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PubMed1974

Effect of stretching on the elastic characteristics and the contractile component of frog striated muscle.

1. The force-velocity relationship and the stress-strain curve of the so-called series elastic component (s.e.c.) of frog sartorius, semitendinosus and gastrocnemius have been determined during shortening against a given force (isotonic quick-release) and at high speed (controlled release): (a) from a state of isometric contraction and (b) after stretching of the contracted muscle. In both cases the muscle was released from the same length: this was usually slightly greater than the muscle's resting length.2. The muscle released immediately after being stretched is able to shorten against a constant force, P, equal to or even greater than the isometric force, P(0), at the same length. When the force P applied to the muscle is reduced below P(0) the velocity of shortening is greater after stretching, and the force-velocity curve is therefore shifted along the velocity axis: the shift is maximal when P is near to P(0) and it decreases rapidly with decreasing P.3. The extent of shortening of the s.e.c. required to make the force fall from P(0) to zero is 50-100% greater when the muscle is released immediately after stretching than when it is released from a state of isometric contraction. This difference is found by using either the controlled release method or the isotonic quick-release method.4. If a time interval is left between the end of stretching and the onset of shortening of the contracted muscle (controlled release method), the length change of the s.e.c., for a given fall of the force, is reduced and approaches that taking place when the muscle is released from a state of isometric contraction.5. Curare does not affect the results described above, indicating that these do not depend on modification of the neuromuscular transmission.6. It is concluded that stretching a contracted muscle modifies temporarily: (a) its elastic characteristics, as shown by the greater amount of mechanical energy released for a given fall of the force at the muscle's extremities, and (b) its contractile machinery, as it is suggested by the change of the force-velocity relationship.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neurological disorder in dairy cattle associated with consumption of beer residues contaminated with Aspergillus clavatus.

A neurological syndrome in dairy cattle associated with consumption of moldy beer residues is described. The disease occurred on 1 farm in late June 2001, during winter. Six heifers and 1 cow out of 45 cattle were affected during a 3-week period. The affected animals died spontaneously or were euthanized approximately 2-14 days after the onset of clinical signs. The clinical signs were characterized by flaccid paralysis and gait abnormalities. Clinical signs were more pronounced after exercise and included stiff and unsteady gait, knuckling at the fetlocks of the hind limbs, frequent falling, inability to rise, muscular tremors, especially of the head and the hindquarters, and drooling. Main necropsy findings included degenerative and necrotic changes of the larger medial muscle groups of the hindquarters, i.e., adductor, pectineus, quadriceps femoris, rectus femuris, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and vastus medialis, and of the forequarters, including pectoralis descendens, pectoralis ascendens, and transversus pectoralis. The main histologic findings consisted of degenerative and necrotic neuronal changes (chromatolysis) of varying severity and extent affecting selected nuclei of the brainstem and neurons of the ventral horns of the spinal cord. Similar microscopic lesions were observed in the neurons of the spinal cord of 1 experimental sheep force-fed for 35 days with 1 kg/day of the same batch of foodstuff that was originally fed to the cattle. Coarse white or gray lumps, interpreted as mycelia, were observed in the beer by-product. Aspergillus clavatus was the dominant fungus isolated. Deaths ceased after the consumption of beer residue was discontinued. Recovery from illness was observed in 1 animal. The diagnosis was based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings, histological lesions, dosing trial, and mycology. A similar condition caused by consumption of barley by-products, sprouted wheat, corn sprouts, and beetroot screenings contaminated with A. clavatus has been reported in cattle and sheep worldwide.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interrelationship between biochemical and physiological indices of skeletal muscles in the frog Rana temporaria].

Studies have been made on temporal characteristics of contraction and Mg-ATPase activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in various phasic and tonic muscles of the frog. The time of isometric tetanic contraction and Mg-ATPase activity of the reticulum in the phasic m. sartorius and the tonic m. coracoradialis are correlated. The data obtained suggest that the duration of twitch isometric contraction is related to calcium content of muscles.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1980

[Reaction of isolated muscle tissue from different frog species to experimental heat tempering. I. Effect of temperature].

A study was made of changes in the heat resistance of isolated m. sartorius of Rana temporaria L. caused by a 15 minutes exposure to 34 degrees. The hardening effect of heating resulted in a 22.2% increase in the average heat resistance level of muscles (P less than 0.001). This increase was due to non-uniform and even opposite directed changes in the heat resistance levels of muscles of different individuals. Thus, in 81% of muscles their heat resistance increased on average by 27.7%, whereas in 14.3% of muscle the heat resistance decreased on average by 18.7%. These results, as well as the analysis of correlation coefficients between the initial resistance levels of muscles, taken from different individuals, and their changes caused by the hardening enabled us to detect an inverse functional relation between these indices.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1980

Activity of Ia inhibitory interneurons during fictitious scratch reflex in the cat.

