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PubMed1998

The prostate anesthetic block for outpatient prostate surgery.

With the emergence of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and the need to reduce health care costs, a simple and effective prostate anesthetic block may allow more procedures to be done in an outpatient or office setting. As based on neuroanatomy studies of the prostate, the perineal approach appeared to be the best way to anesthetize the prostate. This technique was used in 43 patients who underwent interstitial laser coagulation an outpatient or office setting. The perineal prostatic block was effective for pain control whether lidocaine or lidocaine/bupivacaine was used as determined by visual analog scale, linear pain scale, or global pain questionnaire. The use of intravenous (i.v.) sedation did not influence the efficacy of the prostate anesthetic block. Thus, the perineal prostate anesthetic block may be employed in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia in the outpatient/office location.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Transperineal ultrasound-guided 12-core systematic biopsy of the prostate for patients with a prostate-specific antigen level of 2.5-20 ng/ml in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the cancer detection rate in patients with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 2.5 to 20 ng/ml, using transperineal ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy of the prostate. METHODS: Three hundred consecutive patients with PSA levels of 2.5 to 20 ng/ml underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided 12-core systematic biopsy of the prostate. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 108 of the 300 patients (36.0%). The cancer detection rates in patients with total PSA levels of 2.5-4.0, 4.01-10.0 and 10.01-20.0 ng/ml were 18.2%, 31.0%, and 50.0%, respectively. The cancer detection rates in patients with prostate volumes of less than 30 cc and over 50 cc were almost 50%, and 13.3%, respectively. The cancer detection rate in patients with a PSA density (PSAD) of less than 0.10 ng/ml per cc was only 5.6%, and no prostate cancer was detected in patients with a free-to-total PSA ratio (% f PSA) over 40%. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a high prostate cancer detection rate by the transperineal ultrasound-guided 12-core systematic biopsy method in patients with PSA levels of 2.5 to 20 ng/ml. Accordingly, if the number of core biopsies is further increased overall, except in patients with a large prostate volume, and if the indication for biopsy is decided based on the PSAD and %f PSA, then the cancer detection rate by the present method may be further improved, with fewer unnecessary biopsies.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Genetic Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: Prostate-specific Antigen and its Interaction with the Androgen Receptor (United States).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether directly observed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter diploid haplotype, either alone or in conjunction with androgen receptor (AR) genotype, is associated with prostate cancer risk. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study nested within the US population-based Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. Incident prostate cancers were identified by linkage to cancer registry records for the years 1989-2000. We genotyped 193 cases and 391 controls for the PSA -252 G/A and -158 G/A SNPs and the AR CAG microsatellite, and developed methods to directly determine proximal PSA promoter haplotypes. Exact logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and significance levels. RESULTS: No significant associations were observed between PSA diplotype and prostate cancer overall. Short (< 20) AR CAG repeat lengths were associated with modest increases in the risk of prostate cancer (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.97-2.19; p = 0.071) that were significant for advanced disease (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.02-3.26; p = 0.044). Men who possessed two copies of the PSA*2 (-252G/-158G) haplotype and short AR CAG repeat lengths had a 4-fold (95% CI, 1.05-20.75; exact p = 0.040) increased risk of prostate cancer, and a 7-fold (95% CI, 1.25-39.78; exact p = 0.026) increased risk of advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence that the PSA*2*2 diplotype in combination with short AR CAG alleles increases a man's risk of developing prostate cancer. These findings support an etiologic role in prostate cancer of genetic interactions between polymorphisms that increase AR transactivation strength and those that alter the regulatory regions of target genes such as PSA that are responsive to androgen stimulation.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Cerebrospinal fluid prostate specific antigen (CSF PSA) in prostate cancer patients with lower spine metastasis.

