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PubMed1997

The use of wide-mesh gauze impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin covering wall openings in huts as a vector control method in Suriname.

An alternative vector control method, using lambda-cyhalothrin impregnated wide-mesh gauze covering openings in the walls of the houses was developed in an area in the Eastern part of the interior of Suriname. Experimental hut observations showed that Anopheles darlingi greatly reduced their biting activity (99-100%) during the first 5 months after impregnation. A model assay showed high mortality both of mosquitoes repelled by the gauze as well as of those that succeeded in getting through it. A field application test in 270 huts showed good acceptance by the population and good durability of the applied gauze. After introducing the method in the entire working area, replacing DDT residual housespraying, the malaria prevalence, of 25-37% before application dropped and stabilized at between 5 and 10% within one year. The operational costs were less than those of the previously used DDT housespraying program, due to a 50% reduction in the cost of materials used. The method using wide-mesh gauze impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin strongly affects the behavior of An. darlingi. It is important to examine the effect of the method on malaria transmission further, since data indirectly obtained suggest substantial positive results.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Trap-mulching Argentine ants.

Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), management is constrained, in large part, by polydomy where nestmates are distributed extensively across urban landscapes, particularly within mulch. Management with trap-mulching is a novel approach derived from trap-cropping where ants are repelled from a broad domain of nest sites to smaller defined areas, which are subsequently treated with insecticide. This concept was field-tested with mulch surrounding ornamental trees replaced with a narrow band of pine (Pinus spp.) needle mulch (trap) within a much larger patch of repellent aromatic cedar (Juniperus spp.) mulch. After ants reestablished around the trees, the pine needle mulch band was treated with 0.06% fipronil (Termidor). Poor results were obtained when the trap extended from the tree trunk to the edge of the mulched area. When the trap was applied as a circular band around the tree trunk reductions in the number of foraging ants were recorded through 14 d compared with an untreated mulch control, but not for longer periods. Reductions in the number of ant nests within mulch were no different between the trap mulch and any of the other treatments. We conclude that trap-mulching offers limited benefits, and that successful management of Argentine ants will require implementation of complementary or perhaps alternative strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Short-range and long-range guidance by slit and its Robo receptors. Robo and Robo2 play distinct roles in midline guidance.

Previous studies showed that Roundabout (Robo) in Drosophila is a repulsive axon guidance receptor that binds to Slit, a repellent secreted by midline glia. In robo mutants, growth cones cross and recross the midline, while, in slit mutants, growth cones enter the midline but fail to leave it. This difference suggests that Slit must have more than one receptor controlling midline guidance. In the absence of Robo, some other Slit receptor ensures that growth cones do not stay at the midline, even though they cross and recross it. Here we show that the Drosophila genome encodes three Robo receptors and that Robo and Robo2 have distinct functions, which together control repulsive axon guidance at the midline. The robo,robo2 double mutant is largely identical to slit.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Queens' technic in Pharaoh's ant control. 2. Synergistic effects].

The alkylating (Tepa, Metepa, Thiotepa, Apholate) and non-alkylating (Hempa, Hemel) chemosterilants have been tested in a screening programme together with 6 synergists of insecticides (Pieronylbutoxide, Bucarpolate, Sulfoxide, Safroxan, Demethylsulfoxide, S-421) for cumulative and synergistic effects. Since all of the insecticide synergists were repellent in contrast to the chemosterilants, the substances have been screened only by the dipping test. The synergists increased in solutions of acetone in contrary to the chemosterilants not the mortality of the queens. A combination of Tepa acetone in contrary to the chemosterilants not the mortality of the queens. A combination of Tepa and Piperonylbutoxide resulted in real synergistic effects. The sterility of the queens of the pharaoh's ant was increased at a relation of 1 part of Tepa to 5 parts of Piperonylbutoxide up to twentyfold. It is probably the first evidence of synergism between conventional chemosterilants and insecticide synergists. Unfortunately this excellent effect can not be used for practical control measures because only the baiting method leads to an eradication. - All the other screened combinations showed neither cumulative nor synergistic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Repellency of permethrin-treated battle-dress uniforms during Operation Tandem Thrust 2001.