(1) The fictitious scratch reflex was observed in decerebrate cats immobilized with Flaxedil. The activity of interneurons in the inhibitory pathways from Ia afferents to motoneurons of antagonistic muscles was recorded during scratching. The selected interneurons were supplied by Ia afferents from m. vastus, posterior biceps-semitendinosus and sartorius. (2) Almost all recorded interneurons showed periodic modulation of activity. Their maximal activity in the scratch cycle usually coincided with the maximal activity of motoneurons of those muscles from which the interneurons receive Ia afferents. Excitation of Ia afferents by passive stretch of the muscle or by electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve resulted in the increase of the interneuron activity, without changing its timing in the scratch cycle.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1975

The electric potential change of internal membrane during propagation of contraction in skinned fibre of toad skeletal muscle.

With skinned fibres prepared by removing sarcolemma in liquid paraffin from single fibres isolated from m. adductor magnus, m. sartorius or m. rectus internus major of toad (Bufo bufo japonicus), it was determined whether or not an action potential ("internal action potential", or IAP) could be detected during a propagated contraction evoked by electrical square pulses of 1 msec duration. The IAP less than 10 mV was recorded with a glass capillary microelectrode inserted into the skinned fibre during a contraction propagating along the skinned fibre. The shape of the IAP was similar to the action potential of a surface membrane of the skeletal muscle fibre, although its time course was far slower. The rate of rise of IAP was more rapid than that of the mechanical movement which was measured by the change in scattered light quantity of a gas-laser beam. When a contraction wave was propagated as far as the unskinned portion it reflected there and began to propagate backwards along the skinned portion. Whenever a contraction wave passed through the microelectrode-inserted portion, the IAP was recorded. When the propagation of a contraction wave was blocked somewhere in the skinned fibre, a potential change in reverse direction was recorded there. The phase of this potential change corresponded with the after potential of the IAP.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative analysis of potassium and sodium flux across a muscle fiber membrane in a saline medium deficient in alkali metal cations].

Sodium and potassium fluxes from frog sartorius in magnesium-, choline- and Tris-Ringer solutions free of sodium and potassium have been studied wih the flame-emission technique. In the media examined the rate constant of potassium loss appeared to decrease as much as by 100 times when the internal sodium increases from 10 to 60-130 mumol/g. d. w. At. high internal sodium concentration, ouabain (10(-4) M) significantly increases the loss of potassium, whereas at low sodium concentration there is no such effect. The role of potassium reabsorption in the phenomena observed has been analyzed. No constant stoichiometry between the changes in ouabain-sensitive sodium fluxes and "reabsorbed" potassium fluxes has been found. With ouabain applied the time-course of shifts of these two fluxes are different. It is suggested that the effect of the internal sodium concentration and ouabain on potassium loss in sodium, and potassium-free media may be due not only to the reabsorption of potassium, but also to the change of potassium efflux itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Knee muscle moment arms from MRI and from tendon travel.

We tested magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a means to collect geometric data for moment arm estimation. A knee specimen in five successive flexion postures was scanned by MRI, while simultaneously tendon positions of loaded muscles were measured (long head of biceps femoris, lateral and medial gastrocnemius, gracilis, rectus femoris, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and tensor fasciae latae). Discrete rotation centres were derived from MRI pictures. Moment arms were estimated as the distances from these centres to the tendons. The ratio of tendon travel over the increment of joint angulation was the alternative, more reliable estimate of the moment arm. An important principal shortcoming of MRI is the impossibility of accounting for force distribution in taut tissue. As a consequence, for some muscles, considerable inaccuracies in moment arm estimation are found in a relatively small range of joint angulation (up to about 30% for the rectus femoris and semimembranosus). For the tensor fasciae latae, the moment arm cannot be estimated by MRI, while the estimate by tendon travel is unreliable owing to the deformability and attachments of the fascia lata.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of neomycin on the contractile activity of the skeletal muscles in the frog].

Neomycin, a selective inhibitor of the phosphoinositide metabolism, depending on its concentration and the incubation time, depressed the K+-contractures and contractions of m. sartorius R. ridibunda caused by a single or a tetanic electrostimulation. In the experiments on m. rectus abdominis, neomycin inhibited the Ach- and oubaine contractures but not the K+ ones. The contractures of both muscles induced with caffeine did not change in presence of the above antibiotic. The data obtained suggest a participation of phosphoinositides contractions of skeletal muscles induced by excitation of the plasma membrane.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1976

[Some properties of transport ATPases in functionally different muscles].