AIM: In this prospective study, our aim was to investigate the CSF PSA levels and CSF/Serum PSA ratios in patients with prostate cancer with lower spine metastasis. METHODS: The study involved patients with prostate cancer (n = 15), benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 17) and non-prostatic disease (n = 9). Serum and CSF were obtained prior to spinal anesthesia for urological surgery. Total PSA levels in the serum and CSF were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The results were tested statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The mean serum PSA levels were 20.36 ng/ml in the prostate cancer patients, 5.37 ng/ml in the BPH patients and 0.76 ng/ml non-prostatic disease. The mean CSF PSA levels in groups were 0.127, 0.051 and 0.027 ng/ml, respectively. The mean CSF PSA/serum PSA ratios in groups were 0.007, 0.018 and 0.042, respectively. This result is statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although mean serum PSA and CSF PSA levels in the patients with cancer of the prostate and lower spine metastasis are higher than those in the others, the mean CSF PSA/serum PSA ratio is lower. However, clinical usefulness of CSF PSA value and CSF PSA/ Serum PSA ratio can be limited because CSF PSA values are usually very low, and CSF PSA/Serum PSA ratio of 4 prostate cancer patients are as high as 1 BPH patient.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Prostate tissue stiffness as measured with a resonance sensor system: a study on silicone and human prostate tissue in vitro.

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men in Europe and in the USA. Some prostate tumours are stiffer than the surrounding normal tissue, and it could therefore be of interest to measure prostate tissue stiffness. Resonance sensor technology based on piezoelectric resonance detects variations in tissue stiffness due to a change in the resonance frequency. An impression-controlled resonance sensor system was used to detect stiffness in silicone rubber and in human prostate tissue in vitro using two parameters, both combinations of frequency change and force. Variations in silicone rubber stiffness due to the mixing ratio of the two components could be detected (p<0.05) using both parameters. Measurements on prostate tissue showed that there existed a statistically significant (MANOVA test, p<0.001) reproducible difference between tumour tissue (n=13) and normal healthy tissue (n=98) when studying a multivariate parameter set. Both the tumour tissue and normal tissue groups had variations within them, which were assumed to be related to differences in tissue composition. Other sources of error could be uneven surfaces and different levels of dehydration for the prostates. Our results indicated that the resonance sensor could be used to detect stiffness variations in silicone and in human prostate tissue in vitro. This is promising for the development of a future diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.

Acoustics↗

PubMed2004

Prostate-specific antigen and related isoforms in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer.

Despite its unparalleled merits for prostate cancer detection and staging, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not a marker for prostate cancer only, but also is expressed in benign conditions. For early detection, limitations of PSA are obvious. Its widespread use has led to an extensive amount of expensive and often unnecessary diagnostic procedures associated with significant morbidity. Total PSA derivatives may enhance the accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis. The ratio of free-to-total PSA improves specificity while maintaining a high sensitivity for prostate cancer detection for men with a total PSA of 2.5 to 10 ng/mL. Human glandular kallikrein also has the potential to be a valuable tool in combination with total and free PSA for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Complex PSA seems to be a reliable tool to improve specificity at high sensitivity levels in men with suspected prostate cancer (mainly in PSA levels below 4 ng/mL). Newly discovered isoforms of free PSA also may impact early detection of prostate cancer with encouraging preliminary results that warrant further clinical investigation.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Retrograde transurethral balloon dilation of prostate: innovative management of abacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia.

Retrograde transurethral balloon dilatation (RTBD) of the prostate recently has been suggested as alternative therapy for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Seven patients with documented functional urinary outlet obstruction at the level of the bladder neck or prostatic urethra underwent RTBD of prostate. Each patient had a classic diagnosis of abacterial chronic prostatitis or prostatodynia based on history, physical examination, and localization cultures. Prior to RTBD of prostate, patients underwent cystoscopy, voiding cystourethrogram, urodynamic and uroflow studies. RTBD of prostate was done as an outpatient procedure requiring intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Dilation was performed with a 25-mm urethroplasty balloon catheter inflated at 3.5 atm of pressure for twenty minutes. Improvement in voiding symptomatology was noted in all patients and graded numerically (0-10 scale), with ten indicating normal voiding. Follow-up to date ranges from one to five months. This technique may have promise as a treatment option in patients with abacterial chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Role of prostatic basal cells in the regulation and suppression of human prostate cancer cells.

