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PubMed2003

Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus infection is the most common neonatal nosocomial viral infection. Epidemics with the newer P(6)G9 strains have been reported in neonatal units worldwide. These strains can cause severe symptoms in infected infants. Infection control measures become necessary and the utilisation of hospital resources increase. Local mucosal immunity in the intestine to rotavirus is important in the resolution of infection and protection against subsequent infections. Boosting local immunity by oral administration of anti-rotaviral immunoglobulin preparations might be a useful strategy in preventing rotaviral infections, especially in low birth weight babies. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of oral immunoglobulin preparations for the prevention of rotavirus infection in hospitalised low birthweight infants (birth weight less than 2500 gms) SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2002), MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched. Science Citation Index was searched for all articles which referenced Barnes 1982. The proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies which were published in the journal, Pediatric Research from 1991 onwards were searched as well as abstracts of doctoral dissertations and theses from 1960 onwards. The above mentioned search strategy was completed in June 2002. Authors prominent in the field were contacted for any unpublished articles and more information on published articles was sought. Reference lists of identified clinical trials and personal files were reviewed. SELECTION CRITERIA: The criteria used to select studies for inclusion were: 1) DESIGN: randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials. 2) PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalised low birthweight infants. 3) INTERVENTION: Oral immunoglobulin preparations for prevention of rotavirus infection compared to placebo OR no intervention. 4) At least one of the following outcomes were reported: All cause mortality during hospital stay, mortality due to rotavirus infection during hospital stay, rotavirus infection, duration of diarrhoea, need for rehydration, duration of viral excretion, duration of infection control measures, length of hospital stay in days, recurrent diarrhoea or chronic diarrhoea. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The two reviewers independently abstracted data from the included trials MAIN RESULTS: One published study (Barnes 1982) was eligible for inclusion in this review. Two additional studies are awaiting assessment re eligibility for inclusion. Barnes 1982 found no significant difference in the rates of rotavirus infection after oral gammaglobulin versus placebo in hospitalised low birthweight babies [RR 1.27 (95% CI 0.65-2.37)]. In the subset of infants who became infected with rotavirus after receiving gammaglobulin or placebo for prevention of rotavirus infection, there was no significant difference in the duration of rotavirus excretion between the group who had gammaglobulin (mean 2 days, range 1-4 days) and the group who had placebo (mean 3 days, range 1-6 days). No adverse effects were reported by Barnes 1982 after administration of oral immunoglobulin preparations. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence from one randomised controlled trial does not support the routine use of oral immunoglobulin preparations for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth-weight infants. However, newer immunoglobulin preparations which have been found to be effective in older children have not been tested in neonatal trials. Therefore, researchers should be encouraged to conduct well designed trials in neonates at risk for rotavirus infections using the newer preparations of anti-rotaviral immunoglobulins (colostrum, egg yolk immunoglobulins). Such trials should also include cost effectiveness evaluations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2026

Early mobilization within 24 to 48 h improves postoperative clinical outcomes in older adults with hip fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture is a major public health concern among older adults, often resulting in prolonged disability, institutionalization, and increased healthcare burden. Early mobilization has been widely recommended to enhance postoperative recovery; however, there is a lack of consolidated evidence quantifying its impact on clinical and functional outcomes. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the impact of early mobilization following hip fracture surgery in older adults and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity to better inform clinical and nursing practice. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across seven databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, and Emcare) from inception to June 15, 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies comparing early mobilization (defined as ambulation within 24 to 48&#xa0;h postoperatively) to delayed or usual mobilization in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Primary outcomes included mortality, discharge destination, and length of hospital stay. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications, functional recovery, and readmission. Risk of bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies involving 297,435 patients were included. Compared with delayed mobilization, early mobilization significantly reduced 30-day mortality (relative risk&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.40, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.64) and 1-year mortality (relative risk&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.40-0.80) (both p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). In regional analyses of pooled mortality, similar reductions were observed across Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe. Patients receiving early mobilization were more likely to be discharged home and had shorter hospital stays. Early mobilization also resulted in a reduced risk of postoperative complications (relative risk&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.74-0.84, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05), with specific improvements in pneumonia and thromboembolism rates. Functional independence was significantly improved, as shown by higher Barthel Index scores and increased odds of achieving Functional Independence Measure &#x2265;5 at discharge. No significant difference was observed in readmission rates. CONCLUSIONS: lization within 24 to 48&#xa0;h following hip fracture surgery was associated with favorable outcomes, including reduced mortality, improved functional independence, higher rates of discharge to home, shorter hospital length of stay, and fewer postoperative complications. Although heterogeneity across studies and the predominance of observational evidence warrant cautious interpretation, these findings support current recommendations for early mobilization and highight the potential value of structured and standardized mobilization protocols in routine postoperative hip fracture care.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