The properties of Ca-transporting system in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes in fast and slow frog muscles as well as some properties of sarcolemma Na, K-ATPase of the same object were investigated. The rate of Ca2+ uptake, Ca-ATPase activity and Ca/ATP ratio for the reticulum of fast muscle demonstrated higher values than those for the reticulum of slow muscle. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation by the fragments of the rectus reticulum and Ca/ATP ratio were found to decrease under the influence of acetylcholine (0.05-5 mM). The transport system of the sartorius reticulum was found to be less sensitive to acetylcholine. The peak activity of Na, K-ATPase in femoral muscles of the frog occurred at 80 mM NaCl and 60 mM KCl, whereas in the rectus abdominal muscle it equalled 100 mM NaCl and 40 mM KCl. Thus, Na, K-ATPase activity in the slow muscle was predominantly higher than that in the mixed (femoral) muscles. If the sarcolemma preparations of the muscles of both types the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on Na; K-ATPase was registered. The enzyme of slow muscles exhibited higher sensibility to acetylcholine.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2004

Magnetic resonance imaging of muscle in congenital myopathies associated with RYR1 mutations.

Mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene are associated with a wide range of phenotypes, comprising central core disease and distinct subgroups of multi-minicore disease. We report muscle MRI findings of 11 patients from eight families with RYR1 mutations (n=9) or confirmed linkage to the RYR1 locus (n=2). Patients had clinical features of a congenital myopathy with a wide variety of associated histopathological changes. Muscle MR images showed a consistent pattern characterized by (a) within the thigh: selective involvement of vasti, sartorius, adductor magnus and relative sparing of rectus, gracilis and adductor longus; (b) within the lower leg: selective involvement of soleus, gastrocnemii and peroneal group and relative sparing of the tibialis anterior. Our findings indicate that patients with RYR1-related congenital myopathies have a recognizable pattern of muscle involvement irrespective of the variability of associated histopathological findings. Muscle MRI may supplement clinical assessment and aid selection of genetic tests particularly in patients with non-diagnostic or equivocal histopathological features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

The binding of tetrodotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin to normal and denervated mammalian muscle.

1. The binding of [(3)H]tetrodotoxin and [(125)I]iodo-alpha-bungarotoxin to innervated and denervated rat diaphragm muscle has been measured.2. A saturable component of tetrodotoxin binding, which was inhibited by saxitoxin, was detected in addition to considerable non-saturable binding. The saturable component had an equilibrium constant of K = 6.1 nM (limits 4.7-7.8 nM) and binding capacity M = 2.5 f-mole/mg wet wt. (limits 2.1-2.8 f-mole/mg).3. If the saturable component consisted of one-to-one binding of tetrodotoxin to sodium channels, the density of sodium channels would be about 21/mum(2) of surface membrane, a figure similar to that found in other excitable membranes.4. After denervation the specific tetrodotoxin binding, as measured by the ratio M/K, fell by a factor of 2.8. This change appeared to be due to a fall in binding capacity rather than a decrease in affinity.5. After denervation the maximum rate of rise of the action potential fell by 27% and became partially resistant to tetrodotoxin. The maximum rate of rise was at first reduced by tetrodotoxin in similar concentrations to those affecting normal muscle, but even large concentrations which completely blocked normal muscle only reduced the maximum rate of rise by a factor of about 2.6. Detubulation with glycerol did not appreciably affect the tetrodotoxin sensitivity of normal or denervated muscle.7. Tetrodotoxin resistance was not observed after denervation of the frog sartorius muscle.8. [(125)I]iodo-alpha-bungarotoxin binding amounted to 3.8 +/- 0.7 f-mole/mg in innervated muscle and 44.5 +/- 2.1 f-mole/mg in denervated muscle. Most of the uptake was inhibitable by (+)-tubocurarine.9. The increase in the labelled bungarotoxin binding is much larger than the specific tetrodotoxin binding of innervated muscle, which renders implausible the possibility that the acetylcholine receptors which appear after denervation are related to the tetrodotoxin resistant-sodium channels.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1983

[Synaptic effects evoked in the spinal cord motor neurons of the frog by adequate stimulation of muscle spindles].

Monosynaptic EPSPs in motoneurones of isolated spinal cord of the frog Rana ridibunda elicited by stretch of the m. sartorius occurred when the involvement of tendon and leaf-like receptors had been excluded. These EPSPs consisted of two components, the first of which persisted in Ca2+-free, Mn2+ or Mg2+-containing media whereas the second one was completely blocked. These observations are in agreement with electrical nature of the first component and chemical nature of the second one.

Animals↗