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PubMed1991

Serial changes of serum CA125 levels during menstrual cycles.

Serial changes of serum CA125 levels during 32 menstrual cycles were examined in 32 healthy young women (19-21 years of age) charting basal body temperature (BBT) and measuring serum estradiol and progesterone levels. Analysis of BBT charts and serum progesterone levels revealed that the 32 menstrual cycles could be classified into either an ovulatory cycle with a sustained BBT temperature increase for at least 10 days (type I: 9 cycles), an ovulatory cycle with a sustained BBT temperature increase for less than 10 days (type II: 17 cycles), or anovulation (type III: 6 cycles). All 32 cycles exhibited basal CA125 levels of less than 35 u/ml throughout the cycle, except during the period of menstruation. At menstruation, 7 of the 9 cycles of type I showed a marked, transient elevation of CA125 levels from previous basal levels (a mean net increase). On the other hand, 12 of 17 cycles of type II showed only a slight elevation of CA125 levels during the period of menstruation. None of the 6 cycles of type III showed any apparent increase in CA125 levels during the period of menstruation. The mean net increase of CA125 levels during the period of menstruation in the cycles of type I was significantly higher than that of the cycles of type II (p less than 0.05) and type III (p less than 0.05). These results imply that a transient elevation of serum CA125 levels during the period of menstruation occurs in cycles with ovulation, and the levels of elevation seem to be closely associated with the duration of the sustained BBT temperature increase.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Analysis of selected environmental and biophysical parameters during menarche].

UNLABELLED: It is challenging at the end of the 20th century to verify our concept of the secular trend in pubertal development, its pace, and role of environmental factors in the process. The study group consisted of patients visiting the Pediatric Gynecology Center in Szczecin, Poland. Retrospective analysis was based on 4386 cases recorded between 1975 and 1997. Participating in the prospective part of the study were 111 patients seen at the Center between 1994 and 1997 during the first 6 months after their first menstruation. The prospective group was divided into two groups according to gynecologic age: (1) up to three months and (2) between three and six months after menarche. The retrospective analysis was based on age, date of menarche, permanent residence (large town, small town, village), mother's menarcheal age, parents' education level and family status. In the prospective study, history was taken and the patients underwent standard physical examination. Additionally, school performance and number of siblings were recorded. The following parameters were studied: body mass, BMI, height, tertiary sex features. Ultrasonographic examinations were done with a 3.5 MHz transabdominal probe. Hormonal tests included blood concentrations of FSH, LH, E2 and PRL (basal and Metoclopramid-induced). Several correlations were studied, including menarcheal age and permanent residence, mother's and daughter's age at menarche, menarcheal age and parents' education, school performance, and family status. One standard deviation was taken as cut-off value for overweight and underweight groups. The maturity of tertiary sex features at the time of first menstruation was examined. Ultrasound was used to determine primary and secondary sex features. The study disclosed that menarche occurs most frequently in January and July (Table 1). A decline in the pace of pubertal development and narrowing of the urban-rural gap was observed (Tables 2-5). A significant correlation between the age at first menstruation in mothers and their daughters was observed (Table 6). Late menarche correlated with low level of paternal and especially maternal education, incomplete family status and poor school performance (Tables 7-9). At the time of menarche the mean body mass was 48 kg, mean height 159 cm, and tertiary sex features represented fourth, rarely third, stage. During six months after first menstrual blooding a significant increase in weight was noted, but there was no correlation between overweight and age at first menstruation (Tables 10-12). At the time of first menstruation the uterine body was already larger than the cervix (Table 13). In patients at the gynecologic age of 3 to 6 months after menarche there was a significant increase in the prolactin reserve (Table 14). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Analysis of the secular trend for the last two decades of the 20th century revealed no acceleration in pubertal development of girls. A reduction in environmentally-dependent differences in menarcheal age (urban vs. rural residence) was observed. 2. Marked influence of the environment (family and school factors) on the age at menarche was evidenced. 3. At the age of first menstruation, biophysical parameters (height, body mass, sex features, concentrations of hormones) revealed specific patterns but subtle individual differences remain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A study of the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports.

