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PubMed1991

Suprachiasmatic nucleus and retinohypothalamic projections in moles.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) and the retinohypothalamic projections were identified in one species of old-world moles, all of whom are blind as a result of natural loss of vision. A cyto-architectonic study revealed that the SCN is well developed, even though other visual nuclei in the dorsal thalamus and the midbrain are not. An immunohistochemical study showed that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers were distributed in the SCN, as has been reported in other mammals. Following intraocular injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), the central retinal projections were examined. The results indicated that the SCN receives a direct projection from the retina, as seen in many other mammals. In addition to the projection to the SCN, retinal fibers were seen to terminate in the anterior hypothalamic region and the retrochiasmatic area, as observed in some other mammals. In moles, retinohypothalamic projections are bilateral, with an ipsilateral predominance. Considering that the retinogeniculate and retinotectal projections are vestigial, it is highly probable that the optic pathway in moles primarily consists of retinohypothalamic projections, which are devoted to the entrainment of circadian and circannual rhythms.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Ipsilateral retinofugal projections in a percomorph bony fish: their experimental induction, specificity and maintenance.

Adult bony fish possess only a small ipsilateral retinofugal projection, if any. Experimental manipulation, such as unilateral enucleation, can lead to an enhancement of this projection. We examined the patterns of, as well as the conditions for the development and maintenance of an enhanced ipsilateral retinofugal projection (EIRP) after nerve crush, after enucleation, and after various combinations of both types of surgery in juvenile and adult Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae). Retinal projections were labeled either unilaterally with horseradish perixodase, or with the lipophilic fluorescent dye DiI in aldehyde-fixed animals, or bilaterally with differently colored fluorescent dextran amines. Unilateral nerve crush always leads to the regeneration of retinofugal fibers to the contralateral tectum but spares some contralateral diencephalic nuclei. In addition, unilateral or bilateral nerve crush in many cases, and unilateral enucleation in some cases, leads to the development of an EIRP to the ipsilateral diencephalon and tectum. This EIRP persists (4 months and longer postoperatively) in only 10% of the unilaterally enucleated animals, in none of the animals subjected to unilateral nerve crush and in 79% of the animals subjected to bilateral nerve crush. All unilaterally enucleated animals in which the remaining, contralateral optic nerve was crushed develop and maintain an EIRP. These data suggest that nerve crush alone is sufficient to cause regenerating fibers to project, at least transiently, to the ipsilateral side of the brain. When the normal contralateral projection is either absent or in the process of regeneration, an EIRP can be maintained. In the latter case, alternate bands or patches of ipsi- and contralateral fibers in the tectum may result. Ipsilateral fibers follow unusual pathways by recrossing at the rostral diencephalon. Likewise, regenerating contralateral retinal fibers grow differently in this area; here, where the optic-nerve projection is reorganized into the optic tract, many regenerating fibers are deflected to the ipsilateral side of the brain. Despite atypical routes taken by some fibers, the EIRP nevertheless ends only in specific retinorecipient areas. An EIRP develops independently of the age of the animal, independently of the time lapse between enucleation and nerve lesion, and independently of persisting debris. However, in animals receiving an optic nerve lesion a long time after unilateral enucleation, the size of the EIRP and its tectal extent are reduced compared to that in animals enucleated around the same time as receiving the crush of the contralateral optic nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Peripheral distribution and central projections of the lateral-line nerves in goldfish, Carassius auratus.