A systematic review identifies a lack of standardization in methods for handling missing variance data.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe and critically appraise available methods for handling missing variance data in meta-analysis (MA). METHODS: Systematic review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, MathSciNet, Current Index to Statistics, BMJ SearchAll, The Cochrane Library and Cochrance Colloquium proceedings, MA texts and references were searched. Any form of text was included: MA, method chapter, or otherwise. Descriptions of how to implement each method, the theoretic basis and/or ad hoc motivation(s), and the input and output variable(s) were extracted and assessed. Methods may be: true imputations, methods that obviate the need for a standard deviation (SD), or methods that recalculate the SD. RESULTS: Eight classes of methods were identified: algebraic recalculations, approximate algebraic recalculations, imputed study-level SDs, imputed study-level SDs from nonparametric summaries, imputed study-level correlations (e.g., for change-from-baseline SD), imputed MA-level effect sizes, MA-level tests, and no-impute methods. CONCLUSION: This work aggregates the ideas of many investigators. The abundance of methods suggests a lack of consistency within the systematic review community. Appropriate use of methods is sometimes suspect; consulting a statistician, early in the review process, is recommended. Further work is required to optimize method choice to alleviate any potential for bias and improve accuracy. Improved reporting is also encouraged.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1997

A phage display technique for a fast, sensitive, and systematic investigation of protein-protein interactions.

Phage display is a technique in which a foreign protein or peptide is presented at the surface of a (filamentous) bacteriophage. This system, developed by Smith [(1985), Science 228, 1315-1317], was originally used to create large libraries of antibodies for the purpose of selecting those that strongly bound a particular antigen. More recently it was also employed to present peptides, domains of proteins, or intact proteins at the surface of phages, again to identify high-affinity interactions with ligands. Here we want to illustrate the use of phage display, in combination with PCR saturation mutagenesis, for the study of protein-protein interactions. Rather than selecting for mutants having high affinity, we systematically investigate the binding of every variant with its natural ligand. Via a modified ELISA we can calculate a relative affinity. As a model system we chose to display thymosin beta 4 on the phage surface in order to study its interaction with actin.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

The effect of abbreviations on MEDLINE searching.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of the use of abbreviations and acronyms on citation retrieval in MEDLINE searches. METHODS: Twenty common medical abbreviations that retrieved a minimum of 400 citations each in MEDLINE text word searches were studied. Each abbreviation was entered in a MEDLINE subject search to determine whether it mapped to an appropriate medical subject heading (MeSH) term. The MeSH category and the number of citations retrieved were recorded. The abbreviation and its definition were each entered in separate text word searches, and the number of citations retrieved was recorded. Sets were combined to determine the number of identical and unique citations retrieved in the searches. RESULTS: MEDLINE recognized all 20 abbreviations and mapped them to appropriate MeSH headings. MeSH term assignment, however, may be case- and space-sensitive. MeSH term searches retrieved more citations than text word searches for 18 of 20 abbreviations. Comparison of the document sets yielded by each search method revealed a subset of citations common to each. Although all sets retrieved showed overlap, no two were identical. In addition, each citation set contained a proportion of unique documents. CONCLUSION: Retrieval of all unique citations required three searches; subject with abbreviation, text word with abbreviation, and text word with definition. These results have important implications for MEDLINE users.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Ethnic disparities: control of glycemia, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol among US adults with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine ethnic disparities in the quality of diabetes care among adults with diabetes in the US through a systematic qualitative review. DATA SOURCES: Material published in the English language was searched from 1993 through June 2003 using PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, the Cochrane Library, Combined Health Information Database, and Education Resources Information Center. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies of patients with diabetes in which at least 50% of study participants were ethnic minorities and studies that made ethnic group comparisons were eligible. Research on individuals having prediabetes, those <18 years of age, or women with gestational diabetes were excluded. Reviewers used a reproducible search strategy. A standardized abstraction and grading of articles for publication source and content were used. Data on glycemia, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were extracted in patients with diabetes. A total of 390 studies were reviewed, with 78 meeting inclusion criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ethnic minorities had poorer outcomes of care than non-Hispanic whites. These disparities were most pronounced for glycemic control and least evident for LDL-C control. Most studies showed blood pressure to be poorly controlled among ethnic minorities. CONCLUSIONS: Control of risk factors for diabetes (glycemia, blood pressure, LDL-C) is challenging and requires routine assessment. These findings indicate that additional efforts are needed to promote diabetes quality of care among minority populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Childbirth among the Canadian Inuit: a review of the clinical and cultural literature.

