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PubMed1988

[The prevalence of emaciation in 2 populations (nomadic herdsmen and sedentary agricultural workers) of the Gao region in Mali].

A cross-sectional survey using a cluster sampling method made it possible to calculate the Weight-for-Height index of 1830 children aged 0-5 years. With the index, we were able to compare the distribution and prevalence of emaciation between the population of nomadic herdsmen of the Adrar of Iforas and the population of sedentary agriculturalists of the Region of Gao in Mali. The results show that the nutritional status of both populations stands below the reference population; the prevalence of emaciation (Z-score less than or equal to -2 standard deviations) is significantly higher among the agriculturalists than among the pastoralists (34% and 9% respectively). The results stress the usefulness of functional classification as a tool for identifying vulnerable groups in the context of nutritional aid programs.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Nutritional assessment and support in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Malnourished COPD patients demonstrate energy requirements significantly above predicted needs especially during activity. Recognition of this altered metabolic state is essential to the design of any nutritional intervention program. This factor alone, however, cannot explain the wasting syndrome observed in these patients. The elevated demands appear to combine with recognized factors which act to limit caloric intake. Nutritional repletion with calorie and protein supply proportional to demand is associated with weight gain, nitrogen retention, and improvement in physiologic parameters of muscle strength. Greater success of outpatient nutritional repletion in this population is dependent on alternative feeding strategies to deal with those symptoms which limit caloric intake, especially during a disease exacerbation. Future clinical research must explore these strategies before an adequate assessment of the risk and cost-benefit ratio of nutritional intervention can be determined. Additional work is indicated in techniques to identify those patients who would benefit from calorie supplementation as well as techniques to monitor the response of these individuals. Information gathered from the continued study of this population of stable outpatients with COPD will have wide application to the entire COPD patient population. This includes those patients with respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation, where numerous complicating factors makes the study of nutritional intervention and respiratory muscle function difficult.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1991

Quality assurance for a nutritional support service.

Quality assurance programs may significantly influence patient care by providing a systematic mechanism of self-assessment. An effective program should improve the level of care and have a positive effect on the fiscal base of a health care institution. The design of a useful quality assurance program is not a trivial matter. This report describes the details of a functioning quality assurance program developed for a multidisciplinary nutrition support service. The effect that such a program may have on patient care is also illustrated.

Dietary Services↗
PubMed2001

Review of evaluation tools used to assess the impact of nutrition education on dietary intake and quality, weight management practices, and physical activity of low-income audiences.

Nutrition education programs and social marketing campaigns frequently focus on low-income audiences with the goal of improving dietary intake and quality, weight management practices, and physical activity. The impact of nutrition education can be assessed by measuring change in relation to any or all of these broad variables. Unfortunately, little information is available concerning the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of measures used to assess these constructs with low-income audiences of adults and adolescents. This article reviews the literature and discusses the types of available measures that have been used and evaluated for the above audiences. It describes specific measures used to assess total diet, consumption of food groups from the Food Guide Pyramid, and behaviors related to weight management and physical activity. Overall, this review suggests that there is a critical need for additional development and evaluation of dietary quality measurement tools for low-income and minority audiences.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2000

What is the cost of a healthy diet in terms of achieving RDAs?

OBJECTIVE: Assessing how the Italian average food pattern would be affected in terms of consumption structure and expenditure by the adoption of nutritional prescriptions. DESIGN: A linear programming model with nutritional and food habits constraints was employed to generate a pattern following recommended daily allowances (RDAs) and nutritional guidelines provided for the Italian population. SETTING: Food consumption data from ISTAT Household Budget Survey of Italian population. SUBJECTS: Italian families investigated by the Family Budget Survey of the National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: Compared to actual behaviour, the pattern generated by the model implies an increased consumption of vegetables, pasta, rice and fresh fish, and a decreased consumption of meats, bread, sugars and cakes, and especially fats and oils. At given prices, total expenditure is lower than actual expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between actual behaviour and the generated pattern are consistent with long-term trends in food consumption. The adoption of RDAs is unlikely to result in an increased food expenditure.

Budgets↗
PubMed1992

The new reference daily intakes: for better or for worse?

The introduction of the RDIs was well intentioned. However, there are scientific uncertainties and reasons for concerns about the proposed new nutrition standards. Adoption of the RDIs will inevitably lead to reduced intakes of critically important vitamins and minerals, will make it more difficult for members of nutritionally vulnerable groups to meet their nutrient needs, and will have undesirable effects on the health of the most needy by altering nutrition priorities and programs in this country. National nutrition standards remain with us for a long time. The U.S. RDAs have been in place for 18 years; any new standards need to be sound enough and safe enough to last as long. The proposed RDIs are clearly not of this caliber.

Eating↗
PubMed1980

Public health nutrition services: issues today and tomorrow.