The lateral-line system of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, is described from the receptor distribution on the body surface to the termination of the primary afferents within the octavolateralis column. Goldfish have a continuous lateral-line canal system which consists of supraorbital, infraorbital, operculomandibular and supratemporal commissural canals on the head and a trunk canal extending the length of the trunk. There is a single neuromast between each 2 canal pores. The total number of canal neuromasts on the head ranges from 74 to 100. On the body the total number of canal neuromasts ranges from 52 to 60. Associated with each canal are populations of superficial neuromasts. There are approximately 1,000 superficial neuromasts on the head which are arranged in clusters or rows oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the associated canal. On the body there are 3-9 superficial neuromasts on each scale. Further, there is a total of 1,000 superficial neuromasts arranged in horizontal lines between the fin rays of the caudal fin. The neuromasts are innervated by branches of four lateral-line nerves. The dorsal anterior lateral-line nerve innervates the supraorbital and infraorbital canals and associated superficial neuromasts. The ventral anterior lateral-line nerve innervates the operculomandibular canal and associated superficial neuromasts, as well as superficial neuromasts on the operculum. The middle lateral-line nerve innervates the postotic canal and a cluster of associated superficial neuromasts. The posterior lateral-line nerve innervates the supratemporal commissural canal and associated superficial neuromasts, as well as the canal and superficial neuromasts on the trunk and caudal fin. Application of horseradish peroxidase to the individual branches of the lateral-line nerves shows that the posterior lateral-line nerve projects to the dorsal portion of the medial and caudal nuclei, whereas the anterior lateral-line branches project to the ventral portion. Lateral-line projections to the magnocellular and descending nuclei of the octaval column were also observed. The projections to the eminentia granularis are also segregated such that the anterior lateral-line nerves project to the anterolateral portion and the posterior lateral-line nerve to the caudal portion. Thus, there appears to be a topographic organization of the lateral-line projections to the lateralis column and eminentia granularis. However, this topography does not appear to be precise as the projections of the branches of the anterior lateral-line nerves overlap extensively, as do the branches of the posterior lateral-line nerves.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1988

Somatosensory projections of cerebellar granule cell layer of giant bushbaby, Galago crassicaudatus.

Recent neurophysiological studies of the granule cell (GC) layer in opossums and rats revealed extensive somatosensory projections to the cerebellar hemispheres and caudal vermis. These projections are organized as asomatotopic mosaics that are species-specific. To determine whether similar projections exist in a primate with a relatively small and simple cerebellum, we explored the GC layer of exposed folial crowns of anterior and posterior lobe cerebellar cortex of anesthetized giant galagos using juxtathreshold natural stimulation of mechanoreceptors and in-depth microelectrode micromapping techniques. We found (1) that stimulation of somatosensory mechanoreceptors by gentle touch, deep pressure, muscle stretch and joint movement revealed projections to the GC layer throughout the mediolateral extent of crus II, paramedian lobule, pyramis and rostral uvula (crus I was unresponsive); (2) that mosaic patterns of peripheral sources and submodality of projections were different for each lobule, and (3) that there were intraspecies and individual differences in subfoliation and in details of projections. Except for differences in mosaic pattern and relative size of different projections, these findings are similar to those in opossums and rats. These data suggest that somatosensory inputs to the cerebellum are not only functionally significant, but that they exist widely among mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of olfactory bulb projections in pigeons and turtles.

The projection targets of the olfactory bulb in pigeons and turtles were investigated using autoradiographic techniques. Despite the relatively smaller size of the olfactory bulbs in pigeons, the projection targets of the olfactory bulb are very similar to those in turtles. In both pigeons and turtles, the olfactory bulb projects to the entire rostrocaudal extent of a portion of the dorsolateral telencephalon (which is here recognized as the pyriform cortex in both birds and reptiles) and to portions of the medial telencephalic wall including the medial septal region. In addition, a projection to the olfactory tubercle of the ventral telencephalon is clearly present in turtles and also appears to be present in pigeons. Pigeons and turtles do differ significantly, however, in the extent of the projection to the amygdaloid region. In turtles, olfactory bulb input encompasses the entire mediolateral and rostrocaudal extent of the amygdaloid region, while in pigeons the input is restricted to a small dorsomedial portion of the amygdala termed nucleus taeniae of the archistriatum. The present results suggest that the olfactory bulb projections in birds are generally similar to those in reptiles, with the exception that secondary olfactory bulb projections to the amygdala may be much reduced in birds compared to those in reptiles. The functional significance of the reduction in olfactory input to the amygdala is presently uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The morphology, number, distribution and central projections of Class I retinal ganglion cells in albino and hooded rats.

