these symptoms may be because of other lower urinary tract conditions or may simply represent a variant of normal physiologic function. Consequently, special considerations need to be made when diagnosing OAB in women. In women of all ages, lower urinary tract infection is the most common cause of irritative urinary symptoms, and midstream urine microscopy and culture should be performed. A chronic urinary residual secondary to voiding difficulties may also result in symptoms of frequency and overflow incontinence and may be diagnosed using a postmicturition ultrasound scan. In premenopausal women, pregnancy should also be excluded. In postmenopausal women, urogenital atrophy can cause irritative symptoms that may be improved with hormone replacement therapy. Vaginal administration has been shown to be most effective and may be used to supplement systemic replacement therapy. In addition, estrogen replacement may be beneficial in the management of OAB as an adjunct to anticholinergic therapy. When investigating elderly women with OAB, special consideration should be given to comorbidities, such as constipation and fecal impaction, mobility problems, and the loss of independence. Concomitant medication, such as diuretics and alpha-adrenergic blockers, should also be noted and the need for therapy reviewed. In conclusion, OAB is a subjective diagnosis that should only be made when other lower urinary tract conditions have been excluded.

Cholinergic Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

Decoding cilia function: defining specialized genes required for compartmentalized cilia biogenesis.

The evolution of the ancestral eukaryotic flagellum is an example of a cellular organelle that became dispensable in some modern eukaryotes while remaining an essential motile and sensory apparatus in others. To help define the repertoire of specialized proteins needed for the formation and function of cilia, we used comparative genomics to analyze the genomes of organisms with prototypical cilia, modified cilia, or no cilia and identified approximately 200 genes that are absent in the genomes of nonciliated eukaryotes but are conserved in ciliated organisms. Importantly, over 80% of the known ancestral proteins involved in cilia function are included in this small collection. Using Drosophila as a model system, we then characterized a novel family of proteins (OSEGs: outer segment) essential for ciliogenesis. We show that osegs encode components of a specialized transport pathway unique to the cilia compartment and are related to prototypical intracellular transport proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

How brand names are special: brands, words, and hemispheres.

Previous research has consistently shown differences between the processing of proper names and of common nouns, leading to the belief that proper names possess a special neuropsychological status. We investigate the category of brand names and suggest that brand names also have a special neuropsychological status, but one which is different from proper names. The findings suggest that the hemispheric lexical status of the brand names is mixed--they behave like words in some respects and like nonwords in others. Our study used familiar upper case brand names, common nouns, and two different types of nonwords ("weird" and "normal") differing in length, as stimuli in a lateralized lexical decision task (LDT). Common nouns, brand names, weird nonwords, and normal nonwords were recognized in that decreasing order of speed and accuracy. A right visual field (RVF) advantage was found for all four lexical types. Interestingly, brand names, similar to nonwords, were found to be less lateralized than common nouns, consistent with theories of category-specific lexical processing. Further, brand names were the only type of lexical items to show a capitalization effect: brand names were recognized faster when they were presented in upper case than in lower case. In addition, while string length affected the recognition of common nouns only in the left visual field (LVF) and the recognition of nonwords only in the RVF, brand names behaved like common nouns in exhibiting length effects only in the LVF.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Exercise testing in special populations: athletes, women, and the elderly.

Exercise testing in special populations such as athletes, women, and the elderly requires additional considerations from the clinician. Different protocols, as well as special accommodations, may be necessary for performing the test. Symptomatic athletes may have a number of cardiac conditions that lead to ischemic changes on the exercise test. Asymptomatic athletes often use serial exercise testing to evaluate the efficacy of training programs. For women and the elderly, assessment of risk factors and evaluation of symptoms are important considerations before performing the exercise test. Negative exercise test findings suggest a low risk for future cardiovascular events. Positive exercise test findings must be interpreted in light of the individual's pre-test probability. Assessment of the needs of these patients allows the clinician to tailor the exercise test to produce useful information.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Special considerations for Orthodox Jewish patients in the emergency department.

Orthodox Jews are a special cultural group; their entire lives revolve around the teaching of the Torah. Their religious beliefs are reflected in all aspects of their lives, in both health and illness. The emergency department at Maimonides Medical Center has strived to serve this community and has modified common patient care practices to meet the needs of this special population.

Emergency Nursing↗
PubMed1978

Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in special-care baby unit.

In December, 1977, an outbreak of echovirus 11 infection occurred in the special-care baby unit of the Cambridge Maternity Hospital. 3 neonates died, and of 24 infants on the ward during the epidemic 6 others were infected, 3 with symptoms. 3 infants had similar symptoms but virus could not be isolated. The pathological changes in the 3 fatal infections, have not previously been reported for echovirus 11; nor have fatal infections occurred in an epidemic in a special-care baby unit.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Work-site treatment of hypertension by specially trained nurses. A controlled trial.

The clinical efficacy of using specially trained nurses to treat hypertension at the patient's place of work was compared in a controlled trial with management by the patient's family doctor. The 457 study participants were selected from 21 906 volunteers in industry and government whose blood-pressure was screened. The nurses were allowed to prescribe and change drug therapy at the work site without prior physician approval. Patients randomly allocated to receive care at work were significantly more likely to be put on antihypertensive medications (94.7% vs 62.7%, to reach goal blood-pressure in the first six months (48.5% vs 27.5%), and to take the drugs prescribed (67.6% vs 49.1%). Only 6% of patients were dissatisfied with the care provided by the nurses. Thus provision of care at work by specially tranined nurses was well accepted and resulted in significantly improved blood-pressure control and medication compliance among employees with asymptomatic and uncomplicated hypertension.

Adolescent↗