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PubMed1991

Pathogenesis and recent therapeutic approaches to graft-versus-host disease.

Effective prophylaxis of acute GVHD should bring about improved patient survival by decreasing severe infections during the first 3 months after transplantation and reducing the incidence of chronic GVHD while not compromising the quality of hematopoietic engraftment or increasing the incidence of leukemic relapse by impairing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. None of the current approaches to prevention of GVHD succeed at meeting these expectations, although postgrafting immunosuppressive therapy comes closest to the ideal. The technique of T cell depletion has been very effective in reducing the incidence of GVHD, but conditioning programs must be developed that will be more successful at eliminating host immune and malignant cells. It is doubtful that this will be achieved with systemic chemotherapy and total body irradiation. Innovative approaches such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, either alone or linked to short-lived radioactive isotopes with short linear energy transfer, promise to result in less toxic but more efficient programs, not only providing better eradication of malignant disease but also ameliorating the problem of graft failure. It is conceivable, however, that it will never be possible to kill all leukemic cells with chemoradiotherapy of any form, and the graft-versus-leukemia effect may be essential. Perhaps in the future it will be possible to distinguish lymphocytes causing the graft-versus-leukemia effect from those causing GVHD, isolate them, and use them in attempts at therapy. In the meantime, postgrafting immunosuppressive drugs are used most frequently to prevent and treat GVHD, and steadily improving survival statistics can be expected.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1978

Evidence for a new mammalian organ. II. Calcium kinetics.

The calcium content and calcium kinetics of the fatty tissue complex comprising the renal sinus organ of the rat kidney are reported. A comparison is made to control brown and white fat in the same animal. The calcium content of the renal sinus tissue is significantly greater than controls. Calcium localization in the mitochondria of the sinus tissue complex is demonstrated. Radioactive isotope studies (45Ca, 85Sr and 99mTc) indicate a dynamic exchange of calcium between the systemic pool and the sinus organ. Active accumulation appears to be operative. Supporting evidence for the existence of a portal vascular system joining the renal sinus complex and the renal parenchyma is presented. The significance of a calcium sink in the renal sinus tissue of the rat kidney is discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Surgery of the thyroid.

The sophistication of current surgical treatment of thyroid disorders reflects a better understanding of the pathophysiology. The development of more methods of therapy with antithyroid drugs, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, thyroid hormones, and radioactive isotopes as well as external irradiation has had an important effect on the role that surgery plays in the management of diseases of the thyroid. Iodine, which was use for many disorders, is now probably contraindicated except for preparation of the hyperthyroid patient for surgical treatment. Surgery has now taken its place as one form of therapy for an endocrine organ that is subject to a variety of diseases. It is necessary for the surgeon who undertakes operations on the thyroid to have an understanding of thyroid physiology as well as its pathophysiology.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Germanium-68 as a tracer for silicon fluxes in freshwater sediment.

The sorption of Si may decisively influence the P dynamics in surface sediment through competitive ligand exchange mechanisms. Many aspects of the process, such as the impact of Si dissolving from diatoms, are both insufficiently known and difficult to monitor by quantitative analyses due to the ubiquitousness of Si in sediment. Since the radioactive isotopes of Si have impractical half-times, the applicability of 68Ge as a tracer for Si additions in both inorganic and biogenic form to freshwater sediment (Lake Vesijärvi, Southern Finland) was studied in a 24-h laboratory experiment. The 68Ge-label was added to the sediment with either inorganic Si (940mg l(-1)) or diatoms (3.2 x 10(6) cellsl(-1)), and the distributions of the 68Ge-label and the different forms of added Si between the interstitial water and sequentially extracted, solid-phase sediment pools were critically examined. The inorganic Si addition significantly increased the amount of Si in the interstitial water and in the reversibly bound fraction, while the diatom addition had no discernible effects. The relative distribution of Si and 68Ge between the various sediment pools indicated that the first sorption phase of the added inorganic Si was similar to that reported for P. The high concentration of diatom-derived 68Ge-labelled Si in the interstitial water and in the easily soluble, reversibly bound pool indicated rapid dissolution of the added diatoms. The comparable distributions of the diatom-derived and inorganic Si-derived 68Ge-label within the studied pools indicated that the sorption of Si dissolving from diatoms in surface sediment closely resembles that of an inorganic addition of Si. Caution about the chemical speciation of the 68Ge-label is, however, advisable in sediment environments. Fractionation procedures designed for e.g. P may also be of limited use when applied to a different element, such as Si.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

