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PubMed1997

Changes in ovarian expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 messenger ribonucleic acids during ovulation in rat.

We investigated the time course and localization of ovarian tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) expression during the ovulatory period in rat by RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization. Immature female Wistar rats were injected with 25 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), followed 50 h later by 25 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Levels of tPA mRNA were low before hormone treatment and after PMSG treatment. After hCG treatment, tPA mRNA levels increased rapidly, the first peak at 4 h after hCG treatment and reached a maximum just prior to ovulation, 12 h later, before declining again. PAI-1 mRNA was barely detectable before hormone treatment but was transiently induced by hCG treatment, reaching peak levels after 4 h. Subsequently, PAI-1 mRNA levels decreased until early luteinization. The expression of tPA mRNA 4 h after hCG treatment occurred mainly in the follicular thecal-interstitial cells, but was barely detectable in the granulosa cells, whereas 12 h after hCG treatment it was maximal in the granulosa cells of the large follicles destined to ovulate. PAI-1 mRNA was expressed mainly in ovarian stromal tissue and in the thecal external interstitial cells encapsulating the follicles at 4 h after hCG treatment. These results suggest that the temporal regulation of tPA biosynthesis after hCG induction depends on the cell types and size classes in the various ovarian compartments. PAI-1 may be produced by the stormal tissue and the thecal external interstitial cells and is perhaps implicated in structural changes during follicular growth, ovulation and luteinization.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Endocrine changes from birth to puberty in the heifer.

Twelve autumn-born Hereford x Friesian heifers were studied to characterize changes in the patterns of LH and FSH secretion occurring from birth through the peripubertal period. A once weekly blood sampling regimen, starting 3 days after birth, was combined with periods of frequent sampling (15-min intervals for 24 h) every month from 3 weeks of age. Mean plasma LH concentrations decreased over the period from birth to 15 weeks of age, largely due to a decrease in basal LH concentrations. Thereafter, mean plasma LH concentrations increased to 39 weeks of age, mainly as a consequence of increasing LH episode frequency and LH episode amplitude. Oestrus was detected using an oestradiol-treated steer, and ovulation inferred from progesterone profiles. A 'short luteal phase' oestrous cycle preceded the first observed oestrus, and this was followed in all heifers by a normal length luteal phase. However, no increase in mean LH concentrations, basal LH concentrations, LH episode frequency, LH episode amplitude or change in mean FSH concentration could be directly associated with the onset of puberty. It is therefore concluded that the gonadotrophic stimulus for first ovulation must occur abruptly.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations in peripheral plasma of sows during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and after weaning.

Steroid hormone concentrations in plasma have been measured in blood samples taken from conscious sows with ear vein catheters. In late pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration ranged from 6 to 12 ng/ml and it decreased in all animals before the onset of parturition. Total unconjugated oestrogens increased to high values of up to about 3 ng/ml in late pregnancy and then declined after the onset of parturition. Oestrone was the predominant unconjugated oestrogen measured. Plasma corticosteroid (mainly cortisol) concentration was about 33 ng/ml and showed no consistent change at the time of parturition. During lactational anoestrum the plasma concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was very low, while that of corticosteroids was 21 ng/ml. When the piglets were weaned at 26-31 days, sows came into oestrus 4-12 days later, and this was preceded, or accompanied by, an increase in plasma oestrogens. In the luteal phase, plasma progesterone concentrations rose to 20-35 ng/ml. A sow whose piglets were removed at birth, showed signs of oestrus (vulval enlargement and a lordosis response), but a lack of receptivity to the boar associated with no detectable changes in the plasma oestrogen concentration; however, ovulation probably occurred since plasma progesterone values increased in a manner comparable to that found after the formation of normal corpora lutea in other sows. After a second non-receptive cycle, the sow was mated and became pregnant at the third post-weaning oestrus. At parturition the concentration of progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogens was greater in placental venous plasma than in maternal jugular plasma, which indicates placental synthesis of these hormones. A greater concentration of plasma corticosteroids in foetal blood than in placental venous or maternal jugular plasma suggests foetal synthesis in late pregnancy.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1988

[Early abortion rate in sterility patients: early pregnancy factor as a parameter].

To evaluate the diagnostic value of Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF) measurements in infertile patients, we performed a modified rosette inhibition test in 58 women after follicular stimulation and/or homologous artificial insemination (AIH). The patients were grouped according to the main diagnosis as cervical hostility, poor semen quality, and anovulation. While the overall fertilization rate in our patients was 39.6%, which is considerably lower than in comparable studies of fertile women, the pregnancy rates per EPF positive cycle in the various groups were 25.0%, 30.8%, and 50.5%, respectively. As the process of fertilization can be detected by EPF measurement within 48 h after ovulation, a distinction can be made between failure of fertilization and of implantation. Thus, a valuable diagnostic tool has become available for treatment of infertile patients.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2000

Effect of boar contact on follicular development and on estrus expression after weaning in primiparous sows.

