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PubMed1982

Incidence and treatments of postpartum reproductive problems in a dairy herd.

Incidence of assisted births, retained fetal membranes (RFM), and metritis were recorded in one hundred dairy cows from parturition through 14 days post-calving. Manual removal of RFM was not attempted. All RFM were excised inside the vulva and observations of natural RFM expulsion were recorded. Fifteen of 100 cows (15%) had assisted births, 27 (27%) had RFM, 8 (8%) had primary metritis not associated with other postpartum reproductive problems, and 26 (26%) had secondary metritis. Uterine swabs for culture were collected during the study from cows with postpartum reproductive problems. E . coli was the most common organism isolated (69.4%). Sensitivities of all isolates to penicillin, tetracycline, and triple sulfa were 44.0%, 59.5%, and 36.9% respectively. One of two antibiotic treatments were administered to cows with these postpartum reproductive problems. Treated animals received either 5 g. tetracycline powder IU on day 1 of treatment plus 10.5 million units procaine penicillin G IM on days 1, 2, and 3; or 4 Sulfaurea boluses IU on day 1. Despite the antibiotic treatments, 26 of 34 cows having either assisted birth and/or RFM developed metritis (76%). Neither treatment regimen was superior to the other. The poor results of antimicrobial therapy suggested the futility of routine administration of therapeutic agents for postpartum reproductive problems. Treatment failure was attributed to ineffective drugs or inadequate dosage regimens.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Reproductive dysfunction in women with epilepsy: recommendations for evaluation and management.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is commonly associated with reproductive endocrine disorders. These include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), isolated components of this syndrome such as polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenaemia, hypothalamic amenorrhoea, and functional hyperprolactinaemia. OBJECTIVE: To summarise the currently known relations between epilepsy and reproductive endocrine disorders. METHODS: A review of clinical experience and published reports. RESULTS: The most likely explanations for endocrine disorders related to epilepsy or antiepileptic drugs are: (1) a direct influence of the epileptogenic lesion, epilepsy, or antiepileptic drugs on the endocrine control centres in the brain; (2) the effects of antiepileptic drugs on peripheral endocrine glands; (3) the effects of antiepileptic drugs on the metabolism of hormones and binding proteins; and (4) secondary endocrine complications of antiepileptic drug related weight changes or changes of insulin sensitivity. Regular monitoring of reproductive function at visits is recommended, including questioning about menstrual disorders, fertility, weight, hirsutism, and galactorrhoea. Particular attention should be paid to patients on valproate and obese patients or those experiencing significant weight gain. Single abnormal laboratory or imaging findings without symptoms may not constitute a clinically relevant endocrine disorder. However, patients with these kinds of abnormalities should be monitored to detect the possible development of a symptomatic disorder associated with, for example, menstrual disorders or fertility problems. CONCLUSIONS: If a reproductive endocrine disorder is found, antiepileptic drug treatment should be reviewed to ensure that it is correct for the particular seizure type and that it is not contributing to the endocrine problem. The possible benefits of a change in treatment must be balanced against seizure control and the cumulative side effect of alternative agents.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1994

Acceleration and deceleration of sexual maturation by social cues in a tropical rodent Zygodontomys brevicauda.

The effects of social cues from adult conspecifics on the rate of sexual maturity were studied in a tropical rodent, the cane mouse (Zygodontomys brevicauda), in the laboratory. Several aspects of the biology of this species have suggested that it might be atypical in that young females may not accelerate or decelerate their rate of reproductive development in response to social cues. This hypothesis was tested by housing 16-day-old females with an adult male, an adult female, or alone, and reproductive development was assessed periodically, beginning when the mice were 20 days old. Young females paired with males underwent more uterine growth and matured markedly earlier than did isolated controls. Young females paired with adult females exhibited less uterine growth than did isolated controls. Thus, social cues both accelerate and decelerate reproductive development in females of this species, and the hypothesis that social cues have no effect on reproductive development in young females was rejected. The evolutionary conditions that favour unresponsiveness of young females to social cues appear to be restrictive, and may be rare in mammals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Reproductive problems associated with bluetongue virus activity in Nebraska.