Development and applications of in vivo clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

4.1 CURRENT STATUS. While an extensive clinical literature of MRS of muscle, brain, heart and liver has been achieved, the MRS technique is not considered essential for routine diagnosis because it is inherently insensitive and metabolic changes tend to be small. However, MRS techniques have proven to be of considerable value for prognosis in some circumstances, notably for predicting outcome following hypoxic-ischaemic injury in the newborn and also in predicting graft viability following organ transplantation. The chemical specificity of MRS has been illustrated, and exploiting the non-invasive nature of the technique, metabolic fingerprinting of pathophysiological processes throughout the natural history of a wide variety of diseases is now being accomplished. Particularly exciting are the applications of 13C MRS for measuring hepatic and muscle glycogen levels, for example in diabetics, and the use of hepatic 31P MRS for assessing liver function in cirrhosis. Other areas of excitement are the applications of 1H MRS in assessing neuronal function in epilepsy and stroke, and for measuring the evolution of lactate in stroke and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Emphasis on technique development continues, and applications still tend to be technology-led. The availability of routine clinical MRI systems with spectroscopy capabilities has given MRS studies wider applicability. The recent improvements in spatial resolution have been impressive and the technique is slowly becoming more quantitative. 4.2. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES. Given the flexibility of clinical magnetic resonance techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, it is likely that MRI will be the diagnostic tool of choice in a wider range of diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, neurodegenerative conditions, sports injuries and in staging malignancies. Since proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy packages have become a routine addition to many MRI systems, it is feasible to select the MRI sequences of most value in highlighting anatomical and pathological abnormalities and to incorporate specifically selected MRS sequences to emphasize biochemical differences. Improvements in technical methodologies are central to further developments. For example, use of internal coils, such as implantable or endoscopic coils, will enable small regions of tissue to be studied in considerable detail, which may otherwise be inaccessible to measurement. Chemical MRS studies have benefited from the use of higher magnetic fields, and the same may be expected for clinical MRS studies. Whole-body magnets up to 4 T have been used in a few centres, and certainly 3 T systems are becoming more widely available with the recent tremendous interest in functional imaging. Certainly, better control of artefacts can be expected; for example, improved definition of spectral changes due to voluntary or involuntary movements. Wider use of proton decoupling methods will improve the specificity of the spectra, by allowing definitive assignments of overlapping resonances, as well as the sensitivity. Comparing PET and MRS studies, it is becoming increasingly obvious that both will be required in parallel to explore parameters of brain metabolism and function. The ability to measure 13C MR signals in the brain has been demonstrated, which allows measurements of glutamate and glucose turnover. MRS measurements have the advantage of not requiring a radioactive isotope, as well as being insensitive to activity-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow. Also the study of cerebral glucose metabolism by MRS is very promising, allowing a resolution and sensitivity comparable to PET. A combination of MRS and PET studies will allow the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders to be better understood. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Laparoscopic identification of sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer: prospective study using a combination of patent blue dye injection and technetium radiocolloid injection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of intraoperative radioisotopic mapping using an endoscopic gamma probe associated with patent blue dye injection in patients with early stage cervical cancer. METHODS: Between April 2001 and March 2002 a total of 12 patients underwent laparoscopic bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (squamous carcinoma in 10 cases, all stage FIGO IB1, and adenocarcinoma in 2 cases, stages IA2 and IB1). Lymphoscintigraphies were performed on the day before surgery to visualize sentinel lymph nodes, 31 +/- 22.5 and 174 +/- 34 min after injection of 200 microCi of technetium 99m rhenium sulfur colloid. The marker was injected at the 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock positions. The day of surgery 2 ml of patent blue dye plus 2 ml of physiological serum was injected in the cervix, at the same locations as the radioactive isotope injection. RESULTS: A total of 35 sentinel lymph nodes were detected. Eight sentinel lymph nodes were only detected by color, 8 sentinel lymph nodes were only detected by the endoscopic gamma probe, and 19 sentinel lymph nodes were "hot and dyed." We found 3 metastatic lymph nodes. In one case, bilateral positive sentinel nodes were only detected by the endoscopic gamma probe. Permanent section identified one inframillimetric micrometastasis in a lymph node that was neither blue nor hot intraoperatively (sensitivity = 66%, specificity = 100%, positive predictive value = 100%, negative predictive value = 90%). CONCLUSION: The identification of the sentinel lymph node with blue dye and radioisotope using an endoscopic gamma probe is feasible and improves detection rate. False negatives still occur, but the proportion is low even at the beginning of the learning curve. Isotopic imaging identifies nodes in areas outside the pelvis not routinely sampled in early cervical cancer patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Microleakage of retrograde root fillings: assessment using a novel measurement system.