The accomplishments of the past are reviewed in this paper to give public health nutritionists perspective in dealing with the problems of the present and of the future. Positive and negative observations on the current scene in nutrition services follow. Issues and concerns for the future that are discussed are: Defining and planning for public health nutrition services, paying for nutrition services, training for public health nutrition, and advocacy for nutrition services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Reproductive problems in the management of dairy cattle.

The author outlines the significance of herd health programs and the manner in which they are explained, and developed with clients. Reproductive problems account for a major part of the herd health program, but also included are nutrition, preventive vaccination programs, calf management, mastitis surveillance, feet and leg problems, worming, dehorning, castration, record keeping and identification. The differential diagnoses of reproductive problems are discussed in detail and specific treatments are outlined. The prognosis of various conditions in relationship to treatment is emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Calorie deficiency in preschool children of the rural area of Costa Rica].

Diets of preschool children from two studies carried out in rural areas of Costa Rica were analyzed to determine the relationship between caloric and protein deficiencies. On the average, a clear caloric deficiency was observed in the diets of all age groups considered, but their protein content was adequate. The individual analysis of the diets indicate that when caloric intake is adequate, the amount of protein is enough to satisfy the needs of these children. It is concluded that the dietary problem of preschool children in Costa Rica depends upon the quantity and not the quality of the diet. Implications of the effect of nutrition intervention programs based on erroneous assumptions are discussed.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Social determinants of loneliness among older Americans.

To further understand loneliness among older persons, a conceptual model, predicated on a social-support perspective, was examined. Results were based on 1,071 participants in the congregate and home-delivered meal programs of the Senior Citizens Nutrition and Activities Program in Hillsborough County, Florida. A series of stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that loneliness was greater among men, those with no children, those with no friends, those more physically disabled, those who subjectively felt that their health was poorer, and those who subjectively felt that their economic condition was inadequate. Not related directly to loneliness but with indirect influence were age, race, education, marital status, and poverty status. Those variables with no direct or indirect effect included rural or urban location, identification of emotional closeness with existing children or friends, and living alone. Theoretically, the results do not fully support the social-support perspective but point to the impact of a broad spectrum of demographic, health, economic, and social factors.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Enhancing didactic education through participation in a clinical research project.

The purpose of this study was to assess self-evaluation of knowledge and skills (e.g., counseling, education, interviewing, and assessment skills) of students participating as research assistants. Fifteen students enrolled in the Dietetics Program (n = 10) or the Graduate Program in Nutrition (n = 5) were recruited as research assistants via flyers and announcements in nutrition courses. These students assisted faculty researchers with their clinical study called "Weight Loss Effects on Bone Mass in Adolescent Females." The clinical study included a comprehensive 6-month weight-loss program. Surveys asking students to evaluate their experience as research assistants were mailed with a self-addressed, stamped envelope to all 15 student research assistants, followed by a reminder telephone call. Thirteen surveys (87%) were returned. On a Likert scale (1 = poor, 5 = excellent) student research assistants scored 63% of the knowledge-based and skill-based requirements of their research participation as "good" (mean score > or = 4.0) and 27% as "adequate" (4.0 > or = mean > or = 3.5). Open-ended questions reported the research experience to be beneficial in developing knowledge and skills and in identifying knowledge deficits (e.g., behavior modification). According to our findings, it seems that participation in clinical research enhances students' knowledge and skills and, thus, is valuable in preparing dietetics students for future practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Integrated NHANES: uses in national policy.

The National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program (NNMRRP) arose from Congressional concern about lack of information regarding the occurrence in the American population of undernutrition and diet-related risk factors for chronic diseases. Congressional appropriations and executive branch decisions about budget priorities have been the major determinants of the scope and number of nutrition monitoring surveys and surveillance activities fielded and therefore the information available for policy and research uses. The nutrition data collected in the NNMRRP are used by federal agencies, the private sector and academia for a variety of purposes, including public policy (e.g., development and evaluation of monitoring and surveillance, regulatory and nutrition programs), normative standards (e.g., growth charts, reference data for hematological and biochemical indicators of nutritional status or Dietary Reference Intakes) and research (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal and time-trends studies of dietary and nutritional status, health status, disease morbidity and mortality). Although the importance of the NNMRRP to national policy is difficult to quantify, in a 5-y period 97 proposed and final regulations citing NNMRRP data were published in the Federal Register by federal agencies responsible for nutrition and food safety programs. The NNMRRP-derived dietary and nutritional status data are essential information for quantitative risk assessments increasingly relied on by regulatory agencies as the basis for programmatic decisions and regulations development. Users of NNMRRP data in government agencies, academic institutions and the private sector have come to recognize the value of data from the surveys and surveillance systems for a wide variety of programmatic and research purposes.

Child↗