BACKGROUND: This study reviews the historical, anthropological and biomedical literature on childbirth among Canadian Inuit resident in the Canadian Arctic. The modern period is characterised by increased tension as southern intervention replaced traditional birthing with a biomedical model and evacuation to metropolitan hospitals for birth. Inuit concern over the erosion of traditional culture has confronted biomedical concern over perinatal outcomes. Recently, community birthing centres have been established in Nunavik and Nunavut in order to integrate traditional birthing techniques with biomedical support. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature on Inuit childbirth in order to suggest avenues for future research. STUDY DESIGN: Material for this review was gathered through combining library searches, database searches in ANTHROPOLOGYPlus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Science-Direct, and a bibliographic search through the results. RESULTS: Epidemiological studies of Inuit childbirth are outdated, inconclusive, or inseparable from non-Inuit data. Anthropological studies indicate that evacuation for childbirth has deleterious social and cultural effects and that there is considerable support for traditional communal birthing in combination with biomedical techniques and technology. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation of alternative solutions to maintaining acceptable perinatal outcomes among the Inuit seems desirable. Epidemiological and comparative qualitative studies of perinatal outcomes across the Arctic are needed to reconcile the cultural desirability of communal birthing with claims of its medical feasibility.

Air Ambulances↗
PubMed2001

[Graphic illustrations in old medical literature].

From around 1500 and up to the end of the 19th century, when photographs were introduced and gradually took over, graphic artwork was widely used in medical literature. Graphic techniques allowed for interpretations by the artist in collaboration with the medical scientist. They provide important glimpses into the history of art, into cultural and medical history, and into the history of science. Based primarily on the collections of the Oslo University Library, this article presents some of the high points in this tradition.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1985

Appraisal of the papers of biomedical scientists and physicians for a medical archives.

Numerous medical libraries house archival collections. This article discusses criteria for selecting personal papers of biomedical scientists and physicians for a medical archives and defines key terms, such as appraisal, manuscripts, papers, records, and series. Appraisal focuses on both collection and series levels. Collection-level criteria include the significance of a scientist's career and the uniqueness, coverage, and accessibility of the manuscripts. Series frequently found among medically related manuscripts are enumerated and discussed. Types of organizational records and the desirability of accessioning them along with manuscripts are considered. Advantages of direct communication with creators of manuscripts are described. The initial appraisal process is not the last word: reevaluation of materials must take place during processing and can be resumed long afterwards.

Archives↗
PubMed1986

Computer-assisted instruction: a library service for the community teaching hospital.

This paper reports on five years of experience with computer-assisted instruction (CAI) at Winthrop-University Hospital, a major affiliate of the SUNY at Stony Brook School of Medicine. It compares CAI programs available from Ohio State University and Massachusetts General Hospital (accessed by telephone and modem), and software packages purchased from the Health Sciences Consortium (MED-CAPS) and Scientific American (DISCOTEST). The comparison documents one library's experience of the cost of these programs and the use made of them by medical students, house staff, and attending physicians. It describes the space allocated for necessary equipment, as well as the marketing of CAI. Finally, in view of the decision of the National Board of Medical Examiners to administer the Part III examination on computer (the so-called CBX) starting in 1988, the paper speculates on the future importance of CAI in the community teaching hospital.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1990

The use of grey literature in health sciences: a preliminary survey.

The paper describes some initiatives in the field of grey literature (GL) and the activities, from 1985, of the Italian Library Association Study Group. The major categories of GL are defined; a survey that evaluates the use of GL by end users in the health sciences is described. References in selected periodicals and databases have been analyzed for the years 1987-1988 to determine the number of articles citing GL, the number of GL citations found in selected periodicals, the various types of GL found, and the number of technical reports cited and their country of origin and intergovernmental issuing organization. Selected databases were also searched to determine the presence of GL during those same years. The paper presents the first results obtained.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed2005

From single genes to co-expression networks: extracting knowledge from barley functional genomics.

The paper reports an 'in silico' approach to gene expression analysis based on a barley gene co-expression network resulting from the study of several publicly available cDNA libraries. The work is an application of Systems Biology to plant science: at the end of the computational step we identified groups of potentially related genes. The communities of co-expressed genes constructed from the network are remarkably characterized from the functional point of view, as shown by the statistical analysis of the Gene Ontology annotations of their members. Experimental, lab-based testing has been carried out to check the relationship between network and biological properties and to identify and suggest effective strategies of information extraction from the network-derived data.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1991

Criminalistics--science and philosophy.

Various aspects of criminalistics have been discussed briefly in this chapter. It is impossible to select topics that will be of greatest interest to everyone. That is why we have libraries. However, it has been my objective to provide sufficient information about several subjects to demonstrate many applications of science to the investigation of crime. It is hoped that the repeated mentioning of things and methods, and the use of italics to emphasize these words, will convey my belief that a basic understanding of the simplicity of crime will help us to focus our attention on its solution. I believe that Dr. Paul L. Kirk was correct in his introductory statements. He made a fundamental observation when he said people commit crimes with things. I hope I have shown worthwhile examples of how people employ various methods when they analyze things.

Directories as Topic↗