AIM: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of sports training on the ovarian cycle of athletes of various disciplines, and of non-athletes, their participation and their performance in competition as well as the appearance of symptoms of discomfort pre and during the duration of menstruation. METHODS: Athletes from the disciplines of basketball, track athletics, gymnastics, swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo as well as non-athletes took part in this research. All the participants, both athletes and non-athletes were selected and completed a specially designed questionnaire. RESULTS: The results of the research showed that there are no significant differences in the menarche to the duration of the ovarian cycle and to the duration of the menstrual flow. Also, the involvement in different athletic disciplines appears to affect to different degrees the regularity of the cycle although this does not prevent the athlete from participating in training and in competition. The effects are sometimes beneficial to their performance and sometimes they could have a negative effect on their performance. Regarding the symptoms and the discomforts which occasionally appeared pre and during the duration of menstruation e.g. headache symptoms, these appear to be greatly decreased in the athletes of swimming, synchronized swimming and water polo and perhaps this is a result of the beneficial effects of the water. The percentage for abdominal pain appeared decreased for certain disciplines (such as swimming) or stable both pre and during the duration of menstruation. Concerning the pain in the thoracicolumbar region, the percentages were different for every sport: a noticeable decrease was recorded for the athletes of swimming, gymnasts, synchronized swimming, water polo, track athletes and the non-athletes, but with an increase for the basketball players. For the symptoms of weakness and fatigue, the percentages were increased for all the athletic disciplines as well as for the non-athletic during the duration of menstruation compared with pre menstruation, although for the percentages for symptoms of nervousness, the picture was different, that is, the percentages appeared decreased during the duration of menstruation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, where problems appear in the function of the ovarian cycle, the assistance of a specialist gynaecologist is considered essential when we are sure that these problems are not caused by training, malnutrition or psychological factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlation between certain factors in maturation and primary dysmenorrhea in adolescence].

A total of 1,068 randomly chosen adolescent females, aged 10 to 19 years, were questioned about their (painful or painless) menstruation. The obtained rate of the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in the examined adolescent population was 52.9%. The statistical significant difference between the examined adolescent girls with and without dysmenorrhea related to the chronological age (chi 2 = 19.112; p less than 0.05). The rate of frequency of painful menstruation increases with the increasing of the chronological age of the examined adolescent females. It is the highest at the age of 16 to 19 (56.5% in 16 and 61.2% in 19 year-olds). Over the age of fifteen years dysmenorrhea is present in every other examined adolescent girl. The number of examined adolescent females with dysmenorrhea is statistically significant by greater (chi 2 = 44.448; p less than 0.001) in those who had got menarche early (11 and 12 years old). The greatest frequency of dysmenorrhea is estimated in those having got the first menstruation aged 11 (79.2%) and 12 (55.5%) years. The average age of the appearance of menarche in all the examined female population is 12.8 +/- 1.3 years. The average age of the occurrence of the first menstruation in dysmenorrhoic girls is 12.6 +/- 1.1 years and statistically significantly differs from the average age of menarche in the control group of nondysmenorrhoic adolescent females (13.1 +/- 1.2 years of life). In the first gynecological year only one third (29.6%) of the examined adolescent girls had painful menstruation. Up to the fourth gynecological year, 62.4% of the examined adolescent females experienced dysmenorrhea. Three quarters (75.3%) of them had painful menstruation in the sixth gynecological year. There is a statistically significant difference between adolescent girls with and without dysmenorrhea in relation to the gynecological year (chi 2 = 63.604; p less than 0.001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Intraocular pressure: association with menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause in apparently healthy women.