Class I retinal ganglion cells have been identified in wholemounts of rat retinae following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into retino-recipient nuclei. Class I cells are characterized by relatively large somata, 3-7 fairly frequently branching large-gauge primary dendrites and relatively thick axons. Cells with a very similar morphology have been visualized in the ganglion cell layer of retinal wholemounts using a neurofibrillar stain. The size of the somata and dendritic trees of Class I cells is affected by the density of all classes of ganglion cells: both somata and dendritic trees of Class I cells located in the region of peak density are smaller than those located in medium- and low-density ganglion cell regions. The mean numbers of Class I ganglion cells labelled following massive injections of HRP into retino-recipient nuclei were 876 (in albino rats) and 944 (in hooded rats), while the mean number of cells stained with the neurofibrillar method in albino retinae was 791. Thus, with the total number of positively identified retinal ganglion cells being 110,000-115,000 [Potts et al., 1982; Perry et al., 1983], Class I cells in both strains of rat constitute less than 1% of all retinal ganglion cells. Nevertheless the dendritic fields of Class I cells cover the entire retina. Although Class I cells are distributed relatively evenly across the retina, the density is slightly greater in the lower temporal retina where the bulk of the ipsilaterally projecting fibres originates. While Class I cells represent up to 10% of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells in both strains of rat, fewer Class I cells project ipsilaterally in albinos than in hooded rats. All contralaterally projecting Class I cells appear to send branching axons to the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Class I cells represent a larger proportion of the ganglion cells projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (4-5%) than that of ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus (about 1%). The morphology, numbers, distribution and the pattern of the central projections of Class I retinal ganglion cells in rats suggest that they are likely to be homologues of the alpha-type ganglion cells distinguished in carnivores.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Thalamic projections to parietal cortex.

Thalamic projections to parietal regions of cerebral cortex were investigated in the cat by retrograde degeneration and retrograde transport techniques. Studies of retrograde cellular changes indicate cortically projecting cells in the lateroporterior nucleus (LP), rostral pulvinar (Pul), and the ventral part of the laterodorsal nucleus (LD). When lesions were placed in the cortex of young kittens, clear chromatolytic changes and cell loss were also consistently observed in middle and caudal parts of the ventroanterior nucleus (VA). Investigations of retrograde transport following intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase have confirmed the results of retrograde degeneration studies by demonstrating cortically projecting cells in VA, LP, LD, and Pul. Retrograde transport studies also indicate cortically projecting cells in the central lateral nucleus. Material from both experimental techniques demonstrates a loose topographic organization of the projections from the lateral thalamus. Anterior parts of LP project to the anterior lateral gyrus and anterior middle suprasylvian gyrus. Middle LP and rostral Pul project to the middle suprasylvian gyrus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational safety, health, and hygiene in the urban informal sector of sub-Saharan Africa: an application of the Prevention and Control Exchange (PACE) program to the informal-sector workers in healthy city projects.

In October 2000, at an international meeting in Pretoria, South Africa, chaired by the World Health Organization (WHO), 45 delegates from Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and the United States discussed the results of the Healthy City project in the region and the possibilities for incorporating occupational safety, health, and hygiene items into the project. Working conditions play only a minor role in current Healthy City projects. This is partly the result of a low profile of occupational safety, health, and hygiene on political agendas, and partly a result of a lack of convincing demonstration projects. To tackle these points WHO will start two initiatives. First, a document for decision makers will be issued, to highlight the subject and bring it to the attention of local, national, and international bodies. Second, demonstration projects will be started, making use of the methods developed in the Work Improvement In Small Enterprises (WISE) projects and the experience of the Prevention and Control Exchange (PACE) project.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

JUICE: a data management system that facilitates the analysis of large volumes of information in an EST project workflow.