Abortions, stillborn calves, neonatal mortalities and excessive numbers of weak, slow-starting newborn have contributed to significant losses within the valuable breeding herds at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. Conception rates of 70 to 80%, abortion storms and neonatal mortality of 5 to 25% have been observed. Vaccination programs control most of the common diseases that contribute to production losses. Management and nutrition are considered adequate. Excessive dystocia is thought to contribute to some of the excessive losses reported. Diagnostic efforts and epidemiological studies indicate that bluetongue virus (BTV) appears to be associated with some of the reproductive losses. Serotypes 11 and 13 have been isolated. Bovine virus diarrhea virus has also been isolated from weak calves that die at birth or shortly after birth. Serological studies reveal a periodically high incidence of bluetongue (BT) positive breeding animals. Collaborative efforts continue and must be expanded to further elicit the cause and economic impact of reproductive loss at the Meat Animal Research Center.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1991

Results of ovulation induction using human menopausal gonadotropin or purified follicle-stimulating hormone in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare ovarian performance and hormonal levels, after ovulation induction, in patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, using two different gonadotropin drugs. DESIGN: Patients were treated during consecutive cycles, using the same stimulation protocol, with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in the first treatment cycle and purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the second one. SETTING: Specialist Reproductive Endocrine Unit. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Nine patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Duration of stimulation, number of leading follicles, serum estradiol (E2) concentration and endometrial thickness at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin administration, and the occurrence of ovulation. RESULTS: Compared with hMG, treatment with purified FSH required significantly more ampules of drug (P less than 0.04) but resulted in a significant reduction in the number of leading follicles (P less than 0.05), serum E2 concentrations (P less than 0.002), endometrial thickness (P less than 0.02) and the occurrence of ovulation (P less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients is consistent with the two-cell two-gonadotropin hypothesis, that both gonadotropins are required to accommodate their synergistic action for appropriate steroidogenesis. In treating this group of patients, the superior efficacy of hMG compared with purified FSH preparation is beyond question.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Immunoglobulin-binding activity among pathogenic and carrier isolates of Haemophilus somnus.

Nonimmune binding of immunoglobulin to whole bacteria was quantitated for North American isolates of Haemophilus somnus recovered from cattle with pneumonia, reproductive failure (abortion), or thromboembolic meningoencephalitis or from the vagina or prepuce of carrier cattle. Quantitative binding activity covered a wide range, with most pathogenic and carrier isolates demonstrating significant immunoglobulin-Fc binding. Isolates for which Fc binding was not detectable were recovered only from the prepuces of asymptomatic bulls. Expression of Fc-binding activity correlated with the presence of the 41,000-molecular-weight protein (41K protein) and 270K protein. Isolates that lacked Fc-binding activity did not possess 41K or 270K protein. A 33K protein was detected in isolates that lacked Fc-binding activity but not in isolates that bound Fc.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Animal model of isolated gonadotropin deficiency. II. Morphologic responses to LHRH immunoneutralization.

Morphologic changes in the male reproductive system of mongrel dogs immunized against LHRH were quantitated using linear measurements and morphometric techniques at the light-microscopic level. Two experimental groups (5 nonimmunized control animals and 5 actively immunized animals) were killed 12 weeks after the primary immunization. No significant differences were observed between three immunized dogs having low LHRH antibody titers (immunized-unaffected) and the five nonimmunized control dogs. The two immunized dogs (affected) with the highest antibody titers against LHRH were characterized by atrophy and dedifferentiation of the testes, prostate, and excurrent ducts. The morphologic changes in the testes of these two dogs were striking and included an apparent arrest or significant reduction in the spermatogenic process, concurrent epithelial degeneration, and apparent diminution of Leydig cell mass. Drastic reductions in the size of the prostatic acini and epithelial cells, as well as loss of secretory granules, reflected depression of function and androgen production. Similarly, in the excurrent ducts decreases in the measured parameters and loss of regional cytoplasmic specialization denoted functional decrescence. This study demonstrates the regressive effects of LHRH immunoneutralization on the morphology of the reproductive system in the male dog and further supports the feasibility of this system as an animal model for the study of isolated gonadotropin deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dopamine stimulates snail albumen gland glycoprotein secretion through the activation of a D1-like receptor.