Successful feeding by mosquitoes through permethrin-treated battle-dress uniforms (BDUs) was observed in the Shoalwater Bay Training Area (SWBTA), Queensland, Australia, during Operation Tandem Thrust 1997 (TT97). Therefore, during Operation Tandem Thrust 2001, the repellency of permethrin-treated BDUs was evaluated. Washing permethrin-treated BDUs 1 time reduced the permethrin concentration by 60%, but permethrin concentration was not reduced further after subsequent washings (up to 20 times). The probing time of Ochlerotatus vigilax landing on permethrin-treated BDUs was reduced to the greatest extent on the treated, unwashed uniform (7.5-fold reduction). Treated, washed uniforms also reduced probing time (2.5 times) compared to the untreated control uniform containing no permethrin. Reduced probing time should reduce feeding success and protect operational forces from bothersome mosquitoes and the associated risk of mosquito-borne disease in SWBTA. Observations of successful mosquito feeding made during TT97 could be attributed to the use of old and well-worn BDUs and seasonal differences in mosquito population density.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Field evaluation of the bait toxicant chlorfluazuron in eliminating Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Two aspects of the Exterra Termite Interception and Baiting System (Ensystex, Fayetteville, NC) were evaluated in a field experiment using 13 termite mounds near Townsville, Australia. First, a cellulose-acetate powder containing either 0.05% wt:wt or 0.25% wt:wt chlorfluazuron (Requiem, Ensystex, Fayetteville, NC) was tested for its efficacy in eliminating colonies of the xylophagous mound-building subterranean termite Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt). The moist bait matrix was replenished during the first inspection of 10 mounds (five mounds by two treatments) used in the experiment. Second, a single application of the moist bait matrix was used on three additional mounds to test termite responses and the effectiveness of 0.25% wt:wt chlorfluazuron. Although there was no evidence of repellence, there was little removal of replenished bait. Five colonies were eliminated by 0.05% wt:wt chlorfluazuron and five colonies by 0.25% wt:wt chlorfluazuron: another colony was moribund, and elimination appeared imminent. Colony decline was first suspected some 12 wk after bait application, and colony elimination was confirmed, by destructive sampling, about 5 wk later. Colony elimination may have occurred within 12 wk. One colony was an anomaly and did not succumb to the effects of the toxicant. Another colony was not eliminated because of invasion of the baiting system by ants. Ants, principally Iridomyrmex purpureus (F. Smith) group and Papyrius nitidus (Mayr) group, occurred commonly in the stations during the experiment. Microcerotermes sp. was found in five of the C. acinaciformis mounds, after colony elimination. Inspections of small sections of mounds and wooden dowels inserted into mounds were reliable methods for monitoring colony health.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Crossing the midline: roles and regulation of Robo receptors.

In the Drosophila CNS, the midline repellent Slit acts at short range through its receptor Robo to control midline crossing. Longitudinal axons express high levels of Robo and avoid the midline; commissural axons that cross the midline express only low levels of Robo. Robo levels are in turn regulated by Comm. Here, we show that the Slit receptors Robo2 and Robo3 ensure the fidelity of this crossing decision: rare crossing errors occur in both robo2 and robo3 single mutants. In addition, low levels of either Robo or Robo2 are required to drive commissural axons through the midline: only in robo,robo2 double mutants do axons linger at the midline as they do in slit mutants. Robo2 and Robo3 levels are also tightly regulated, most likely by a mechanism similar to but distinct from the regulation of Robo by Comm.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of Melia azedarach L. extract on the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).

Methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds from the chinaberry tree, Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) was tested against mature and immature mosquito vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera) under laboratory condition. The extract showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, antiovipositional activity, repellency and biting deterency. The M. azedarach seed and leaf extracts were used to determine their effect on A. stephensi adults and their corresponding oviposition and consequent adult emergence in comparison with the control. The seed extracts showed high bioactivity at all doses, while the leaf extracts proved to be active, only in the higher dose. Results obtained from the laboratory experiment showed that the seed extracts suppressed the pupal and adult activity of A. stephensi even at low dose. In general, first and second instar larvae were more susceptible to both leaves and seed extracts. Clear dose-response relationships were established with the highest dose of 2% plant extract evoking 96% mortality. Entire development of A. stephensi was inhibited by M. azedarach treatment. Less expensive (less than 0.50 US dollars per 1 kg seed), naturally accruing bio-pesticide could be an alternative for chemical pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Field evaluation of an area repellent system (Thermacell) against Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Ochlerotatus caspius (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey.