BACKGROUND: Expressed sequence tag (EST) analyses provide a rapid and economical means to identify candidate genes that may be involved in a particular biological process. These ESTs are useful in many Functional Genomics studies. However, the large quantity and complexity of the data generated during an EST sequencing project can make the analysis of this information a daunting task. RESULTS: In an attempt to make this task friendlier, we have developed JUICE, an open source data management system (Apache + PHP + MySQL on Linux), which enables the user to easily upload, organize, visualize and search the different types of data generated in an EST project pipeline. In contrast to other systems, the JUICE data management system allows a branched pipeline to be established, modified and expanded, during the course of an EST project. The web interfaces and tools in JUICE enable the users to visualize the information in a graphical, user-friendly manner. The user may browse or search for sequences and/or sequence information within all the branches of the pipeline. The user can search using terms associated with the sequence name, annotation or other characteristics stored in JUICE and associated with sequences or sequence groups. Groups of sequences can be created by the user, stored in a clipboard and/or downloaded for further analyses. Different user profiles restrict the access of each user depending upon their role in the project. The user may have access exclusively to visualize sequence information, access to annotate sequences and sequence information, or administrative access. CONCLUSION: JUICE is an open source data management system that has been developed to aid users in organizing and analyzing the large amount of data generated in an EST Project workflow. JUICE has been used in one of the first functional genomics projects in Chile, entitled "Functional Genomics in nectarines: Platform to potentiate the competitiveness of Chile in fruit exportation". However, due to its ability to organize and visualize data from external pipelines, JUICE is a flexible data management system that should be useful for other EST/Genome projects. The JUICE data management system is released under the Open Source GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). JUICE may be downloaded from http://genoma.unab.cl/juice_system/ or http://www.genomavegetal.cl/juice_system/.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2006

Estimating and projecting HIV prevalence and AIDS deaths in Tanzania using antenatal surveillance data.

BACKGROUND: The Estimations and Projections Package (EPP 2005) for HIV/AIDS estimates and projects HIV prevalence, number of people living with HIV and new HIV infections and AIDS cases using antenatal clinic (ANC) surveillance data. The prevalence projection produced by EPP can be transferred to SPECTRUM, a demographic projection model, to calculate the number of AIDS deaths. This paper presents estimates and projections of HIV prevalence, new cases of HIV infections and AIDS deaths in Tanzania between 2001 and 2010 using the EPP 2005 and SPECTRUM soft-wares on ANC data. METHODS: For this study we used; the 1985-2004 ANC data set, the 2005 UN population estimates for urban and rural adults, which is based on the 2002 population census, and results of the 2003 Tanzania HIV Indicator Survey. The ANC surveillance sites were categorized into urban and rural areas on the basis of the standard national definitions of urban and rural areas, which led to 40 urban and 35 rural clinic sites. The rural and urban epidemics were run independently by fitting the model to all data and on level fits. RESULTS: The national HIV prevalence increased from 0% in 1981 to a peak of 8.1% in 1995, and gradually decreased to 6.5% in 2004 which stabilized until 2010. The urban HIV epidemic increased from 0% in 1981 peaking at 12.6% in 1992 and leveled to between 10.9% and 11.8% from 2003 to 2010. The rural epidemic peaked in 1995 at 7.0% and gradually declined to 5.2% in 2004, and then stabilized at between 5.1% and 5.3% from 2005 to 2010. New infections are projected to rise steadily, resulting in 250,000 new cases in 2010. Deaths due to AIDS started in 1985 and rose steadily to reach 120,000 deaths in 2010, with more females dying than men. CONCLUSION: The fact that the number of new infections is projected to increase steadily to reach 250,000 per year in 2010 calls for more concerted efforts to combat the spread of HIV infection particularly in the rural areas where the infrastructure needed for prevention programmes such as counseling and testing, condom accessibility and AIDS information is less developed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Second-order projection from the posterior lateral line in the early zebrafish brain.

BACKGROUND: Mechanosensory information gathered by hair cells of the fish lateral-line system is collected by sensory neurons and sent to the ipsilateral hindbrain. The information is then conveyed to other brain structures through a second-order projection. In the adult, part of the second-order projection extends to the contralateral hindbrain, while another part connects to a midbrain structure, the torus semicircularis. RESULTS: In this paper we examine the second-order projection from the posterior lateral-line system in late embryonic/early larval zebrafish. At four days after fertilization the synaptic field of the sensory neurons can be accurately targeted, allowing a very reproducible labeling of second-order neurons. We show that second-order projections are highly stereotyped, that they vary according to rhombomeric identity, and that they are almost completely lateralized. We also show that the projections extend not only to the contralateral hindbrain and torus semicircularis but to many other brain centers as well, including gaze- and posture-controlling nuclei in the midbrain, and presumptive thalamic nuclei. CONCLUSION: We propose that the extensive connectivity observed in early brain development reveals a basic scaffold common to most vertebrates, from which different subsets are later reinforced in various vertebrate groups. The large repertoire of projection targets provides a promising system to study the genetic encoding of this differential projection capacity.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2002