The relationship between days of the menstrual cycle and variations in intraocular pressure (IOP) findings are not consistent. Although, previous studies have demonstrated that IOP decreases during pregnancy and as compared to menstruating women, it is higher in postmenopausal women but the degree of the reported change in IOP values, differs from study to study. In recent years it has been noted that intraocular pressure is a dynamic function and is subject to many acute and long term influences. The large differences in the results of previous studies may be due to several neglected factors. Accordingly after placing controls on these factors this study investigated the effect of pregnancy, menopause, and menstruation on IOP. Pregnant women in each trimester and non-pregnant control, along with menstruating and menopausal subjects of the same age groups were studied. To study the effect of menstruation, in three female volunteers, IOPs were measured after every sixth day, starting from first day of the cycle, and continuing through three consecutive menstrual cycles. IOPs were measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer. All subjects were examined according to standard protocols. In all trimesters of pregnancy, intraocular pressure was found to be lower than in non-pregnant control subjects. The difference between control and first, control and second, and control and third trimester groups were found to be 0.07 +/- 0.23 mmHg, (p > 0.05), 0.47 +/- 0.18 mmHg (p < 0.05), and 2.30 +/- 0.38 mmHg (p < 0.001), respectively. The difference between second and third trimester groups was 1.83 +/- 0.34 mmHg (p < 0.001). The mean intraocular pressures in postmenopausal women was 16.07 +/- 0.36 mmHg and in the control group, who were of same age group and still menstruating, was found to be and 15.40 +/- 0.38 mmHg. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Although the IOP values differed in each subject at various days of the cycle, they did not correlate with it over the course of three cycles. This study confirms the ocular hypotensive effect of pregnancy and higher IOP in postmenopausal women than in those who were still menstruating. This study concludes that physiological hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle have no influence on intraocular pressure. Knowledge of the normal level of IOP, during various stages of female life, may help glaucoma screeners.

Female↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between menstrual attitudes and menstrual symptoms among Taiwanese women.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study explored characteristics of the menstrual cycle including duration, prevalence and severity of symptoms and examined the relationship of these characteristics with attitudes toward menstruation. BACKGROUND: Conceptualization of menstrual phenomena and attitudes toward menstruation may vary among cultures. While data about menstrual health among American women are widely available, there are little data concerning menstrual health in Taiwanese women. DESIGN/METHODS: A total of 30 healthy women with a mean age of 24.4 years participated in the study and made daily records of symptoms over a 90-day period with the Woods Daily Health Diary (WDHD). They then retrospectively completed the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MMDQ) and the Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire (MAQ). RESULTS: The mean age of menarche of these women was 13 years, their mean cycle duration was 5.8 days and the cycle length was 31.1 days. The mean scores of five subscales for MAQ ranged from 2.19 to 3.28. Forty-six percent of the surveyed Taiwanese women agreed that the onset of menstruation can be predicted and anticipated, and 78% of these women agreed that menstruation was a natural event. CONCLUSIONS: Menstrual attitudes in Taiwanese women are multidimensional, and that significant cross-cultural differences are present. Attitudes toward menstruation in Taiwanese women are related to their physical, cognitive, behavioural and psychological changes in the premenstrual and menstrual phases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The development of menstrual-related beliefs and behaviors during early adolescence.

Adolescent girls' menstrual-related beliefs and behaviors are examined from a developmental perspective. 2 studies, 1 cross-sectional and 1 longitudinal, were conducted. In the first, 639 girls in grades 5-6, 7-8, and 11-12 were seen. In the second, 46 pairs of girls were seen twice: all were premenarcheal at the first testing; at the second testing, one-half had begun to menstruate in the last few months and one-half were a matched premenarcheal comparison group. Girls answered questions on menstrual symptomatology, menstrual-related attitudes, and potential informational sources. 3 questions were asked in the present study: (1) What are the expectations for menstrual symptoms that girls hold prior to menstruation and when do these develop? (2) How do expectations for menstrual symptoms and beliefs relate to the actual experience of menarche? (3) What are the sources of information for menstruation and do they relate to subsequent menstrual-related behavior? First, as early as fifth grade, premenarcheal girls had clear expectations regarding menstrual symptoms; their expectation that cycle-related changes would occur paralleled the changes reported by adult and older adolescent women. Second, girls who had begun to menstruate reported experiencing less severe menstrual distress (less pain, water retention, negative affect, and behavioral changes, and more concentration) than the premenarcheal comparison group expected to experience. In addition, early symptom expectations were positively related to later-reported menstrual distress (pain, water retention, and behavioral change) in the changing-menarcheal-status group. Third, there were few changes in the amount learned from various sources as a function of menarcheal status. However, correlational analyses indicate that girls who learned more from male sources rated menstruation as more debilitating and negative than those girls who learned less from male sources. The importance of socialization in the emergence of menstrual distress and negative menstrual attitudes is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

