Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Life Expectancy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,549 records · Page 86Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Health underachievement and overachievement in English local authorities.

OBJECTIVE: To identify English local authorities that "overachieve" and "underachieve" in health terms, given their level of deprivation, sociodemographic context, and region. DESIGN: Cross sectional study using data from the 1991 UK census and mortality data from 2000-2. SETTING: England. PARTICIPANTS: 354 local authorities (total population 49 558 000). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Life expectancy. Residual life expectancy after regression analysis. RESULTS: In general, the more materially deprived the population of a local authority was in 1991, the lower its life expectancy a decade later, with men being more sensitive to the effects of deprivation than women. Many local authorities, however, did not follow this general trend, and these shared common characteristics. Mining, Manufacturing and Industry, and Urban Fringe authorities collectively had lower life expectancies than predicted by their level of deprivation, as did authorities located in the north west. Outer London and Education Centres and Inner London authorities had much higher life expectancies than predicted, as did authorities located in the east, south east, and south west. Given their level of deprivation, sociodemographic context, and region, 11 local authorities significantly overachieved for male life expectancy and 10 underachieved, while 12 overachieved for female life expectancy and three underachieved. CONCLUSIONS: Life expectancy in English local authorities is strongly associated not only with material deprivation, but with the local sociodemographic context and the region where the authority is located. Some authorities defy their contexts, however, and overachieve in health terms, while others, including some in affluent areas, underachieve.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1990

In search of Methuselah: estimating the upper limits to human longevity.

Estimates of the upper limits to human longevity have important policy implications that directly affect forecasts of life expectancy, active life expectancy, population aging, and social and medical programs tied to the size and health status of the elderly population. In the past, investigators have based speculations about the upper limits of human longevity on observations of past trends in mortality. Here the estimate of the upper bound is based on hypothesized reductions in current mortality rates necessary to achieve a life expectancy at birth from 80 to 120 years and an expectation of life at age 50 from 30 to 70 years. With the use of conditional probabilities of death from complete life tables for the United States, reductions in mortality required to achieve extreme longevity (that is, 80 to 120 years) were compared with those resulting from hypothetical cures for all cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Results indicate that in order for life expectancy at birth to increase from present levels to what has been referred to as the average biological limit to life (age 85), mortality rates from all causes of death would need to decline at all ages by 55%, and at ages 50 and over by 60%. Given that hypothetical cures for major degenerative diseases would reduce overall mortality by 75%, it seems highly unlikely that life expectancy at birth will exceed the age of 85.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Modelling the impact of HIV disease on mortality in gay and bisexual men.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how HIV infection and AIDS (HIV/AIDS) impacts on mortality rates for gay and bisexual men. METHODS: Vital statistics data were obtained for a large Canadian urban centre from 1987 to 1992. Three scenarios were utilized with assumed proportions of gay and bisexual men of 3%, 6% and 9% among the male population age 20 years. For each scenario, non-HIV deaths were distributed according to the assumed proportion of the total population (3%, 6% or 9%) but 95% of HIV deaths were distributed to gay and bisexual men as this is the proportion of AIDS cases in gay and bisexual men in this centre. The main outcome measures of interest were age-specific patterns of death, life expectancy and life expectancy lost due to HIV/AIDS at exact age 20 years, and the probability of living from age 20 to 65 years. RESULTS: Estimates of the mid-period gay and bisexual population ranged from 5406 to 16,219 for the three scenarios, and total deaths in these men from 953 to 1703. Age-specific mortality was significantly higher for gay and bisexual men than all men aged 30-44. Life expectancy at age 20 for gay and bisexual men ranged from 34.0 years to 46.3 years for the 3% and 9% scenarios respectively. These were all lower than the 54.3 year life expectancy at age 20 for all men. The probability of living from age 20 to 65 years for gay and bisexual men ranged from 32% for the 3% scenario, to 59% for the 9% scenario. These figures were considerably lower than for all men where the probability of living from 20 to 65 was 78%. CONCLUSION: In a major Canadian centre, life expectancy at age 20 years for gay and bisexual men is 8 to 20 years less than for all men. If the same pattern of mortality were to continue, we estimate that nearly half of gay and bisexual men currently aged 20 years will not reach their 65th birthday. Under even the most liberal assumptions, gay and bisexual men in this urban centre are now experiencing a life expectancy similar to that experienced by all men in Canada in the year 1871.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pelvic cancer pain.