A field evaluation of a new area repellent system, Thermacell Mosquito Repellent (TMR, cis-trans allethrin), was conducted against phlebotomine sand flies and mosquitoes in Cunpolat village, Sanliurfa Province, in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, an area historically endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis and high sand fly populations. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy, duration of protection, and spatial characteristics of protection (downwind distance from point of release), of the TMR. Twelve adult volunteers (nine in the treatment and three controls) made collections from ankle to knee for 25 min every hour from 2100 to 0300 on six consecutive nights in August 2002. Treatment consisted of placing a TMR unit at the middle of the village and then placing human bait collectors at 2.3, 4.6, and 7.6 m away from the repellent unit. Results from the field tests showed highly significant protection provided by the TMR from attack by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (P < 0.001) and Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas) (P < 0.001) for up to 4 h postapplication. In the six nights that tests were done, a total of 949 sand flies and 1095 mosquitoes were collected from the untreated control sites. Only 86 sand flies and 83 mosquitoes were collected at all distances from the places treated with TMR. These results indicated that reduction in sand fly and mosquito biting rates in treated groups ranged from 87.5 to 97.7% (mean protection 92%) and 90.2-97.4% (mean protection 93%), respectively. The percentage reduction values were maintained above 90.0% for 6 h of the assessment period. Overall, the number of bites by the cutaneous leishmaniasis vector Ph. papatasi and also Oc. caspius was reduced > 11-fold and 13-fold, respectively, by the TMR.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Methods of testing and analyzing excito-repellency responses of malaria vectors to insecticides.

A new test system that includes an excito-repellency test box, test procedures, and statistical treatment of data is described. The method consists of enclosing 25 mosquitoes in an exposure chamber lined with insecticide-treated or untreated (control) test papers. Each chamber has a single portal for mosquitoes to escape to a receiving cage, and numbers escaping are manually recorded at 1-min intervals. The exposure chamber accommodates a screened, 2nd chamber that, when placed in the exposure chamber, prevents the mosquitoes from making physical contact with test papers. A full assay utilized one exposure chamber that permits physical contact with insecticide-treated papers, one chamber that permits physical contact with control papers, one chamber that prevents physical contact with insecticide-treated papers, and a 4th chamber that prevents contact with control papers. After insecticide exposure, test populations are held for observations on 24-h mortalities. A survival analysis approach is described for estimating mosquito escape rates and for comparing differences in mosquito escape rates, with or without physical contact with insecticide, among populations, insecticides, and doses of insecticide.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: comparative and functional genomics.

The resurgence of malaria is at least partly attributed to the absence of an effective vaccine, parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and resistance to insecticides of the anopheline mosquito vectors. Novel strategies are needed to combat the disease on three fronts: protection (vaccines), prophylaxis/treatment (antimalarial drugs) and transmission blocking. The latter entails either killing the mosquitoes (insecticides), preventing mosquito biting (bednets and repellents), blocking parasite development in the vector (transmission blocking vaccines), genetic manipulation or chemical incapacitation of the vector. During the past decade, mosquito research has been energized by several breakthroughs, including the successful transformation of anopheline vectors, analysis of gene function by RNAi, genome-wide expression profiling using DNA microarrays and, most importantly, sequencing of the Anopheles gambiae genome. These breakthroughs helped unravel some of the mechanisms underlying the dynamic interactions between the parasite and the vector and shed light on the mosquito innate immune system as a set of potential targets to block parasite development. In this context, putative pattern recognition receptors of the mosquito that act as positive and negative regulators of parasite development have been identified recently. Characterizing these molecules and others of similar function, and identifying their ligands on the parasite surface, will provide clues on the nature of the interactions that define an efficient parasite-vector system and open up unprecedented opportunities to control the vectorial capacity of anopheline mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Integrated pest management and allocation of control efforts for vector-borne diseases.

Applications of various control methods were evaluated to determine how to integrate methods so as to minimize the number of human cases of vector-borne diseases. These diseases can be controlled by lowering the number of vector-human contacts (e.g., by pesticide applications or use of repellents), or by lowering the proportion of vectors infected with pathogens (e.g., by lowering or vaccinating reservoir host populations). Control methods should be combined in such a way as to most efficiently lower the probability of human encounter with an infected vector. Simulations using a simple probabilistic model of pathogen transmission suggest that the most efficient way to integrate different control methods is to combine methods that have the same effect (e.g., combine treatments that lower the vector population; or combine treatments that lower pathogen prevalence in vectors). Combining techniques that have different effects (e.g., a technique that lowers vector populations with a technique that lowers pathogen prevalence in vectors) will be less efficient than combining two techniques that both lower vector populations or combining two techniques that both lower pathogen prevalence, costs being the same. Costs of alternative control methods generally differ, so the efficiency of various combinations at lowering human contact with infected vectors should be estimated at available funding levels. Data should be collected from initial trials to improve the effects of subsequent interventions on the number of human cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Malaria and travelers--practical aspects.