The catecholamine dopamine is present in both the central nervous system and in the peripheral tissues of molluscs, where it is involved in regulating reproduction. Application of exogenous dopamine to the isolated albumen gland of the freshwater pulmonate snail Helisoma duryi (Wetherby) induces the secretion (release) of perivitelline fluid. The major protein component of the perivitelline fluid of Helisoma duryi is a native 288 kDa glycoprotein that is secreted around individual eggs and serves as an important source of nutrients for the developing embryos. The secretion of glycoprotein by the albumen gland is a highly regulated event that must be coordinated with the arrival of the fertilized ovum at the carrefour (the region where the eggs receive albumen gland secretory products). In order to elucidate the intracellular signalling pathway(s) mediating dopamine-induced glycoprotein secretion, albumen gland cAMP production and glycoprotein secretion were measured in the presence/absence of selected dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Dopamine D1-selective agonists dihydrexidine, 6,7-ADTN and SKF81297 stimulated cAMP production and glycoprotein secretion from isolated albumen glands whereas D1-selective antagonists SCH23390 and SKF83566 suppressed dopamine-stimulated cAMP production. Dopamine D2-selective agonists and antagonists generally had no effect on cAMP production or protein secretion. Based on the effects of these compounds, a pharmacological profile was obtained that strongly suggests the presence of a dopamine D1-like receptor in the albumen gland of Helisoma duryi. In addition, secretion of albumen gland glycoprotein was not inhibited by protein kinase A inhibitors, suggesting that dopamine-stimulated protein secretion might occur through a protein kinase A-independent pathway.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1980

Purification and primary structure of two neuroactive peptides that cause bag cell afterdischarge and egg-laying in Aplysia.

Two neuroactive peptides, A and B, have been isolated from the atrial gland in the reproductive tract of Aplysia. Each of the two peptides is able to induce egg-laying behavior in recipient animals. In vitro recordings from the abdominal ganglion show that both peptides also trigger longlasting discharges in the bag cell neurons at concentrations around 0.1 muM. The peptides were purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, agarose gel filtration, and cation exchange chromatography. Each peptide has 34 amino acid residues. Microsequencing together with carboxypeptidase Y degradation and analysis of tryptic peptides revealed the following sequence for peptide A: H-Ala-Val-Lys-Leu-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly -Ala-Gln-Pro-Tyr-Phe-Met-Thr-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Ile. Peptide B differs from A in only four positions. The first nine residues of B are: Ala-Val-Lys-Ser-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Lys-, whereas residues 10-34 of B are identical to those of A. The calculated M(r) of A is 3924 and that of B is 4032. The pI of peptide A as determined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels is 7.9-8.1 and that of peptide B is 9.0-9.2. It is estimated that each atrial gland contains at least 150 mug of peptide A and 50 mug of B. Neither peptide resembles the egg-laying hormone isolated from bag cell neurons. It is postulated that the atrial gland peptides are released during copulation, and then by interacting with neuronal receptors in the head ganglia and pleuroabdominal connectives they cause the bag cells to afterdischarge, thereby releasing egg-laying hormone.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1976

Pathogenicity, immunogenicity and genetic stability in mice and ferrets of a cold inhibitor-resistant mutant of influenza H3N2 virus.