The projection domain of MAP2b regulates microtubule protrusion and process formation in Sf9 cells.

The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), developmentally regulated by alternative splicing, coincides with neurite outgrowth. MAP2 proteins contain a microtubule-binding domain (C-terminal) that promotes microtubule assembly and a poorly characterized domain, the projection domain (N-terminal), extending at the surface of microtubules. MAP2b differs from MAP2c by an additional sequence of 1372 amino acids in the projection domain. In this study, we examined the role of the projection domain in the protrusion of microtubules from the cell surface and the subsequent process formation in Sf9 cells. In this system, MAP2b has a lower capacity to induce process formation than MAP2c. To investigate the role of the projection domain in this event, we expressed truncated forms of MAP2b and MAP2c that have partial or complete deletion of their projection domain in Sf9 cells. Our results indicate that process formation is induced by the microtubule-binding domain of these MAP2 proteins and is regulated by their projection domain. Furthermore, the microtubule-binding activity of MAP2b and MAP2c truncated forms as well as the structural properties of the microtubule bundles induced by them do not seem to be the only determinants that control the protrusion of microtubules from the cell surface in Sf9 cells. Rather, our data suggest that microtubule protrusion and process formation are regulated by intramolecular interactions between the projection domain and its microtubule-binding domain in MAP2b.

Actins↗
PubMed2003

Success and failure: a case study of two rural telemedicine projects.

We studied two rural telemedicine projects in the state of Michigan: one that enjoyed success and steady growth in activity, and one that experienced frustration and a lack of clinical utilization. Multiple data collection strategies were employed during study periods, which lasted approximately one year. Both projects enjoyed a grassroots approach and had dedicated project coordinators. However, the more successful project benefited from resources and expertise not available to the less successful project. In addition, the more successful project possessed a more formalized organizational structure for the telemedicine application. A comparison of the two projects leads to a simple conclusion. Telemedicine programmes are positioned within larger health organizations and do not operate in a vacuum. It is crucial that the organization in which it is intended to launch telemedicine is examined carefully first. Each organization operates within a larger environment, which is often constrained by fiscal, geographical and personnel factors. All these will affect the introduction of telemedicine.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

The clinical champion role in the development of a successful telehealth wound care project for remote Australia.

The role of a clinical champion in a wound care project was examined in terms of an emancipatory processes framework. During the project the role changed significantly, as the needs of the project changed. In the early phase of the project, the clinical champion's role was that of team leader. During the middle phase of the project, the clinical champion's role changed to health services advocate and coach. During the final phase of the project, the clinical champion's role changed again, to that of salesperson and academic. Experience with the clinical issue being addressed by the new service, and clear motivation to complete the project, thereby seeing the new service established, allowed the clinical champion to motivate the team to overcome the difficulties in the change process.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Adjusting bone mass for differences in projected bone area and other confounding variables: an allometric perspective.