As international air travel becomes more and more common, we are witnessing an increase in the incidence of imported malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, a fatal variety resistant to antimalarial drugs. With the development of drug resistance, travelers can no longer rely on chemoprophylaxis alone for absolute protection against malaria; they need to take a number of complementary measures. The most important among these are steps to prevent mosquito bites (mosquito screens and nets impregnated with insecticide, insecticides and repellents in various formulations; nocturnal air-conditioning) which can be instituted anywhere. Chemoprophylaxis must be adapted in each case with regard to individual characteristics (laboratory and medical status), the drug used (contraindications, side effects) and the travel itinerary (departure date, places to be visited, duration of journey). The back-up treatment prescribed for a traveler before his departure is intended as cover in the event that the chemoprophylaxis used should prove to be ineffective. If people planning trips to malarious regions are to apply preventive measures, they have to be informed, aware and motivated. Information is an integral part of prevention. Objective, scientifically accurate information is provided by specialized centres and official bodies in the form of recommendations subject to regular updating. A recommendation of a nonmedical nature must be given by travel agents and tour operators, by airlines and shipping companies, embassies and consulates, and also by the media at peak periods of travel to the tropics. Information disseminated on this scale will produce the required degree of awareness, and the travelers targeted will then probably consult a doctor for the chemoprophylaxis they need.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[An experimental tool essential for the evaluation of insecticides: the testing huts].

The following study analyses the potentialities of the experimental huts built in M'be Valley (Côte d'Ivoire) where the evaluations of the insecticide products have been carried out for many years in line with the WHOPES protocol on the methodology of stage 2 assays. Starting a testing station first requires a good knowledge of the sensitivity of Anopheles gambiae to the main insecticide families. Then thanks to the experimental huts the efficacy of the various means of treatment can be compared with the one in untreated huts; this study focuses on house spraying using 100 mg a.i./m2 and bednets impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin at a dose of 15 mg a.i./m2. The fipronil used in house spraying doesn't show any repellent effect, however it does have an irritating effect that increases the natural exophily of An. gambiae females entering the testing huts. The blood-feeding rate recorded in the treated huts was reduced to 24% and to 38% mortality rate consisting mainly of a 24 hours delayed mortality. The bednets treated with lambda-cyhalothrin have greatly reduced the contact between man and vector since the entry rate of An. gambiae females was cut down by 68% compared to the control. The exophily of this anopheles was twofold greater with the impregnated bednets and the blood-feeding rate reduced to 47%. Finally the global mortality rate, two thirds of immediate mortality, one third of delayed mortality, reached 35%. The experimental huts in the M'be Valley therefore provide essential information regarding the selection of the most efficacious insecticides against An. gambiae. This experimental method must be extended to other sites in order to finalize ever more selective and appropriate means of control against nuisance and disease-vector mosquitoes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

West Nile virus serosurvey and assessment of personal prevention efforts in an area with intense epizootic activity: Connecticut, 2000.

West Nile virus (WNV) can cause large outbreaks of febrile illness and severe neurologic disease. This study estimates the seroprevalence of WNV infection and assesses risk perception and practices regarding potential exposures to mosquitoes of persons in an area with intense epizootics in 1999 and 2000. A serosurvey of persons aged > or = 12 years was conducted in southwestern Connecticut during October 10-15, 2000, using household-based stratified cluster sampling. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding concern for and personal measures taken with respect to WNV and provided a blood sample for WNV testing. Seven hundred thirty persons from 645 households participated. No person tested positive for WNV (95% CI: 0-0.5%). Overall, 44% of persons used mosquito repellent, 56% practiced > or = two personal precautions to avoid mosquitoes, and 61% of households did > or = two mosquito-source reduction activities. In multivariate analyses, using mosquito repellent was associated with age < 50 years, using English as the primary language in the home, being worried about WNV, being a little worried about pesticides, and finding mosquitoes frequently in the home (P<0.05). Females (OR = 2.0; CI = 1.2-2.9) and persons very worried about WNV (OR = 3.8; CI = 2.2-6.5) were more likely to practice > or = two personal precautions. Taking > or = two mosquito source reductions was associated with persons with English as the primary language (OR = 2.0; CI = 1.1-3.5) and finding a dead bird on the property (OR = 1.8; CI = 1.1-2.8). An intense epizootic can occur in an area without having a high risk for infection to humans. A better understanding of why certain people do not take personal protective measures, especially among those aged > or = 50 years and those whose primary language is not English, might be needed if educational campaigns are to prevent future WNV outbreaks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Comparative study on the effects of three insecticides (fipronil, imidacloprid, selamectin) on developmental stages of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis Bouché 1835): a light and electron microscopic analysis of in vivo and in vitro experiments.