Boar contact can induce ovarian activity, advance estrus and stimulate estrous behavior in sows. High amounts of boar contact can, however, suppress estrous behaviour. The present study with primiparous sows was designed to compare sows that had contact with a teaser boar during detection of estrus, with sows that had no boar contact at all. Number of sows detected in estrus within 9 d after weaning, onset and duration of estrus, follicular dynamics and timing of ovulation were studied. Boar contact increased the number of sows that ovulated and showed estrus from 14 of 47 to 24 of 47 (P < 0.05). Average timing of ovulation was later for sows with boar contact (165 h vs 150 h after weaning). Duration of estrus, detected without a boar, was similar in the two groups. For the sows with boar contact, duration of estrus detected with a boar was longer than estrus detected without a boar (56 vs 38 h; P < .01). Follicular dynamics were not affected by boar contact; boar contact only increased the number of sows with ovulation. Ovulatory sows showed a larger increase in follicular diameter (P < 0.01) from weaning to Day 4 after weaning (from 2.3 to 5.4 mm) than anovulatory sows (from 2.5 to 4 mm). Anovulatory sows did not show follicular growth after Day 4. It is concluded that boar contact can increase the number of sows that ovulate and show estrus after weaning. Estrous behavior does not seem to be suppressed by contact with a teaser boar, compared to sows without boar contact.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Protein patterns of the Brassica rapa ovules and seeds under altered gravity.

Electrophoretic investigation of protein patterns of Brassica rapa L. ovules and seeds from plants grown under clinorotation and in the laboratory control was carried out. Ovules at different stages (7 and 18 days after pollination) and mature seeds were analyzed. Polymorphism of seed storage proteins of B. rapa was taken into consideration in analysis of changes in ovule protein patterns under clinorotation. The appearance of a protein component in the region of about 43 kDa was detected in protein patterns of 7-day-old and 18-day-old ovules in the clinostat variants. Under altered gravity, in 18-day-old ovules, the appearance of a protein in the region of about 70 kDa was also revealed. The appearance of the protein component with the similar mobility (about 43 kDa) in ovules of different age from plants grown at clinorotation suggests that synthesis of this protein may be associated with the plant response to altered gravity. However, the investigation of the nature of this protein and its role requires further research to rule out its appearance because of genotypic differences between ovules of the control and experimental variants.

2S Albumins, Plant↗
PubMed1997

Evidence for the presence of sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase alpha1 and beta1 subunit isoforms and their probable role in blastocyst expansion in the preattachment horse conceptus.

The unusual hypotonicity of equine blastocyst fluid has prompted us to investigate the role of sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) in the process of fluid accumulation in the horse conceptus. Nine mares were used for the experiments. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was conducted on two sets of five conceptuses recovered between 12 and 28 days (+/- 1 day) after ovulation. Messenger RNAs encoding the alpha1 and beta1 subunit isoforms of Na+,K+-ATPase were detected in all embryonic tissues examined. Western blot analysis showed that alpha1 and beta1 subunits are both present in Day 15 conceptuses. Trophoblast tissues from 19 conceptuses between 8 and 31 days after ovulation were stained immunohistochemically using primary antibodies against the alpha1 and beta1 subunit isoforms of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Both isoforms were detected in all sections. Trophoblastic vesicles, prepared from 6 conceptuses between 12 and 14 days after ovulation, were used to investigate the inhibition of blastocyst expansion with ouabain after collapse induced with cytochalasin D. In normal medium there was a mean 3-fold increase, and in ouabain (10(-6) M) a mean 3-fold decrease, in the volume of vesicles that had been partially collapsed with cytochalasin D. We therefore conclude that, despite the hypotonicity of the blastocyst fluid in the early horse conceptus, the Na+,K+-ATPase plays a role in its accumulation, as in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Hormonal changes during induced ovulation of the carp, Cyprinus carpio.