In the past, measurement of microleakage has been based on measurement of dye or radioactive isotope penetration. A method has been developed to allow electronic monitoring of microflow in the same specimen over a period of time. This method was used to compare previously reported retrograde materials with an amalgam/sealer combination. The material that performed best was amalgam/sealer, particularly in the first week. The role of cavity varnish in limiting leakage has been controversial, and the results in the present study do not indicate any significant benefit. The range of leakage measured for specimens in the same group suggests that in vivo the expected leakage could be considerable for the materials tested and that small differences in experimental leakage between groups may not have any practical significance.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed2003

Hemocompatibility of titanium oxide films.

Hemocompatibility is a key property of biomaterials that come in contact with blood. Surface modification has shown great potential for improving the hemocompatibility of biomedical materials and devices. In this paper, we describe our work of improving hemocompatibility with Ti-O thin films prepared by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition and by sputtering. The structure and surface chemical and physical properties of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurement, and Hall effect measurement. The behavior of fibrinogen adsorption was investigated by 125I radioactive isotope labeling and AFM. Systematic evaluation of hemocompatibility, including in vitro clotting time, thrombin time, prethrombin time, platelet adhesion, and in vivo implantation into dog's ventral aorta or right auricle from 17 to 90 days, proved that Ti-O films have excellent hemocompatibility. It is suggested that the significantly lower interface tension between Ti-O films and blood and plasma proteins and the semiconducting nature of Ti-O films give them their improved hemocompatibility.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Microwave thermoradiotherapy for uveal melanoma: results of a 10-year study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to evaluate clinically the use of microwave-heating (hyperthermia) as an adjuvant to ophthalmic plaque irradiation for treatment of patients with uveal melanoma. Hyperthermia was also used as a radiation sensitizer, allowing for significant dose reductions during ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy. PARTICIPANTS: In this case series, 48 patients were treated with microwave plaque thermotherapy for uveal melanoma. INTERVENTION: Microwave treatment, which involved affixing a miniature microwave dish antenna on the sclera beneath the tumor after completion of plaque brachytherapy, was performed. During hyperthermia treatment, the tumor's apex was targeted to receive a minimum of 42 degrees C for a 45-minute duration. A subset of 38 (79%) were given reduced apical doses of ophthalmic plaque radiation (radioactive isotope of iodine [125I] or palladium-103 [103Pd]) to an average of 52.6 Gy. MAIN OUTCOME PARAMETERS: Patients were evaluated for visual function, microwave toxicity, radiation oculopathy, eye retention, local tumor control, and metastatic disease. RESULTS: Patients have been observed for up to 10 years and for an average of 60 months (5 years). To date, there have been 3 cases of postoperative tumor enlargement (growth) for a 93.8% local control rate. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Seven eyes have been enucleated: three due to neovascular glaucoma, one due to uveitic neovascular glaucoma, and three due to progressive tumor enlargement. Although 15 patients have died, only 4 deaths were because of metastatic choroidal melanoma. Of the original 48 patients, 33 (69%) have maintained within 2 lines or have better than their preoperative visual acuity. Side effects attributable to heating have included decreased intraocular pressure without hypotony as well as chorioretinal scar formation within and around the targeted zone. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this series suggest that adjuvant microwave thermotherapy can be used with reduced doses of ophthalmic plaque radiation therapy to control the growth of uveal melanomas. Although the incidence of neovascular glaucoma, enucleation, and tumor regrowth is comparable to that of other series evaluating radiation alone, the visual acuities of microwave plaque thermotherapy-treated eyes were found to be superior.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1998