Pelvic cancer causes several types of pain, i.e., visceral, neuropathic, and somatic pain. Somatic pain is due to stimulation of nociceptors in the integument and supporting structures, namely, striated muscles, joints, periosteum, bones, and nerve trunks by direct extension through fascial planes and their lymphatic supply. In 60% of patients with malignant disease of soft tissues, nerve trunk, and sacral invasion from carcinoma of the cervix, uterus, vagina, colon, rectum, and other tissues in women, and from penile, prostate, and colorectal carcinoma and sarcoma in men, they have neuropathic pain. The infiltration of the perineal nerves results in lumbosacral plexopathies and complete destruction of the nerve, including perineural lymphatic invasions producing symptomatic sensory loss, causalgia, and deafferentation. Visceral pain is the result of spasms of smooth muscles of hallow viscus; distortion of capsule of solid organs; inflammation; chemical irritation; traction or twisting of mesentery; and ischemia, or necrosis, and encroachment of pelvis and presacral tumors. Pain of these types is managed by different modalities depending on the age of the patient, the expected life expectancy, availability of invasive and non-invasive pain control modalities, and the resources of the patient, community, and health care agencies. Patients with pelvic cancer can live with less pain due to better pain-control modalities that are available today with the help of dedicated and caring algologists.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2001

The cost-effectiveness of early vitrectomy for the treatment of vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic vitrectomy has been found to be efficacious for the treatment of vitreous hemorrhage secondary to diabetic retinopathy. The purpose of this study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of early vitrectomy for the management of vitreous hemorrhage secondary to diabetic retinopathy. The analysis was performed from the perspective of a third-party insurer. A cost-utility Markov model was used to determine the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained from early versus deferral of vitrectomy. The model used 2-, 3-, and 4-year results from the Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study, patient-based utilities, life expectancy data, and incremental medical costs. Early vitrectomy was the dominant strategy and was associated with a gain of 0.41 QALYs over the 57-year expected life span for a hypothetical patient. The cost per additional QALY gained from early vitrectomy treatment was $1910 (US$ discounted at 3%). When sensitivity analyses were performed by varying efficacy probabilities and utilities across their 95% confidence intervals, early treatment was always the dominant strategy. Additionally, even at the extreme sensitivity values, the cost per QALY of early vitrectomy treatment remained under $10,000. Overall, early vitrectomy for the treatment of vitreous hemorrhage secondary to diabetic retinopathy is highly cost-effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The cost of hyperthermia: nine years experience at the Radiation Therapy Department of the Turin University.

BACKGROUND: In this paper the authors try to quantify the expenditure for the equipment, staff, treatment per patient and research, sustained at the Radiation Therapy Department of the University of Turin for the treatment of cancer with hyperthermia, METHODS: Two hyperthermic computerized devices are available: the SAPIC SVO3 multifrequencies system (915, 434 and 2-30 MHz) for external hyperthermia, and the SACEM system. working only with the frequency of 915 MHz, for interstitial and intracavitary heating. From September 1983 to December 1991, 408 patients have been treated with hyperthermia, for a total number of treated sites of 483; 2960 heating sessions were performed, with a average of six sessions per patient. RESULTS: The overall cost of our "hyperthermia project" was about 2,000,000,000 Italian liras; the equipment cost was estimated at 1,258,650,000 Liras (839,100 US$), and the cost per treatment and per heat session at about 3,985,200 (2676 US$) and 664,200 liras (443 US$), respectively. The cost of the research program can be estimated in 175,000,000 liras (116,666 US$). The National Health System provides for a partial reimbursement of 2,000,000 liras (1,333 US$) for each course of hyperthermia. Taking into account the mean expected life expectancy and increasing purchases for replacement of equipment, these costs increase 10% each year. As regards the cost-benefit problem, using the Rees formula it varies from 1112 US$ when hyperthermia is used as elective treatment to 3380 US$ when hyperthermia is used as palliative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperthermia is, in our experience, an expensive therapy.

Hospitals, University↗
PubMed2002

Examining means of improving fire safety.