BACKGROUND: The avoidance of menstruation through extended or continuous administration (greater than 28 days of active pills) of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) has gained legitimacy through its use in treating endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menstruation-associated symptoms. Avoidance of menstruation through continuous use of COCs for reasons of personal preference may have additional advantages to women, including improved compliance, greater satisfaction, fewer menstrual symptoms, and less menstruation-related absenteeism from work or school. OBJECTIVES: To determine the differences between COCs dosed continuously (greater than 28 days of active pills) compared with traditional cyclic dosing (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo). Our hypothesis was that continuously administered COCs have equivalent efficacy and safety but improved bleeding profiles, amenorrhea rates, adherence, continuation, participant satisfaction, and menstrual symptoms compared with cyclic COCs. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched computerized databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, POPLINE, LILACS) for trials using continuous or extended COCs during the years 1966 to 2005. We also searched the references in review articles and publications identified for inclusion in the protocol. Investigators were contacted regarding additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized controlled trials in any language comparing continuous (greater than 28 days of active pills) versus traditional cyclic administration (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo) of COCs for contraception. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Titles and abstracts identified from the literature searches were assessed for potential inclusion. Data were extracted onto data collection forms and then entered into RevMan 4.2. Peto odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all outcomes for dichotomous outcomes. Weighted mean difference was calculated for continuous outcomes. The trials were critically appraised by examining the following factors: study design, blinding, randomization method, group allocation concealment, exclusions after randomization, loss to follow-up, and early discontinuation. Because the included trials did not have a standard treatment (type of pill and time length for continuous dosing), we could not aggregate data into meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. Study findings were similar between 28-day and extended cycles in regard to contraceptive efficacy (i.e., pregnancy rates) and safety profiles. When compliance was reported, no difference between 28-day and extended cycles was found. Participants reported high satisfaction with both dosing regimens, but this was not an outcome universally studied. Overall discontinuation and discontinuation for bleeding problems were not uniformly higher in either group in most studies. The few studies that reported menstrual symptoms found that the extended cycle group fared better in terms of headaches, genital irritation, tiredness, bloating, and menstrual pain. Five out of the six studies found that bleeding patterns were either equivalent between groups or improved with continuous-dosing regimens. Endometrial lining assessments by ultrasound were done in a small number of participants but all endometrial stripe measurements were less than 5 mm. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from existing randomized control trials comparing COCs given continuously (greater than 28 days of active pills) to traditional monthly cyclic dosing (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo) is of good quality. However, the variations in type of pill and time length for continuous dosing make direct comparisons between regimens impossible. Future studies should choose a previously described type of pill and dosing regimen. More attention needs to be directed towards participant satisfaction and menstruation-associated symptoms.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fibrinolytic activity of menstrual blood in normal and menorrhagic women and in women wearing the Lippes Loop and the Cu-T (200).

Assessment was made of the fibrinolytic activity in menstrual and peripheral blood of 30 normally menstruating and 30 menorrhagic patients and of 30 women wearing Lippes Loops and 15 wearing CU-T (200)s. Assessment was performed by measuring the area of lysis on heated and unheated fibrin plates. Also, histochemical identification of fibrin fibrils in the menstrual endometrium was performed by Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin method. Results in the normally menstruating group were compared to those of the menorrhagic women, and together these were compared with results in the groups of women wearing intrauterine devices. The fibrinolytic activity in menstrual blood was significantly increased in menorrhagic patients compared to that in normally menstruating patients, but no significant difference was detected in the plasma of either group. The histochemical study of the normally menstruating endometrium revealed dense intravascular and extravascular deposits of fibrin. Less dense intravascular fibrin deposits, but no extravascular ones, were present in the menorrhagic patients. The increase in the fibrinolytic activity of menstrual blood and the decrease in the density of fibrin deposits in the menstrual endometrium of the menorrhagic women were thus associated and were probably involved in the excessive menstrual loss. The fibrinolytic activity of menstrual blood in women wearing Lippes Loops was higher than that in women with Cu-T (200)s and was associated with decreased density of fibrin fibrils in the menstruating endometrium. This may explain the increased blood loss associated with the use of the Lippes Loop.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Evidence for exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome during menses.