Clinicopathologic findings in recurrent choroidal melanoma after transpupillary thermotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to report the clinicopathologic findings of recurrent choroidal melanoma after transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT). DESIGN: Two case reports. METHODS: The clinical histories and ophthalmologic findings of two patients with recurrent choroidal melanomas who did not respond to TTT were reviewed. Both patients had their eyes with the melanoma enucleated and processed routinely for light and electron microscopic examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The eyes were examined for histopathologic and ultrastructural findings. RESULTS: Histopathologic examination showed choroidal melanomas with extensive tumor necrosis and hemorrhage. In areas, tumor cells appeared histologically intact and presumably viable, with ultrastructural evidence of melanogenesis. The eye from one patient was treated only with TTT and showed hemorrhagic necrosis with cytolysis and no changes to tissues surrounding the melanoma. The eye from the other patient, treated with TTT and a radioactive isotope of iodine (I125) plaque, exhibited areas of intact tumor, tumor necrosis, fibrosis, and radiation retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: These two cases among a total treated series of 14 patients represent examples of uveal melanoma regrowth after TTT. Opaque media precluded adequate treatment in the first case that showed some TTT effect. The second case showed a combination of TTT and I125 effect and failed because of the aggressive nature of tumor.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Interaction of cadmium (Cd(2+)) with a 13-residue polypeptide analog of a putative calcium-binding motif of E-cadherin.

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that Cd(2+) can selectively damage the tight junctions between epithelial cells in culture. Recently, we have obtained evidence suggesting that this effect may involve the interaction of Cd(2+) with E-cadherin, a Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecule that is localized at the adhering junctions of epithelial cells. To begin to determine whether or not Cd(2+) might interact directly with the E-cadherin molecule, we studied the binding of Cd(2+) to peptide B, a synthetic, 13-residue polypeptide that corresponds to one of the extracellular Ca(2+) binding regions of mouse E-cadherin (also known as uvomorulin). The binding of Cd(2+) to peptide B was evaluated by using an equilibrium microdialysis technique and the radioactive isotope (109)Cd(2+). The effects of the binding on the conformation of the peptide were evaluated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The results showed that Cd(2+) bound to peptide B, with a maximum of one Cd(2+) binding site per molecule and an apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) of 640 microM. The binding of Cd(2+) was reduced in the presence of excess Ca(2+), an effect that was overcome by raising the concentration of Cd(2+). Both Cd(2+) and Ca(2+) caused a shift in the CD spectrum of the peptide. However, the shift produced by Cd(2+) was about 3 times the magnitude of that produced by Ca(2+). These results indicate that Cd(2+) can interact with the Ca(2+) binding site on the peptide B molecule and distort the secondary structure of the peptide. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that E-cadherin may be a direct molecular target for Cd(2+) toxicity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

United States National Cancer Institute Radiotherapy Development Program.