Cytokeratin expression in normal and malignant prostatic tissue indicates a loss of basal epithelial cells in cancer. We investigated the ability of basal-like prostatic epithelial cells to inhibit the growth of prostatic cancer cells. Human prostate LNCaP cells were grown in medium with or without 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on plastic culture dishes or on extracellular matrix derived from basal-like epithelial cells (primary cultures derived from normal peripheral zone of the prostate) that were grown with or without 10 nM DHT. Colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were used to assess the growth of LNCaP cells. On plastic dishes, growth of LNCaP cells was increased 5-10% by the presence of DHT in the medium. On matrix derived from basal-like cells that were grown in the absence of DHT, growth of LNCaP cells with or without DHT was similar to that on plastic. However, on matrix derived from basal-like cells that were grown with DHT, growth of LNCaP cells was suppressed when compared to all other culture conditions (P < 0.01). To determine whether basal-like cells could alter the function of LNCaP cells, we measured prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression with the use of comparative RT-PCR. We found a significant decrease in the mature PSA transcript in cells grown on matrix derived from basal-like cells that were grown with DHT. The expression of PSA transcript was not altered in LNCaP cells that were grown on matrix derived from basal-like cells that were grown in the absence of DHT. Furthermore, using differential display of mRNA, we demonstrated that there were induction and suppression of multiple unique transcripts in the LNCaP cells when grown on the various culture conditions. To determine a possible mechanism for these observations. We used a dot blot immunoassay for several known inhibitory factors. We determined that DHT can induce the basal-like cells to secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta 1), and that TGF-beta 1 can inhibit the proliferation of LNCaP cells in a dose dependent manner. We conclude that basal-like epithelial cells, in the presence of DHT, secrete an extracellular matrix o matrix associated factor(s), e.g. TGF-beta 1, that suppresses proliferation and function of prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest that the disappearance of the basal cell layer may be a prerequisite for the progression of prostatic neoplasia.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2004

MRI-CT fusion to assess postbrachytherapy prostate volume and the effects of prolonged edema on dosimetry following transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: Quality assurance through postplan assessment is an integral part of permanent seed prostate implants. The use of MRI-CT fusion for 1-month postimplant dosimetry permits accurate assessment of prostate volume without seed induced artifact and uncertainties of prostate contour inherent to CT assessments. Routine use of MRI-CT fusion reveals significant prostate edema may persist several weeks. This study evaluates the effect of edema, and its subsequent resolution, on dosimetry. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From May 2001 to June 2003, 241 men were treated with (125)I seed implants based on a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) preplan. Quality assessment was performed at 1 month by CT-MRI fusion using VariSeed software. Over this 24-month period, 29 patients (12%) with residual edema at 1 month (12-60% >TRUS plan volume), had repeat CT-MRI fusion at 2-4 months to reassess volume and dosimetry. Eleven of the 29 had received prior androgen ablation to shrink the prostate preimplant. RESULTS: For the entire group (n = 241), mean preimplant prostate volume was 33.7 cc and median postplan dosimetric parameters were: V100, 92.2%; D90, 153 Gy; and V150, 53%. For the 29 patients with prolonged edema, mean preimplant volume was 34.8 cc and 1-month volume was 46.1 cc (p <0.001). Mean volume reduction between 1 and 2 months was 13%. The decrease in prostate volume had a significant effect on dosimetry with median increase between 1 month and 2 months in calculated V100 of 9.5%, V150 22.6%, V200 30.1%, and D90 11.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Significant residual edema is seen 1-month postimplant in 12% of prostates and may have a profound effect on dosimetry. Further study is underway to characterize the time course of resolution of the edema, and to perform integral dosimetry based on the changing volume.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed2006

Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in non-metastatic prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: We undertook the present study to investigate the possible alteration of oxidant/antioxidant status in the circulation of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels were estimated in the erythrocytes of 25 non-metastatic prostate cancer patients, 36 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (controls). RESULTS: TBARS concentrations were significantly increased, while erythrocyte GPX and SOD activities were significantly decreased in the prostate cancer group versus controls (P < 0.001) and BPH group (P < 0.05). Zn levels were lowered in prostate cancer patients versus controls (P < 0.01) with no significant changes between BPH and cancer groups. Similarly, lipid peroxidation was increased (P < 0.05) with decreased SOD activity and Zn level (P < 0.05) in BPH versus controls. CONCLUSION: These results reveal an alteration in the lipid peroxidation index, with concomitant changes in the antioxidant defense system in prostate cancer patients compared to BPH patients. We hypothesize that an altered prooxidant-antioxidant balance may lead to an increase in oxidative damage and consequently may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of the transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate (TEAP) for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): a European multi-center evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: We prospectively conducted a European multi-center study to assess the safety and efficacy of injecting dehydrated ethanol using a specialized injection system for the treatment of BPH. METHODS: Patients with symptomatic BPH were enrolled and evaluated to undergo transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate for their BPH condition. Procedures were performed using the ProstaJect device. Treatment dosages were based on prostate volume, prostatic urethral length and median lobe involvement. Follow-up evaluations were done at four days and one, three, six and 12 months. RESULTS: One-hundred fifteen symptomatic patients underwent the transurethral ethanol ablation procedure and ninety-four patients have been followed and evaluated for the entire 12-month post-treatment period. The average prostate volume was 45.9 g, and average ethanol injected was 14 ml. Post-operatively, 98% of patients voided spontaneously four days following treatment. Significant reduction in reported lower urinary tract symptoms was evidenced at the one-month follow-up visit and maintained through 12 months follow-up, with International Prostate Symptom (IPSS) and Quality of Life (QoL) scores decreased by more than 50%. Peak flow rates (Q(max)) improved by 35% by the three-month evaluation and these results were sustained through to 12-months follow-up. The average prostate volume reduction was 16%. Adverse events included discomfort or irritative voiding symptoms in 26% of patients, hematuria in 16%, with retrograde ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction reported in less than 3% of patients. The majority of these events required no intervention. Two patients experienced serious adverse events (bladder necrosis) and underwent open surgery that included a urinary diversion and a ureteral implantataion. During the one year follow- up, 7% of patients required a trans-urethral resection of prostate (TURP). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary multi-center data, representing the largest reported cohort to date, suggests that TEAP may be considered an effective minimally invasive treatment option for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH. Analyses of safety lead to a procedure modification for needle placement more distal from the bladder neck. Objective reduction in symptoms was not correlated in prostate volume reduction suggesting a non-purely mechanical effect.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Results of a phase II trial of transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent radioactive implantation of the prostate for definitive management of localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate (radiation therapy oncology group 98-05).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent radioactive (125)I implantation of the prostate for organ-confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate compared with historical data of prostatectomy and external beam radiotherapy within a cooperative group setting. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients accrued to this study had histologically confirmed, locally confined, adenocarcinoma of the prostate with clinical Stage T1b, T1c, or T2a, no nodal or metastatic disease, prostate-specific antigen level of < or =10 ng/mL, and Gleason score of < or =6. All patients underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided radioactive (125)I permanent seed implantation into the prostate. The prescribed dose was 145 Gy to the prostate planning target volume. RESULTS: A total of 27 institutions accrued a total of 101 patients to this protocol, with no institution accruing >8 patients. Six patients were ineligible, leaving 95 properly entered as eligible in the study. The median follow-up was 5.3 years (range, 0.4-6.5 years). At 5 years, 5 patients had local failure, 1 had evidence of distant failure, and 6 (6%) had biochemical failure. The overall survival rate at 5 years was 96.7%. At last follow-up, no patient had died of prostate cancer or related toxicities. Eight patients had a maximal acute toxicity level of 3, and no patient had Grade 4 or 5 acute toxicity. During follow-up, 2 patients had maximal Grade 3 toxicity, both related to bladder issues, and no patient experienced Grade 4 or 5 toxicity. CONCLUSION: The results of this clinical protocol (a multi-institutional trial of brachytherapy for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate) have demonstrated that this type of trial can be successfully completed through the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Biochemical disease-free survival was comparable with other brachytherapy published series and with the results after surgery and external beam radiotherapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

Continuing controversy over monitoring men with localized prostate cancer: a systematic review of programs in the prostate specific antigen era.