The effects of three insecticides (fipronil, imidacloprid and selamectin) on developmental stages of cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) were studied in vivo, in vitro and by means of light and electron microscopy. The results were documented by video. Adult fleas were attached to the skin of dogs that had been treated 7 days before with one of the three compounds. Furthermore, adult fleas were exposed exclusively to the hair and skin debris of such treated dogs or were placed on filter papers that had been impregnated with one of these three compounds or with the blood of treated dogs. Larval fleas were exposed to hair of treated dogs, to debris obtained by combing treated dogs, to dried blood samples of treated dogs or were placed onto filter papers impregnated with one of the three compounds. In these experiments with adult and larval fleas, it was noted that none of the three insecticides had a repellent effect on adult or larval fleas. Imidacloprid was the only compound that acted exclusively by body contact, and was apparently taken up by adult and larval fleas via the thin, non-sclerotized intersegmental membranes of the flea's body, shown when flea stages were exposed to hairs taken from dogs treated with one of the compounds or placed onto drug-impregnated filter papers. Imidacloprid killed larvae and adult fleas within 1 h, while it took at least 24 h until all adult fleas had died on fipronil- or selamectin-treated dogs, thus allowing longer feeding periods, increasing the risk of transmission of flea-derived diseases. Flea larvae covered with debris from dogs topically treated 7 days before with fipronil, imidacloprid or selamectin died, like the untreated control, within 16-28 h after exposure. This was, however, probably mainly due to a drying effect. Adult and larval fleas exposed to filter papers impregnated with the blood of treated dogs survived longer than 7 days, as did the untreated controls. All three drugs apparently acted on nerves and muscles and thus stopped motility.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Infection of malaria (Anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (Culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae.

BACKGROUND: Current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. Although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. Following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes. METHODS: In the laboratory, both sexes of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Culex quinquefasciatus were passively contaminated with dry conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae. Pathogenicity of this fungus for An. gambiae was further tested for varying exposure times and different doses of oil-formulated conidia. RESULTS: Comparison of Gompertz survival curves and LT50 values for treated and untreated specimens showed that, for both species, infected mosquitoes died significantly earlier (p < 0.0001) than uninfected control groups. No differences in LT50 values were found for different exposure times (24, 48 hrs or continuous exposure) of An. gambiae to dry conidia. Exposure to oil-formulated conidia (doses ranging from 1.6 x 10(7) to 1.6 x 10(10) conidia/m2) gave LT50 values of 9.69 +/- 1.24 (lowest dose) to 5.89 +/- 0.35 days (highest dose), with infection percentages ranging from 4.4-83.7%. CONCLUSION: Our study marks the first to use an entomopathogenic fungus against adult Afrotropical disease vectors. Given its high pathogenicity for both adult Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes we recommend development of novel targeted indoor application methods for the control of endophagic host-seeking females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Electroantennogram and behavioural responses of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae to human-specific sweat components.

Afrotropical malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae), particularly An. gambiae sensu stricto, are attracted mainly to human hosts. A major source of human volatile emissions is sweat, from which key human-specific components are the carboxylic acids (E)- and (Z)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid and 7-octenoic acid. Electrophysiological studies on the antennae of An. gambiae s.s. showed selective sensitivity to these compounds, with a threshold at 10(-6) g comparable to that of known olfactory stimulants 1-octen-3-ol, p-cresol, isovaleric acid, and lower than threshold sensitivity to L-lactic acid and the synthetic mosquito repellent N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEET). A combination of the acids released at concentrations > 10(-5) g in wind tunnel bioassays significantly reduced the response to CO2, the major attractant released by human hosts, for strains of An. gambiae s.s. originating from East and West Africa. Field trials with odour-baited entry traps (OBETs) in Burkina Faso showed that 7-octenoic acid significantly increased (by 1.7-fold) the catch of females of An. gambiae sensu lato (comprising two sibling species: An. arabiensis Patton and An. gambiae s.s.) in OBETs baited with CO2, whereas combinations of the acids significantly reduced the catch in CO2-baited traps (by 2.1-fold) and in whole human odour-baited traps (by 1.5-fold). The pure (E) and (Z) geometric isomers of 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid gave comparable results to the (EIZ) isomer mixture. These results provide the first experimental evidence that human-specific compounds affect the behaviour of highly anthropophilic An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. The compounds appear to inhibit the upwind flight' response to known long-range attractants, and may serve either to mask' the attractants present or, more probably, to 'arrest' upwind flight when mosquitoes arrive at a host under natural conditions. In the final approach to hosts, vectors are known to reduce their flight speed and increase their turning rate, to avoid overshooting the source. In our experimental apparatus, these changes in flight behaviour would reduce the number of mosquitoes entering the ports of the collection devices.

Animals↗