The traditional method of assessing bone mineral density (BMD; given by bone mineral content [BMC] divided by projected bone area [Ap], BMD = BMC/Ap) has come under strong criticism by various authors. Their criticism being that the projected bone "area" (Ap) will systematically underestimate the skeletal bone "volume" of taller subjects. To reduce the confounding effects of bone size, an alternative ratio has been proposed called bone mineral apparent density [BMAD = BMC/(Ap)3/2]. However, bone size is not the only confounding variable associated with BMC. Others include age, sex, body size, and maturation. To assess the dimensional relationship between BMC and projected bone area, independent of other confounding variables, we proposed and fitted a proportional allometric model to the BMC data of the L2-L4 vertebrae from a previously published study. The projected bone area exponents were greater than unity for both boys (1.43) and girls (1.02), but only the boy's fitted exponent was not different from that predicted by geometric similarity (1.5). Based on these exponents, it is not clear whether bone mass acquisition increases in proportion to the projected bone area (Ap) or an estimate of projected bone volume (Ap)3/2. However, by adopting the proposed methods, the analysis will automatically adjust BMC for differences in projected bone size and other confounding variables for the particular population being studied. Hence, the necessity to speculate as to the theoretical value of the exponent of Ap, although interesting, becomes redundant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Calculation of simplified single-root surface area from simulated X-ray projection.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of a tooth affected by periodontitis might depend on the amount of bone remaining around the root surface. The surface area of a single tooth root relates to a simulated x-ray projection. METHODS: The aim of the study was to determine root surface area from radiographs. Two methods were used. In the first, cross-sections of a single-tooth root were simulated using ellipses with different eccentricities. Projection data from 90 directions at 1 degrees intervals were obtained, which were then used to estimate circumferences that were then compared with the known circumference. In the second model, circumference was estimated from projection data derived from the projection of an ellipse with the central ray parallel to the long axis. The estimated circumference was compared with possible circumferences resulting from this projection data. RESULTS: In the first model, all estimated circumferences are less than the true circumferences. The largest error in each case decreased rapidly as the eccentricity of the simulated ellipse decreased. Less than 6% of the largest errors were found when the eccentricity is 0.83. In the second model, the estimation should be within less than 2% of error when the asymmetry factor is less than 0.6. CONCLUSIONS: The circumference of an elliptical object can be approximated from the projection data of this ellipse. Therefore, the surface area of a single tooth root may be estimated with clinically useful accuracy from the projection data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Building geographic information system capacity in local health departments: lessons from a North Carolina project.

State government, university, and local health department (LHD) partners collaborated to build the geographic information system (GIS) capacity of 5 LHDs in North Carolina. Project elements included procuring hardware and software, conducting individualized and group training, developing data layers, guiding the project development process, coordinating participation in technical conferences, providing ongoing project consultation, and evaluating project milestones. The project provided health department personnel with the skills and resources required to use sophisticated information management systems, particularly those that address spatial dimensions of public health practice. This capacity-building project helped LHDs incorporate GIS technology into daily operations, resulting in improved time and cost efficiency. Keys to success included (1) methods training rooted in problems specific to the LHD, (2) required project identification by LHD staff with associated timelines for development, (3) ongoing technical support as staff returned to home offices after training, (4) subgrants to LHDs to ease hardware and software resource constraints, (5) networks of relationships among LHDs and other professional GIS users, and (6) senior LHD leadership who supported the professional development activities being undertaken by staff.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1994

A study on the projection patterns of aberrant retinal ganglion cells in the albino rat.

Injecting the retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracer fluoro-gold into the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (dLGN), the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), and the superior colliculus (SC) revealed the existence of some ganglion cells (RGCs) scattered outside the temporoventral crescent of the ipsilateral retina in the adult albino rats. We studied the projection patterns, topographic distribution, number, and the soma size of these aberrant RGCs in 12 adult albino rats. We estimated a mean of 50 aberrant cells projecting to the dLGN. Their soma size ranged from 40.6 to 211.0 microns2, with an average of 108.6 microns2. The soma size of the 45.5 aberrant cells projecting to the OPN ranged from 41.5 to 312.5 microns2, with an average of 147.2 microns2. The SC received projection from 38.3 aberrant cells whose soma size ranged from 42.0 to 315.1 microns2, with an average of 120.7 microns2. These cells were almost equally distributed between the central and peripheral portions of the ipsilateral nasal retina. The mean cell count of the SC-projecting population was significantly lower than those of the other 2 groups. The mean soma size of the OPN-projecting aberrant cells was larger, and their soma size histogram was significantly different from those of the other 2 groups, whose histograms were almost alike. Though their physiological role in processing visual information is not fully understood, the aberrant RGCs might project their axons to--in addition to the dLGN, OPN, and SC--other visual centers.

Animals↗