PURPOSE: There is continuing controversy over the most appropriate treatment for screen detected and clinically localized prostate cancer, and increasing interest in monitoring such men initially with radical treatment targeted at cancers showing signs of progressive potential but while they are still curable. Current evidence on monitoring protocols and biomarkers used to predict disease progression was systematically reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MEDLINE and Excerpta Medica (EMBASE) bibliographic databases were searched from 1988 to October 2004, supplemented by manual searches of reference lists, focusing on studies reporting monitoring of men with localized prostate cancer. RESULTS: A total of 48 potentially eligible articles were found but only 5 studies, in which there was a total of 451 participants, restricted entry criteria to men with clinically localized (T1-T2) prostate cancer. Monitoring protocols varied with little consensus, although the majority used prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination, while some added re-biopsy to assess progression. Actuarial probabilities of freedom from disease progression at 4 to 5 years of followup were 67% to 72%. However, up to 50% of men abandoned monitoring within 2 years, largely because of anxiety related to increasing prostate specific antigen rather than objective evidence of disease progression. There was no robust evidence to support prostate specific antigen doubling times or velocity to identify men in whom disease may progress. Studies were characterized by small sample size, short-term followup, observer bias and uncertain validity around variable definitions of progression. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests that some form of monitoring would be a suitable treatment option in men with localized prostate cancer but there is little consensus over what markers should be used in such a program or how progression should be properly defined. The search for a method that safely identifies men with prostate cancer who could avoid radical intervention must continue.

Disease Progression↗

PubMed2006

Toremifene for the prevention of prostate cancer in men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: results of a double-blind, placebo controlled, phase IIB clinical trial.

PURPOSE: A randomized, double-blind, dose finding, placebo controlled, parallel group clinical study was done to determine the incidence of prostate cancer in men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia treated with toremifene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 514 patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and no evidence of prostate cancer on screening biopsy were randomized to 20, 40 or 60 mg toremifene, or placebo daily for 12 months. Patients underwent re-biopsy at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: The number of evaluable patients, that is those with 1 on study biopsy who were compliant, was 447. The cumulative risk of prostate cancer was decreased in patients on 20 mg toremifene compared with placebo (24.4% vs 31.2%, p <0.05). The annualized rate of prevention was 6.8 cancers per 100 men treated. In patients with no biopsy evidence of cancer at baseline and 6 months, the 12-month incidence of prostate cancer was decreased by 48.2% with 20 mg toremifene compared with placebo (9.1% vs 17.4%, p <0.05). The 20 mg dose was most effective but cumulative and 12-month incidences of prostate cancer were lower for each toremifene dose vs placebo with a cumulative risk of 29.2% and 28.1%, and a 12-month incidence of 14.3% and 13.0% for 40 and 60 mg, respectively. Gleason scores were similar across treatments. The overall incidence of drug related and serious adverse events did not differ between any of the toremifene groups and the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Toremifene decreased the incidence of prostate cancer by 1 year and had a tolerability profile comparable to that of placebo in a high risk population.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Prostate-specific antigen change in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, section Rotterdam.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity, PSA slope, and PSA doubling time (PSADT) in men with positive biopsies, negative biopsies, and no biopsy indications 4 years after an initial screening; and to use this information to improve the test characteristics in the early detection of prostate cancer and provide normal values for these parameters in screened men with and without evidence of prostate cancer. METHODS: Within the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, section Rotterdam, we identified 9575 men with a second determination of PSA 4 years after the initial screening. These men were divided into three groups: men with positive biopsies, negative biopsies, and no biopsy indications in the second round (PSA less than 3.0 ng/mL). The predictive values of PSA dynamics for detection of prostate cancer were calculated. RESULTS: The mean PSA velocity of men with prostate cancer was 0.62 ng/mL/yr versus 0.46 ng/mL/yr for men with a negative biopsy (P = 0.001). The mean PSADT for men with prostate cancer was 5.1 years and for those with a negative biopsy it was 6.1 years (P = 0.002). The PSADT for men with no indication for biopsy was 25.1 years. However, receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed only a moderate value for these test parameters in predicting biopsy outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The mean values of PSA velocity, PSA slope, and PSADT in a rescreened population differed significantly between men with and without prostate cancer. However, in predicting the biopsy outcome, the PSA dynamics were of limited value.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