Many women report that bowel symptoms are associated with menstruation, but neither the prevalence of these complaints nor their physiological basis is known. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, to determine whether patients with irritable bowel syndrome are more likely to make such complaints, and to determine whether bowel complaints during menstruation are attributable to psychological traits such as increased somatization. To estimate prevalence, 369 clients of Planned Parenthood of Maryland were asked whether gas, diarrhea, or constipation occurred during menstruation. These subjects were compared with women referred to a gastroenterology clinic and found to have irritable bowel syndrome or functional bowel disorder (abdominal pain plus altered bowel habits but not satisfying restrictive criteria for irritable bowel syndrome). Thirty-four percent of 233 Planned Parenthood clients who denied symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome or functional bowel disorder reported that menstruation was associated with one or more bowel symptoms. Gastroenterology clinic patients with irritable bowel syndrome were significantly more likely to experience exacerbations of each of these bowel symptoms, but especially increased bowel gas. Self-reports of bowel symptoms during menstruation were not associated with psychological traits or with menses-related changes in affect.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1998

Determining factors in the iron status of adult women in the SU.VI.MAX study. SUpplementation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants.

The iron status of a national sample of adults living in France and participating in the SU.VI.MAX cohort, was assessed using serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentrations. Complete data were obtained for 6648 women 35-60 y old and for 3283 men 45-60 y old. Assessment of iron dietary intakes was realized on a subsample of 3111 women and 2337 men who reported six 24 h dietary records during a one-year period; 22.7% of menstruating women and 5.3% of post-menopausal women presented a total depletion of iron stores (serum ferritin < 15 microg/l). Iron-deficient anemias were found in, respectively, 4.4% and less than 1% of these women. Three-quarters of the anemias were related to iron deficiency in menstruating women. In men, iron depletion and iron deficiency anemia were very rare. Post-menopausal women had much higher serum ferritin levels than menstruating women. In menstruating women, those using intrauterine devices had significantly lower serum ferritin levels than those without contraception, and much lower than those using oral contraception. The frequency of iron depletion reached 28.1% in women using intrauterine devices, but only 13.6% in those using oral contraceptives. The mean iron intake was 16.7 +/- 5.7 mg/d in men and 12.3 +/- 3.4 mg/d in women. Heme iron represented respectively, 11.1 and 10.4% of iron intake. Ninety-three percent of menstruating women had dietary iron intakes lower than recommended dietary allowances (RDA); 52.6% consumed less than two thirds of these RDA. In post-menopausal women and men, respectively 27.7% and 3.6% had dietary intakes lower than RDA. Serum ferritin was positively correlated with meat, fish and total iron intake, and negatively correlated with dietary products consumption, calcium and fiber intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Aspects of the laboratory identification of von Willebrand disease in women.