The United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) has long supported research in radiotherapy since its establishment by an act of Congress in 1937. One of the first grants for research awarded in 1938 was to support work in developing a cyclotron for conducting clinical research on therapeutic uses of neutrons and radioactive isotopes. Support for training cancer specialists was given high priority in the early days of NCI. In 1961, the Cancer Centers Program was instituted which included a radiation research program that became the primary source of grant support for radiotherapy clinical research centers in the US. There is a need for radiotherapy research because approximately 50-60% of people with newly diagnosed cancers will receive radiotherapy at some time during their disease. In 1979, the Radiotherapy Development Branch (RDP) assumed responsibility for all radiation program grants including radiation physics, radiobiology, and radiotherapy. The RDB manages a portfolio of grants and contracts with an annual budget of over $45 million. In fiscal year (FY) 1984, research support for individual investigator grants, program project grants, and contracts amounted to $22, 15, and 6 million, respectively. The accomplishments of NCI research grantees and contractors in radiotherapy-related areas have been considerable over the past 45 years. It is essential that NCI continue its commitment to radiotherapy research and development.

National Institutes of Health (U.S.)↗
PubMed1997

Liver regeneration: methods for monitoring and their applications.

Liver regeneration is an essential component of the reparative process following liver injury and surgical resection. It can be assessed by different tissue-based tests such as liver weights, mitotic counts, DNA contents and synthesis rates, immunohistochemical staining of nuclear antigens, gene expressions and certain protein levels or various serum-based tests that largely consist of specific enzyme determinations or documentation of certain proliferation markers. Although the simplest tissue-based test of liver regeneration is measurement of liver weights, these determinations are influenced by the extent of deposition of various materials not directly related to regeneration, such as lipids, glycogen and blood volumes. Because mitosis constitutes a very short segment of the cell cycle, mitotic counts are infrequently observed by light microscopy. Thymidine and BrdU incorporation into DNA are the reference tools for studying DNA synthesis, but their use requires pre-injection with radioactive isotopes or nucleotides which render them impractical for human studies. Flow cytometry is an accurate and objective method of monitoring hepatic regenerative activity but requires sophisticated equipment that is not generally available in many laboratories. Immunohistochemical staining for nuclear antigens (Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA], DNA polymerase alpha and nucleolar organizer region [NOR] proteins) are acceptable and commonly used methods of monitoring regenerative activity but are subject to inter- and intra-observer variability. Gene expression rates such as Histone-3 mRNA abundance are hampered by the relatively low rates of gene transcription and the need for recombinant DNA technology. Protein and enzyme levels in liver tissues, such as putrescine, ornithine decarboxylase and thymidine kinase, are not precise and are confounded by the nutritional status of the host. While PCNA protein levels measured by immunoblot hold promise as a simple, accurate and reproducible marker of liver regeneration, additional studies are required to determine if this is a valid marker of regenerative activity in various models of hepatic injury and in humans. Of the serum-based determinations: thymidine kinase, ornithine decarboxylase, fibronectin, alpha fetoprotein, and early pregnancy factor offer practical and non-invasive tools to monitor liver regeneration, but the sensitivity and specificity of these tests have yet to be determined. In conclusion, many tissue and serum-based methods have been employed in clinical and experimental studies to assess liver regeneration; however, a gold standard has yet to be identified. Because of the disadvantages inherent in each method, and until a new, more accurate marker is identified, clinicians and scientists should incorporate a minimum of two independent markers in studies of liver regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Formation and long-term fate of non-extractable residues in outdoor lysimeter studies.