Proteomic analysis of voided urine after prostatic massage from patients with prostate cancer: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Serum prostate-specific antigen measurements are widely used for the early detection of prostate cancer but lack specificity, thus warranting the search for additional biomarkers. METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis was used to investigate the protein profiles of voided urine after prostatic massage from 6 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer and 6 age-matched patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. RESULTS: The median number of protein spots per gel was lower in the urine from the patients with cancer (median 143 spots, range 118 to 163) than in the urine from those with benign prostatic hyperplasia (median 154 spots, range 142 to 209), although the difference was not statistically significant. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis identified six commonly expressed proteins: alpha-enolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, beta-2-microglobulin, alpha-1-microglobulin, complex-forming glycoprotein HC, and PRO2044. Of the five protein spots seen in a subset of patients with cancer, one was identified as calgranulin B/MRP-14. Immunohistochemical staining of prostatic tissue showed greater expression of calgranulin B/MRP-14 in 2 of 7 well-differentiated, 1 of 12 moderately differentiated, and 0 of 8 poorly differentiated tumors relative to adjacent benign tissue; expression of calgranulin A/MRP-8, a heterodermic binding partner of calgranulin B/MRP-14, was absent. CONCLUSIONS: The role of urinary calgranulin B/MRP-14 as a potential novel marker for prostate cancer needs additional investigation.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Measurement of the mechanical characteristics of benign prostatic tissue: a novel method for assessing benign prostatic disease.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between the morphology and the mechanical properties of benign prostatic tissues measured in vitro. METHODS: Fresh tissue specimens were collected from 17 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic obstruction. Individual tissue specimens underwent immediate mechanical testing, by applying a dynamic compressive strain to the samples. The amplitude ratio (E*) and phase difference (tan delta), measures of tissue elastic and viscous components, were derived. Individual sections from the processed specimens underwent immunohistochemical staining and computerized image analysis to measure the morphologic characteristics of each transurethral resection of the prostate chipping. Correlations between the morphologic and mechanical measurements were assessed. RESULTS: A strong positive correlation was found between prostatic smooth muscle content and (E*) (R2 = 0.58, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have demonstrated that strong correlations exist between prostatic tissue morphology and mechanical characteristics. We believe that the ability to quantify prostatic tissue mechanical characteristics in vivo may be of clinical benefit in the future assessment and treatment of benign prostatic disease.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stem cells in prostate and prostate cancer development.

Most cancers comprise a heterogenous population of cells with marked differences in their potential to proliferate as well as the ability to reconstitute the tumor upon transplantation. Cancer stem cells are a minor population of tumor cells that possess the stem cell property of self-renewal. Dysregulation of stem cell self-renewal is a likely requirement for the development of cancer. Cell signaling pathways shared by stem cells and cancer cells lend further evidence for a possible link between these 2 populations of cells. Study of the differentiation pathways of normal and abnormal prostate growth has led to the development of a stem cell model for prostate cancer. The basal layer of the normal prostate is believed to be populated by prostate epithelial stem cells and a population of transit-amplifying cells intermediate in differentiation to the stem and fully differentiated cells. There is recent evidence suggesting that prostate cancer occurs from malignant transformation of stem/progenitor cells, thereby resisting apoptosis and spawning proliferation. This new model for prostate cancer will have significant ramifications for the way this disease is studied and treated. Furthermore, through targeting the prostate cancer stem cell and its dysregulated self-renewal, therapies for treatment of prostate cancer are likely to improve.

Cell Differentiation↗