The increased prevalence of the laboratory diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (vWD) in women presenting with menorrhagia has raised concerns regarding certain specifics in vWD testing in women, including when vWD testing should be done in relation to menses and whether testing should be done while the patient is not taking an oral contraceptive (OC). These concerns have been based on historical reports that vWF and factor (F) VIII:coagulant activity levels can decrease during menses and conceivably increase the probability of diagnosing vWD when the patient is menstruating, whereas hormone therapy can increase the vWF levels and conceivably mask the diagnosis of vWD. Historically, the reports of a decrease in vWF levels during menstruation have been in a relatively small total number of patients; this has not been confirmed in two recent studies. In one study of 95 normal menstruating females sampled serially at days 4 to 7, 11 to 15, and 21 to 28, there was no variation. In another study of 40 volunteers, by cross-sectional analysis there was no difference. However, interestingly in that study, longitudinal analysis of samples showed a decrease in vWF antigen during menstruation. In another recently published study, using cross-sectional analysis, the lowest levels of vWF were found on days 1 through 4, whereas the highest were identified on days 9 through 10. Conceivably, these groups were more finely divided than were those in the other studies. In summary, in light of these conflicting results, recommendations for testing exclusively during menses cannot be made. At this point, it is not unreasonable to suggest that hematologists and gynecologists sample at least once at the time of menstrual bleeding when the diagnosis of vWD in a menstruating female is suspected. Consequently, sampling during the menstrual cycle may likely capture the lowest levels of FVIIIC and vWF antigen. Regarding testing while the patient is taking an OC, present preparations do not contain supraphysiological doses of estrogen and are unlikely to affect the laboratory diagnosis of vWD. These studies primarily have been in controls. Therefore, prospective studies in vWD women of menstrual variation of the vWF levels and the impact of OCs on vWF levels are in order before specific recommendations can be made regarding the timing of testing and whether patients should be tested while the patient is not taking an OC. Other aspects regarding race, age, preanalytical variables, and pregnancy potentially affecting the laboratory diagnosis of vWD are also discussed in this review.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Effect of oestrogen status on serum levels of growth hormone-binding protein and insulin-like growth factor-I in non-pregnant and pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: Since there appears to be a relationship between circulating oestrogens and growth hormone, we have investigated the effect of the oestrogen status of adult women on serum levels of GHBP and IGF-I. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: The investigation was performed on serum samples of 14 spontaneously menstruating women, 10 women taking oral contraceptives containing 20-50 micrograms ethinyloestradiol, and 30 pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy. MEASUREMENTS: Serum levels of GHBP were measured by HPLC gel filtration and IGF-I levels were measured by RIA after acid-ethanol extraction. RESULTS: In the spontaneously menstruating women the mean +/- SD serum level of GHBP was 34.6 +/- 6.7% and of IGF-I 30 +/- 7 nmol/l. Serum GHBP levels were negatively (r = -0.67; P < 0.01) and IGF-I levels were positively related (r = 0.69; P < 0.01) to serum oestradiol concentrations. In the women taking oral contraceptives serum levels of GHBP were 47.0 +/- 7.4%. This was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than in spontaneously menstruating women. In contrast, IGF-I levels were not different from those obtained in spontaneously menstruating women. In the pregnant women, the mean +/- SD serum level of GHBP was not different from that observed in non-pregnant spontaneously menstruating women. Polynomial regression analysis, however, showed a significant (P = 0.01) second-order relationship between the duration of pregnancy and serum GHBP levels, with increasing levels during the first half of pregnancy and decreasing levels thereafter. Serum concentrations of IGF-I increased during the second half of pregnancy and were significantly (P < 0.005) elevated in the third trimester. CONCLUSIONS: In non-pregnant women the endogenous oestrogen status seems to modulate negatively GHBP levels and positively IGF-I levels, whereas oral oestrogen administration, in contrast, increases serum levels of GHBP without modification of IGF-I levels. During pregnancy serum GHBP levels increase slightly during the first half of pregnancy and decrease thereafter, whereas IGF-I concentrations increase during the second part of pregnancy. The oestrogen status of women has a complex effect on serum concentrations of GHBP and IGF-I and has therefore to be taken into account when evaluating serum levels of GHBP and IGF-I.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Variations in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet function and various plasma proteins during the menstrual cycle.

The variations in the number of platelets, platelet retention, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and various plasma proteins were studied during the menstrual cycle in 30 normal women. Blood samples were taken on 6 occasions; day 1, 2, and 3 of menstruation, day 5-9 (follicular phase), day 12-16 (around ovulation), and day 19-23 (luteal phase), respectively. The concentration of fibrinogen was lower during menstruation than in the luteal phase. Factor II-VII-X and platelet retention were lowest and the recalcification time was shortest during the menstruation. The number of platelets was highest in the ovulatory phase. The fibrinolytic activity was higher in the luteal phase and during the menstruation than in the follicular phase. The results might indicate an intrauterine clotting during the menstruation. The close correlations between the variations of most of the plasma proteins indicate the presence of some general not identified factor which is probably not the variation in the intravascular water content.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of successful renal transplantation on hormonal status of female recipients.