The changes in plasma concentrations of eight steroids (testosterone, testosterone glucuronide, estradiol, estradiol glucuronide, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 17,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta P), deoxycorticosterone, and cortisol) have been followed in three individual carp, Cyprinus carpio, during ovulation induced by carp pituitary extract. Deoxycorticosterone and estradiol glucuronide were not detectable and small amounts of 17,20 beta P were found only in one fish. A priming injection of pituitary extract, administered 24 hr before ovulation, stimulated an increase in testosterone 3-6 hr later, followed by an increase in estradiol. The second injection of pituitary extract given 12 hr after the priming dose, resulted in a second peak of testosterone which was accompanied by a peak of testosterone glucuronide, a conjugate which was usually formed in only small amounts following the priming dose. A sharp peak of 17-hydroxyprogesterone followed the second stimulation and it is suggested that this, rather than 17,20 beta P, may be the natural inducer of maturation in carp. Although cortisol levels showed large variations, they appeared to be stimulated by the priming dose of pituitary extract. Levels of all steroids, except for cortisol, fell rapidly after ovulation.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗
PubMed2005

Reproductive performance of early postpartum Holstein cows where oestrus was synchronised following chronic GnRH agonist treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were: to compare the recovery of follicular development in early postpartum cows that had been treated for 7, 14 or 21 d with implants containing the GnRH agonist deslorelin; to evaluate the effectiveness of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for the induction of ovulation when a follicle was at least 10 mm in diameter following implant removal; and to compare final pregnancy rates for treated cows and untreated contemporaries. PROCEDURE: Within 3 d of calving Holstein cows were allocated to receive a single subcutaneous deslorelin implant to be left in place for either 7, 14 or 21 d, or to remain untreated as controls. Every deslorelin treated cow was monitored twice weekly for 35 d to determine the interval from implant removal to resumption of ovulation using serial transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progesterone assay. An injection of 1000 IU hCG was given to induce ovulation when a follicle of at least 10 mm diameter was first observed. Oestrous cycles of every cow were synchronised to facilitate artificial insemination (Al) at the start of the seasonally concentrated Al program and resynchronised for three rounds. Pregnancy testing was performed by ultrasonography 13 weeks after the first round of Al. RESULTS: Deslorelin implants inhibited ovulation for at least 10 d after they were removed. Ovarian follicles were smaller for the group that had implants for 21 d at the time of implant removal. Eighteen cows selected for treatment with hCG ovulated and formed multiple corpora lutea within 7 d. There was no effect of treatment duration on final pregnancy rates. After three rounds of AI the pooled final pregnancy rate for every cow that had received a deslorelin implant was similar to the rest of the herd (67% versus 63%; Deslorelin versus Herd, P > 0.1). The interval from start date of the AI program to conception was also unaffected by treatment (9.6 +/- 3.0 versus 14.8 +/- 1.7 d; Deslorelin versus Herd; P > 0.1). CONCLUSION: No significant effect was detected on the interval from implant removal to first ovulation by altering the duration of deslorelin treatment. Treatment with hCG when a follicle at least 10 mm in diameter was present induced ovulation in most cases. Although no significant improvement in fertility was found, a larger field trial using this model for induced anoestrous is necessary before any effect on fertility could confidently be stated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Elevated serum progesterone values at the time of ovulation induction in luteal leuprolide acetate-down-regulated GIFT cycles are associated with decreased clinical pregnancy rates.

PURPOSE: The effects of premature luteinization of ovarian follicles as detected by elevated progesterone values on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin induction of ovulation were evaluated in 38 consecutive gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) retrieval cycles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients received leuprolide acetate beginning in the midluteal phase of their prior menstrual cycle, followed by gonadotropin stimulation of folliculogenesis. At least four oocytes were transferred in each cycle. RESULTS: No significant differences in gonadotropin dosage, total number of days of gonadotropins, age, number of prior pregnancies, years of infertility since last pregnancy, total number of eggs retrieved, mature residual oocytes, fertilization of mature residual oocytes, or primary etiology of infertility were observed between groups; however, estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in the group with elevated progesterone values (2573 +/- 216 pg/ml) compared to the lower progesterone group (1925 +/- 202 pg/ml, P = 0.035) and the total number of oocytes transferred was greater in the high progesterone group (7.5 +/- 0.5) vs the low progesterone group (6.3 +/- 0.3, P < 0.038). P4 concentrations < or = 0.8 ng/ml were associated with significantly higher pregnancy rates (11/19; 57.9%) compared to progesterone concentrations > 0.8 ng/ml (5/19, 26.3%; P = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: Premature luteinization may occur in luteal leuprolide acetate-down-regulated patients and progesterone values > 0.8 ng/ml are associated with significantly lower pregnancy rates in GIFT cycles.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1984

Detection of malignant ovarian neoplasms: a review of the literature. I. Detection of the patient at risk; clinical, radiological and cytological detection.

Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer are summarized in Table 1. Calculation of ovulation-years appears to be a potentially useful and practical method for identification of the high-risk individual. Risk factors for nonepithelial ovarian cancer are largely unknown, and consequently clinical diagnosis is stressed in the early detection of these tumors. Patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome or ovarian dysgenesis are significantly at risk and require at least regular pelvic examination. Of course, individuals with sexual precocity are at high risk for sex cord/stromal or germ cell malignancies. Individuals with a family history of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors and benign thyroid disease also deserve close observation. Early clinical detection requires a sensitivity to presenting symptomatology (e.g., diffuse abdominopelvic complaints) as well as the skill and knowledge needed to recognize and appropriately manage adnexal masses. Harbingers of ovarian malignancy in the elderly woman, including unexplained hypercalcemia, new onset dermatomyositis, and cerebellar degeneration, should motivate thorough gynecologic evaluation. While radionuclide ovarian imaging for detection of early epithelial cancers of the ovary may become more generally available in the future, ultrasound imaging of the postmenopausal ovary, and peritoneal cytology may be of immediate value in screening high-risk women.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular forms of soluble HLA in body fluids: potential determinants of body odor cues.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been linked to encoding for individual olfactory identity. Experiments in mice and rats proved that behavior and mating were, at least in part, determined by genes within the MHC. This study was aimed at investigating whether sHLA are excreted in human urine, saliva and sweat. In particular examination of the molecular forms in these fluids would give clues to whether break down forms of soluble MHC molecules might participate in shaping behavior. Major bands of 45, 40, and 23 kD were detectable. Increased levels of sHLA were measured using a quantitative ELISA in urine shortly before ovulation decreasing to normal levels thereafter. In animal models strain specific MHC-linked odor cues have been detected in urine. Thus, excretion of sHLA in urine might indicate a similar role for these molecules in humans.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1980

Oestrogen receptor in the baboon endometrium: cytosolic receptor, detection, characterization and variation of its concentration during the menstrual cycle.

A cytosolic oestrogen receptor from baboon endometria was detected and partially characterized. The apparent dissociation constant for oestradiol was 1.5 x 10(-10)--4 x 10(-10) mol/l. Steroids that competed with the [3H]oestradiol binding to the receptor were oestradiol and ethynyloestradiol greater than oestriol greater than oestrone; progesterone, testosterone and corticosterone were not competitors. The [3H]oestradiol-receptor complexes migrated as a 3-3.5S peak during sucrose density-gradient centrifugation when endometrial samples were taken during either the proliferative or the secretory phase. A 7S peak was observed for samples taken at the period of ovulation. A [3H]oestradiol exchange technique was used to detect changes in the receptor concentration during the menstrual cycle. This concentration which was high during the early follicular phase fell sharply before the ovulatory peak of ovarian oestrogens. It remained at a base level during the early secretory phase and then rose during the last days of the cycle to the same concentration as that measured at the beginning of the cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor bioactivity is present in follicular fluid from naturally cycling women.

Rat pituitary monolayer bioassays were used to compare gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) bioactivity in follicular fluid from 12 follicles in 10 spontaneously cycling women with that in pooled follicular fluid from women undergoing ovulation induction. Expressed as ED50S (microliter follicular fluid/well producing 50% of maximal effect), GnSAF bioactivity was detectable in all spontaneous follicular fluid samples (1.4-33.3 microliters/well) and in follicular fluid from women undergoing ovulation induction (6.8 microliters/well). This GnSAF bioactivity was unaffected by pre-incubation with an inhibin antibody. When the data were grouped according to whether the recovered oocytes fertilized in vitro or not, the fertilized group contained significantly greater GnSAF bioactivity than the unfertilized group (5.3 +/- 1.1 and 14.1 +/- 2.6 microliters/well respectively, P < 0.05). While both inhibin bioactivity (9.7 +/- 1.4 and 28.9 +/- 12.1 microliters/well) and immunoreactivity (36.8 +/- 2.2 and 21.0 +/- 3.0 and ng/ml) were also greater (P < 0.01) in the fertilized compared with the unfertilized groups respectively, there were no other significant differences between the two groups. We conclude that GnSAF is found in follicular fluid from spontaneously cycling women, supporting in-vivo evidence for the involvement of GnSAF in feedback control of the ovary-pituitary axis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[A study on the endometrial movement and serum hormonal level in connection with uterine contraction].