There are numerous products available to designers and architects for all areas of fire safety within buildings. Once the performance criteria have been set by the client, insurer, engineer or approving authority the options can be endless and generally those designers with historical experience with a particular fire safety product will specify these time and again. Most manufacturers of fire safety products produce the same types of products with variances on aesthetics and costs. The products mentioned above are specialised for particular applications, where other products may not be applicable. When choosing products for buildings, important areas which should also be considered are: Life expectancy of the product. New products may seem completely suitable to a particular design specification. However, if the product is fairly new, the expected life of the product may not be known. This should be considered as the client specification may be contradicted. Monopolies. Due to the nature of fire safety products, they are generally bespoke and specialised for certain applications. Therefore, there may only be one manufacturer of a product. This can sometimes lead to problems with clients since tender packages are the preferred method of assigning a particular product or system. In this case the performance which is being aimed for should be clearly stated and tenders also sent to manufacturers of similar products which closely fit this specification.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed2002

Prophylactic antibiotics in cirrhotics with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a prospective, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Infections are a frequent complication in cirrhotics, and gastrointestinal bleeding may increase the infection rate. Nonabsorbable antibiotics or quinolone have been employed to decrease the incidence of infection. Since most of these studies were performed in western countries, it is still unclear whether this holds true in our Taiwan cirrhotic patients. Thus we conducted this study using a different formula of antibiotics to evaluate the efficacy of reducing infection rates in cirrhotics with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: From July 1999 to August 2000, all cirrhotic in-patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding but without infection were enrolled. The patients should not have received antibiotics within 2 weeks before admission and should have expected life expectance more than 7 days. Eligible patients who had received endoscopy within 12 hours of hospitalization were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group A received intravenous cefazolin 1 gm every 8 hours started before endoscopy. After 3 days of prophylactic parenteral antibiotics, antibiotics were shifted to oral cephalexin of 500 mg every 6 hours for 4 days. Group B served as control subjects. All patients received chest X-ray, blood and urine cultures, and ascites culture and sputum culture if ascites and sputum were found. Patients were excluded when initial blood, urine or ascites culture was positive for bacterial growth. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were included. Group A was comprised of 47 patients and Group B comprised of 50 patients. There was no significant difference in age, sex, Child-Pugh's score or initial hemoglobin between the 2 groups. Proved infection developed in 6 patients of Group B. By contrast, no proved infection was found in Group A. Three organisms belonged to gram-negative bacilli and 3 organisms were gram-positive cocci. The incidence of proved infection during hospitalization was 0% in Group A and 12.0% in Group B (p = 0.027). If possible infection cases (patient's body temperature more than 38 degrees C for more than 2 days) were included, the infection rate was 6.4% in Group A and 26% in Group B (p = 0.013). Infection-related mortality occurred in 2 patients in Group B, but none in Group A. CONCLUSIONS: Our prophylactic antibiotic treatment proved safe and effective in reducing the infection rate in cirrhotics with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of hormone replacement therapy.

According to the World Health Organization, the global life expectancy at birth was 55 years in 1974, will be 63 years in 2000, and will be close to 70 years in the year 2025. By the year 2025, approximately 20% of the world's population will be more than 60 years old, and the problems associated with hormonal changes become significant with more than one third of a woman's expected life concentrated in the postmenopausal years. Much evidence suggests that the use of postmenopausal estrogen substantially reduces the morbidity and mortality of coronary heart disease, and to date, low-dose estrogen therapy is the single most effective method for prevention of osteoporosis. However, only hysterectomized women can use estrogen alone because of the risk of endometrial cancer associated with unopposed estrogen therapy. Thus, women with an intact uterus must use estrogen in combination with progestogen to avoid this risk, but the different progestogens may variously modify the beneficial effects of estrogen on lipoproteins, and, ultimately, coronary heart disease. Although hormone replacement therapy during menopause soon will be one of the major areas of preventive medicine, the effects of estrogen in combination with different progestins on coronary heart disease, blood pressure, blood coagulation, bone density, and the central nervous system have not been investigated adequately. This paper reviews the current knowledge of known or suspected effects.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Continued United States longevity increases.