A cold inhibitor-resistant mutant was derived from MRC-2 virus by means of serial passages in the presence of rabbit serum and at gradually decreasing temperatures. This virus, denoted MRC-2 IRc, grew well at both 26 and 37 degree C. The pathogenicity and immunogenicity of the virus was examined in mice and ferrets. No clinical reactions were detected in either species. Both mice and ferrets developed high levels of hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibodies. The virus was reisolated from the lungs of intranasally inoculated mice; in ferrets it was recovered from nasal washing and trachea but not from lungs. The properties of the isolated viruses were examined. The viruses reisolated from mice lost their reproductive capacity at 26 degree C and were less resistant to inhibitors than the original virus. The virus isolated from the ferret nose was identical with the original virus, however the tracheal isolate exhibited a certain degree of reversion in both the markers tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Germfree animals and technics in surgical research.

Germfree animals have been reared to a size, weight, and age permitting the performance of major surgical procedures and the pursuit of a variety of surgical research problems. Germfree dogs have been maintained in the isolator system through three generations, indicating that life, reproduction, and growth are all possible in the absence of microbial contamination. The value of the germfree approach to surgical problems has been utilized in studies of a variety of gastrointestinal problems, shock, cancer, immunology, burns, wound healing, and in direct patient application. Patients have been maintained in isolator environments for prevention of infection, for operative procedures, for treatment of extensive burns, and for management of immune-suppressed individuals. We conclude that germfree animals and germfree technics provide a valuable addition to the armamentarium of the surgeon in both research and clinical applications.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sensitivity of urogenital aerobic microflora to antibiotics].

The following aerobic opportunistic bacteria have been isolated in women with different inflammatory processes of the reproductive system: staphylococci--62%, enterobacteria--30%, streptococci--11%, pseudomonads--7%. Gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and streptococci, except for Streptococcus faecium) manifested the highest sensitivity to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Clinical isolates of enterobacteria were characterized by high percentage of strains sensitive to cyprofloxacine and cephalosporines of the third generation. The highest number of sensitive strains was registered in fluoroquinolon for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗
PubMed2000

Isolated tubal torsion managed laparoscopically.

Adnexal cystic lesions in women of reproductive age are common. Most are functional ovarian cysts, followed by paraovarian cysts, hydrosalpinx, and adnexal torsion. A 34-year-old woman experienced mild abdominal pain, nausea, and low-grade fever. She received empiric antibiotics in an outpatient clinic after a diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess. After 3 days she was referred to our hospital with no improvement in symptoms or signs. Isolated fallopian tube torsion was diagnosed and successfully treated by laparoscopy. Laparoscopy played an important role in making an accurate diagnosis and avoiding unnecessary delays in treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Isolation and characterization of mRNAs differentially expressed during ripening of wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) fruits.

Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) is an attractive model system for studying ripening in non-climacteric fruit, because of its small diploid genome, its short reproductive cycle, and its capacity for transformation. We have isolated eight ripening-induced cDNAs from this species after differential screening of a cDNA library. The predicted polypeptides of seven of the clones exhibit similarity to database protein sequences, including acyl carrier protein, caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase, sesquiterpene cyclase, major latex protein, cystathionine gamma-synthase, dehydrin and an auxin-induced gene. A ninth cDNA clone that was constitutively expressed is predicted to encode a metallothionein-like protein. None of these proteins appear to be directly related to events generally associated with ripening such as cell wall metabolism or the accumulation of sugars and pigments, rather, their putative functions are indicative of the wide range of processes upregulated during fruit ripening.

DNA, Complementary↗
PubMed1984

Distribution of a proteinase inhibitor of epididymal origin in the tissues and secretions of the male reproductive tract of mice.