The pituitary, thyroid, and ovarian hormone levels were measured by enzyme and fluorescence polarization immunoassays in 18 women with successful renal transplants (recipients): 10 menstruating, mean age 34.7 years, mean time after transplantation (Tx) 112.00 months, mean SCr 130.60 mumol/L; and 8 menopausal, mean age 52.7 years, mean time after Tx 61.00 months, and mean SCr 119.00 mumol/L. Five women of the menstruating group conceived 7 times and gave birth to 4 healthy infants. The findings were compared to 30 age-matched healthy subjects (controls) and to 13 women under chronic hemodialysis (hemodialyzed patients): 2 menstruating, 24 and 36 years old, and 11 menopausal, mean age 59.4 years. Serum prolactin (PRL) showed a highly significant increase in hemodialyzed patients (p less than .0001) compared to controls. In recipients, PRL levels were significantly lower than in hemodialyzed patients, but higher than in controls (p less than .0001). LH and FSH were elevated in menstruating hemodialyzed patients (p less than .0001, p less than .02, respectively) and significantly high in menopausal hemodialyzed patients (p less than .02, p less than .01, respectively). In menstruating recipients, LH was also highly elevated (p less than .001), while FSH showed no significant difference from controls. In menopausal recipients the increase of LH was less prominent (p less than .02) but FSH was highly increased (p less than .001). T3, T4, and FTI were absolutely normal in recipients, while they were significantly lower than normal (p less than .0001) in hemodialyzed patients. Estradiol showed no significant difference in both groups of recipients, as well as in menopausal hemodialyzed patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of chemotherapy to ovary function in ovarian malignancy patients undergoing conservative surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of chemotherapy on ovarian endocrine function and menstruation. METHODS: Menstruation and serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2) levels were observed when the patients with ovarian cancer undergoing one side ovarectomy were followed by chemotherapy. RESULTS: Abnormal menstruation occurred in 86.7% cases, including 80% amenorrhea and 6.7% oligomenstruate. Menstruation resumed around 2 months after chemotherapy. Serum LH, FSH levels rose and E2 level declined during amenorrhea. No significant change was observed in progesterone or testosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Ovary function impairment may occur in ovarian cancer patient treated by one side ovarectomy followed by chemotherapy. Serum LH, FSH, and E2 levels change and abnormal menstruation are two common manifestations. However, chemotherapy-related amenorrhea is reversible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The relationship between dysmenorrhea and menstrual attitudes among female students in vocational nursing schools].

This research involved a cross-sectional investigation. An Essential background questionnaire and the Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ) were used in the study. The purpose was to explore the relationship between dysmenorrhea and menstrual attitudes among female students in vocational nursing schools. Data collection was performed by questionnaire in school classes. Data were recorded using Microsoft Excel, and analyzed by JMP5.0. Essential background information was compared by t-test and Chi-square test, and menstrual attitudes by t-test. Eight hundred and five students answered the questionnaire, and 760 responses (94.4%) were valid. Among the valid sample, 557 respondents (73.3%) had experienced dysmenorrhea during the previous half year. This group was named the dysmenorrhea group. The other 203 students (26.7%) who had experienced no dysmenorrhea during the previous half year were called the non-dysmenorrhea group. Results of the study showed that the dysmenorrhea group agreed that "Menstruation is a debilitating event," and on the importance of "Anticipation and prediction of the onset of menstruation" more than the non-dysmenorrhea group. Markedly more of the non-dysmenorrhea group than of the dysmenorrhea group that agreed, "Menstruation has no effect". As to the propositions that "Menstruation is a bothersome event," and "Menstruation is a natural event," there were no significant differences between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Climacteric symptoms in healthy middle-aged women.

The incidence of climacteric symptoms was determined in 247 healthy premenopausal women in a community setting. These volunteers had been recruited to a longitudinal study of bone density. Of these subjects, 46 ceased to menstruate during the study, and in this subgroup symptoms were compared before and after cessation of menstruation. Only hot flushes increased after cessation of menstruation in the longitudinal study and showed age correlation in the cross-sectional study. Hot flushes thus emerged as a true menopausal symptom. Although evidence for this is weaker, cold sweats and suffocation seem likely to be genuinely menopausal. Breast discomfort and the four mood symptoms of irritability, excitability, depression and poor concentration improved after cessation of menstruation, and this study gives no support for their being part of the menopausal syndrome; it suggests that these symptoms are more likely to be related to menstruation than to the menopause.

Adult↗