1998 was another banner year for U.S. life expectancy. Average remaining future lifetime for all newborns established a new high of 76.6 years. A new peak was also recorded for infant boys--73.7 years--but longevity for baby girls fell by 0.1 years from the 1997 record level of 79.4 years. As a result, the sex differential in expectation of life at birth narrowed to just 5.6 years. The life expectancy disparity in favor of newborn girls was as little as 2.0 years during 1919-21 and gradually widened to as much as 7.6 years in 1969-71. Taking into account recent trends, projections indicate that the sex differential in average remaining lifetime may diminish to only 2.2 years by 2025. Since 1989-91, males experienced considerably larger longevity increases than females. Additionally, black Americans also recorded greater expectancy gains than their white counterparts. Nonetheless, the life expectancy gap still remains much larger among blacks than for whites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Health deficiencies in Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1950-1995.

Cape Breton County contains one of the most polluted areas in North America and is socioeconomically depressed. We evaluated mortality patterns in this area over the past 5 decades, focusing on life expectancy and life loss. Life loss refers to the difference in life expectancy of Cape Breton County residents and all Canadians, and was further broken down into disease-specific components using cause-eliminated life table methods. We observed lags in health of 20 to 25 years for residents of Cape Breton County. Life expectancy in some municipalities of Cape Breton County is reduced by more than 5 years. Life loss for these residents is greater than that of any single cause of death for Canadians. Life loss among Cape Breton County women is primarily attributable to cancer, and, among men, to cardiovascular diseases. Life loss from cancer is higher in the steel-producing communities; whereas life loss from respiratory diseases and lung cancer is higher in the coal mining communities. These (and other) decompositions of life loss disclose patterns in health deficiencies that give rise to etiologic hypotheses and provide clues and directions for prevention and interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dialysis, kidney transplantation, or pancreas transplantation for patients with diabetes mellitus and renal failure: a decision analysis of treatment options.

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease may remain on dialysis or undergo cadaveric kidney transplantation, living kidney transplantation, sequential pancreas after living kidney transplantation, or simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. It is unclear which of these options is most effective. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal treatment strategy for type 1 diabetic patients with renal failure using a decision analytic Markov model. Input data were obtained from the published medical literature, the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, and patient interviews. The outcome measures were life expectancy (in life-years [LY]) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (in quality-adjusted life-years [QALY]). Living kidney transplantation was associated with 18.30 LY and 10.29 QALY; pancreas after kidney transplantation, 17.21 LY and 10.00 QALY; simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, 15.74 LY and 9.09 QALY; cadaveric kidney transplantation, 11.44 LY and 6.53 QALY; dialysis, 7.82 LY and 4.52 QALY. The results were sensitive to the value of several key variables. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation had the greatest life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy when living kidney transplantation was excluded from the analysis. These data indicate that living kidney transplantation is associated with the greatest life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy for type 1 diabetic patients with renal failure. Treatment strategies involving pancreas transplantation should be considered for patients with frequent metabolic complications of diabetes and for those patients who favor kidney-pancreas transplantation over kidney transplantation alone. For patients without a living donor, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation is associated with the greatest life expectancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A reassessment of world population trends.

This reassessment is limited to observations concerning trends in mortality and fertility and concerning longrun prospects for population growth. Recorded changes in mortality are compared with 3 projections made many years ago. Projections of European mortality made in 1941-42 understated by a wide margin the actual increase in expectation of life because of unforeseen technological changes in the prevention and cure of fatal disease. On the other hand, a projection made in 1955 for India, foreseeing a rapid rise in the 1950s and slower progress later on because of the exhaustion of the easier gains, appears to have been accurate and also to depict the prospects in other populations of relatively high mortality and low income. A different projection of life expectancy in Mexico was also quite close to actual changes in Mexican mortality; it was based on a universal curve constructed to represent how life expectancy rises, increasing ever more slowly as it approaches an upper limit. This curve (1 for each sex), constructed for projection of Mexican mortality, is employed as a standard of comparison for mortality changes in many countries. A number have followed the standard for females very closely for more than 3 decades; in developed countries, male life expectancy has generally fallen short of the standard. The almost universal low fertility in developed countries contrasts with the great diversity of levels and trends of fertility in developing countries, some of which retain undiminished high fertility and others of which have recently attained rates of childbearing as low as in the developed areas. Instances of surprisingly little change and surprisingly rapid change in fertility are described. In the future, growth of populations of developed countries will probably be slight; the future rate of increase in the developing areas depends on the unpredictable timing and pace of childbearing reduction in populations where fertility remains high. In the long run, world population growth may resume its typical pattern of moderate growth interrupted by catastrophic setbacks.

Australia↗