Monoclonal antibodies to a low molecular weight, acid-stable acrosin-trypsin inhibitor isolated from epididymal homogenates were used to localize the inhibitor in tissues and secretions of the male reproductive tract of mice. The inhibitor, identified by indirect immunofluorescence, is present in the testes and in the apical portion of the epithelial cells from the caput region of the epididymis of both intact and efferentiectomized animals. Sperm isolated from the testes and caput epididymal region show inhibitor-positive fluorescence on the anterior acrosomal region. The inhibitor could not be localized on ductus or electroejaculated sperm or ductus sperm previously incubated in a purified inhibitor solution. Furthermore, the inhibitor was not visible in the copulatory plug of recently inseminated animals or on sperm recovered from the uterus or from an artificial capacitating medium. The inhibitor could be detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the supernatants of detergent treated or frozen-thawed caput sperm but not of ductus sperm. The data suggest that the inhibitor, made in both the testes and caput epididymis where it associates with the sperm, is lost from the sperm or irreversibly masked during the epididymal sojourn.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Expression of type II activin receptor genes in the male and female reproductive tissues of the rat.

In addition to the feedback regulation of pituitary FSH secretion, gonadal activins have been shown to modulate physiological functions in the reproductive tissues. These observations suggested that activins and the receptors for these peptides may be coexpressed in gonadal tissues. In this study, we have cloned cDNAs encoding two species of type II activin receptors (ActRII and ActRIIB) from rat testicular mRNA and have shown that the two rat activin receptors share 97% similarity in the nucleotide sequence with those reported in the mouse. Two species [6 and 3 kilobases (kb)] ActRII mRNA were identified in all reproductive tissues of adult male and female rats. The 6-kb ActRII mRNA was the abundant form in most of the reproductive tissues. In placenta, the 6- and 3-kb mRNA were present in equal intensity. Interestingly, the ratio of the expression of two species of ActRII mRNA in rat testis changed with age. The 6-kb mRNA was the predominant form in immature 15- and 20-day-old testis, while the 3-kb mRNA increased with age and became the major form in mature testis. In female rats, however, the 6-kb ActRII mRNA was the abundant species in all of the ovaries examined, including immature, normal cycling, and pregnant rats. One major 2.25-kb species of ActRIIB mRNA was identified in all of the reproductive organs examined. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the isolated ActRIIB cDNA clones revealed that ActRIIB2 was the major isoform found in rat testis. The levels of expression of ActRIIB gene in rat testis or ovary were not changed during development. We conclude that 1) both type II and IIB activin receptor genes are widely expressed in the male and female reproductive tissues; and 2) the expression of 6- and 3-kb ActRII mRNA is tissue dependent as well as age dependent in rat testis.

Activin Receptors↗
PubMed1983

Shared HLA antigens and reproductive performance among Hutterites.

Shared histocompatibility antigens between spouses may affect reproductive outcome adversely as a result of prenatal selection against compatible fetuses. Evidence from both animal and human studies suggest that histocompatible fetuses may not initiate a maternal immunologic response that prevents rejection of the embryo. Therefore, parents sharing HLA antigens may produce compatible fetuses and consequently experience a greater frequency of early fetal losses and show poorer reproductive outcome than couples not sharing antigens. In the Hutterites, an inbred human isolate that proscribes contraception, we tested the hypothesis that couples sharing HLA antigens have poorer reproductive outcomes than couples who do not. The Hutterites are characterized by high fertility and large family sizes. Couples that share zero (no. = 21), one (no. = 15), and more than one (no. = 10) HLA-A or HLA-B antigens were compared for reproductive performance. Median intervals between births were larger among couples that share more than one antigen in eight of 11 intervals examined. In addition, the median intervals from marriage to first, fifth, and tenth birth were consistently larger among couples that share more than one antigen. Differences among the groups appear to become larger with increasing parity, suggesting that the effect of histocompatibility on reproductive performance becomes more evident in later pregnancies. These differences in reproductive performance between couples that share zero, one, or more than one HLA-A or HLA-B antigens may have significant evolutionary consequences. However, our results demonstrate that sharing HLA antigens does not preclude normal pregnancy and caution should be exercised before concluding that shared HLA antigens are solely responsible for repeated fetal losses.

Birth Intervals↗