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Results for “MENTAL PROCESSES”

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At least 1,549 records · Page 86Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Psychotherapy process in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program.

This study examined psychotherapy process in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Transcripts of brief interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies were rated using the Psychotherapy Process Q Set (PQS), an instrument designed to provide a standard language for describing therapy process. Results demonstrated that there were important areas of overlap and key differences in the process of the treatments. There were important differences in therapist stance, activity, and technique that were consistent with theoretical prescription, but patient characteristics within sessions were quite similar. Patient in-session characteristics as measured by the PQS were related to outcome across the treatment samples. These findings are linked to theoretical models, which may help explain the role of nonspecific factors associated with nondifferential treatment outcome in brief therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Spatial attention: more than intrinsic alerting?

It has been proposed that the right hemisphere alerting network co-activates, either directly or via the brainstem, the attention system in the parietal cortex involved in spatial attention. The observation that impaired alertness and sustained attention can predict the outcome of neglect might suggest such a relationship, too. In the present fMRI study, we intended to analyse and compare the functional anatomy of two attentional conditions both involving intrinsic (endogenous) alerting and fixation but differing with respect to the degree of spatially distributed attention by using the same paradigm under two different attentional conditions. In a group of ten participants, both a focused and a distributed visuospatial attention condition evoked similar patterns of activation in dorsolateral prefrontal regions, in the anterior cingulate gyrus, in the superior and inferior parietal cortex as well as in the superior temporal gyrus and in the thalamus. These activation foci were stronger in the right hemisphere under both conditions. After subtraction of the alertness condition with focused spatial attention, distributed spatial attention with stimuli appearing at unpredictable locations within both visual fields induced additional bilateral activations only in the left and right superior parietal cortex and in the right precuneus suggesting that these regions are specific for a more widespread dispersion of spatial attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Functional neuroanatomy of non-verbal semantic sound processing in humans.

Environmental sounds convey specific meanings and the neural circuitry for their recognition may have preceded language. To dissociate semantic mnemonic from sensory perceptual processing of non-verbal sound stimuli we systematically altered the inherent semantic properties of non-verbal sounds from natural and man-made sources while keeping their acoustic characteristics closely matched. We hypothesized that acoustic analysis of complex non-verbal sounds would be right lateralized in auditory cortex regardless of meaning content and that left hemisphere regions would be engaged when meaningful concept could be extracted. Using H(2) (15)O-PET imaging and SPM data analysis, we demonstrated that activation of the left superior temporal and left parahippocampal gyrus along with left inferior frontal regions was specifically associated with listening to meaningful sounds. In contrast, for both types of sounds, acoustic analysis was associated with activation of right auditory cortices. We conclude that left hemisphere brain regions are engaged when sounds are meaningful or intelligible.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Using mobile telephones: cognitive workload and attention resource allocation.

Driver distraction is recognized as being one of the central causes of road traffic incidents and mobile telephones are tangible devices (among many other electronic devices) that can distract the driver through changes in workload. Forty participants completed a motorway route characterized by a low level of road complexity in the form of vehicle handling and information processing. A peripheral detection task (PDT) was employed to gauge mental workload. We compared effects of conversation type (simple versus complex) and telephone mode (hands-free versus handheld) to baseline conditions. The participants' reaction times increased significantly when conversing but no benefit of hands-free units over handheld units on rural roads/motorways were found. Thus, in regard to mobile telephones, the content of the conversation was far more important for driving and driver distraction than the type of telephone when driving on a motorway or similar type of road. The more difficult and complex the conversation, the greater the possible negative effect on driver distraction.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Roots and promises of chemical-based computing.

General principles of information processing by chemical-based biomolecular systems (pseudobiological information processing paradigm) are discussed. These principles include very large scale parallelism of information processing, high behavioral complexity, complementarity of information features, self-organization, and multilevel architecture. Chemical-based information processing devices using these principles seem to be able to solve effectively problems of high computational complexity.

Chemistry↗
PubMed2002

Neural activation during an explicit categorization task: category- or feature-specific effects?

Previous lesion-deficit and functional imaging studies have suggested that there are distinct category-specific regions within the human brain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested this claim with a task in which participants decided if two items, represented by words, were members of the same category. Signal changes detected for all pairs of items that were from the same category and for tool pairs were found in rostromedial BA 6, rostral cingulate, and at the BA 6/44 and BA 45/46 junctions. Activation was seen in BA 6 and the left BA 6/44 junction for fruits and vegetables pairs and only in rostromedial BA 6 for animal pairs. The common signal changes in the frontal lobes (BA 6/44) for the categories of fruits and vegetables and tools suggest that this region may be organized in a feature-specific, as opposed to a category-specific, manner.

Adult↗