By means of transvaginal ultrasonography, endometrial activity was investigated in its relationship with uterine contraction and ovarian hormones. The following results were obtained. (1) Endometrial movements were classified into two types: Peristaltic movements and undistinguished ones. Peristaltic movements were rhythmic and mainly found in the proliferative stage, directed from the internal uterine os to the fundus. (2) The detection rate and the frequency of peristaltic movements increased towards ovulation, with the highest values at 88% and 3.9/min, respectively. (3) Peristaltic movements rapidly ceased soon after ovulation and there were practically none after the mid-secretory stage. (4) All endometrial movements decreased in the secretory stage and became markedly quiescent after the mid-secretory stage. (5) In the proliferative stage, a positive correlation was found between the frequency of peristaltic movements and the serum estradiol level (p less than 0.001). In the secretory stage, the detection rate was lowered significantly when the serum progesterone level was more than 3.8 ng/ml (p less than 0.01). (6) Peristaltic movements coincided with uterine contractions both in rhythm and duration. As stated above, endometrial movements were strongly affected by hormonal condition, so they could be of value in the prediction and confirmation of ovulation and in the diagnosis of luteal insufficiency and dysfunctional bleeding as well.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Localization of the progesterone receptor in the porcine ovary.

Regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) expression has been studied in many species. However, precise studies have not yet been performed in the porcine ovary. We have examined the localization of PR in follicles and corpora lutea of the porcine ovary at different stages of their development. The effects of LH and FSH on PR expression in granulosa cells of small antral follicles was also studied. Immunohistochemistry was applied to determine the distribution of PR while immunoblot analysis showed that two isoforms A and B were present. Early antral follicles contained PR in the granulosa layer. In granulosa cells of small and medium antral follicles PR was not detected whereas it was present in the theca layer. Before ovulation, PR was found in both granulosa and theca cells of large follicles and the staining intensity was very strong. FSH or LH treatment of small follicles (100 ng/ml) induced changes in cellular distribution patterns of PR. In both cases, PR was expressed in granulosa cells. PR was detected in corpora lutea in all 3 stages of the luteal phase. Our data show that in the pig ovary changes in PR localization are stage-specific and suggest that expression of PR is positively regulated by both LH and FSH.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Endocrine changes of the perimenopause.

Reproductive aging in women is closely tied to the loss of ovarian follicles through atresia. The sentinel endocrinologic finding is the monotropic FSH rise, associated with a decline in ovarian inhibin B secretion. Fertility becomes significantly compromised long before overt clinical signs occur, such as cycle irregularity. Compromised fertility is primarily related to oocyte dysfunction. As women with regular cycles near the end of the reproductive years, the following changes are usually manifested: 1) the selection and development of a dominant follicle occurs earlier; 2) there is earlier ovulation; 3) there is a short follicular phase and total cycle length; and 4) ovarian steroid secretion is normal. The relationships, if any, between the monotropic FSH rise, accelerated follicular atresia, shortened follicular phase, and oocyte quality remain to be determined. The next phase of reproductive aging is the perimenopause. Lack of predictability is the rule with regard to the nature and duration of the perimenopause. Long cycles are interspersed with short ones, and intermittent ovulatory cycles are intermingled with periods that are hormonally indistinct from the postmenopausal state. Even after the last menstrual period, evidence of intermittent ovarian estradiol production may still be detected. Although fertility is severely compromised during the perimenopause, ovulation may occur without warning and contraception must be practiced if pregnancy is not desired. Further studies are needed to elucidate the factors contributing to oocyte abnormalities in women of advanced reproductive age, as well as the factors that determine the rate of follicle atresia and the length of the reproductive life span.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

The extracellular matrices and vascularization of the developing corpus luteum in rats.

The extracellular matrices and vascularization of the developing corpus luteum of adult female rats were studied with immunohistochemistry for laminin, type I, III and IV collagen and with electron microscopy. Ovaries were removed from Wistar-Imamichi rats that had a regular 4-day estrous cycle, 6 and 2 h before ovulation, immediately after ovulation, 6, 16 and 24 h after ovulation and at maturity of the corpus luteum and examined. The basement membrane of the follicles and capillaries of the theca interna started to break down around the entire circumference of the Graafian follicle 2 h before ovulation. More than 6 h after ovulation, dot-pattern positive reactions for type IV collagen and laminin were detected in the granulosa layer, and thin basement membrane structures appeared in association with the luteinizing granulosa cells. More than 16 h after ovulation, vascularization with the formation of capillary basement membrane was observed in the granulosa layer, and luteal mesenchymal cells with adjacent interstitial collagen components always appeared in close association with the newly formed capillaries. Our chronological observations revealed that both luteinizing cells and luteal mesenchymal cells are involved in the destruction and reconstruction of the follicular ECM, and that the luteal mesenchymal cells play an essential role in the neovascularization of the developing corpus luteum.

Animals↗