Long-term outdoor lysimeter studies using (14)C-labelled compounds allow the quantification of the 'non-extractable residue fraction'. More than 20 lysimeter studies under realistic environmental conditions showed that more than 80% of residual carbon of the molecule is retained in the topsoil layer even after several years. Generally, 50-90% of this residual radiocarbon is regarded as 'soil bound residue'. Microbial biomass is present in large quantities in topsoil and continuously influences chemical and biochemical alteration of pesticide molecules that may interact directly with the total soil organic matter. Labelling techniques using radioactive isotopes like (14)C have been used to characterize these residues in the humus matrix. Our studies have been directed to the investigation of extractability and/or bioavailability of these residues in long-term investigations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Penetration of radiocalcium at the margins of resin and glass ionomer dentine bonding agents in primary and permanent teeth.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the leakage of three resin dentine bonding agents (Prime and Bond, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Probond) and a glass ionomer dentine bonding agent (GC Fujibond LC), in cervical cavities prepared in primary and permanent molar teeth restored with a hybrid composite resin (Tetric). METHODS: Cervical cavities without a bevel at the cavo-surface margins were prepared in the buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted primary and permanent molar teeth. After being restored, the teeth were stored for 1 week in a saline solution at 37 degrees C and then thermally cycled between 5 and 55 degrees C. Marginal leakage was determined subsequently using a radioactive isotope containing 45Ca and an autoradiographic technique. RESULTS: The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in microleakage of the bond between permanent and primary teeth dentine and Fuji Bond LC and Probond dentine bonding agents. The difference between permanent and primary teeth groups for gingival values of the Prime and Bond 2.1 group U=22.5, p=0.0355 and the Scotchbond Multipurpose group U=24.0, p=0.0406 were statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the occlusal and gingival microleakage values in either primary or permanent teeth with Prime and Bond 2.1, Fuji Bond LC and Probond except the difference at Scotchbond Multipurpose in primary teeth. For primary teeth gingival margins, none of the bonding systems were significantly different from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that although no statistically significant differences were found between test and control group values, the use of Fuji II LC in cervical cavities with cementum margins in primary teeth would provide the best resistance to microleakage among the test materials while the use of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose would provide the best resistance to microleakage in cervical cavities with cementum margins in permanent teeth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

Reliable routine method for the determination of plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline by gas chromatography.

A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma. OV-17 is used in a 1 m long packed column, with a flame ionization detector and an electronic integrator. Five internal standards are added. The base-specific extraction procedure and the method of calibrating the chromatograph are described in detail. The accuracy, precision and reliability of the method are demonstrated by the results of nearly 700 determinations of each drug, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 400 ng/ml in the plasma. An interlaboratory comparison with a double radioactive isotope derivative assay for nortriptyline has also shown satisfactory agreement.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis.

Detection of parasites in culture or by microscopy is still necessary to make diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Serological methods still need assessment, as they are quick but not very sensitive, especially in immunosuppressed subjects. This paper compares the results obtained with three serological methods (indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), direct agglutination test (DAT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the specific cell-mediated immune response, evaluated as proliferation and IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) following stimulation with heat-killed L. infantum promastigotes. PBL and sera were obtained from 10 healthy donors, 3 VL patients in acute phase, and 3 patients recovering after two glucantim treatment courses. No false positive results were observed with the serological methods. IFAT can be considered the most sensitive and best suited for follow-up, as it allowed a good discrimination between the acute and remission phase. DAT did not discriminate between healthy donors and remission-phase patients, whereas ELISA is unsuited for follow-up, as it did not show any significant difference between remission- and acute-phase patients. Assessment of the cellular response is not recommended for making a diagnosis, because false positive results are frequent. However, a strong cellular response in a patient stands for a successful treatment. IFN-gamma titration is preferable to the proliferation test, because it gives earlier results and does not require the use of radioactive isotopes.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2000

[Iodine nutrition in the infant. Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Pediatrics].

Iodine is a trace element essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. It is present in the human body in minute amounts (15-20 mg in adults). The thyroid is very sensitive to iodine deficiency in newborns and infants because of its very low iodine content. Daily iodine requirements in humans vary from 40 micrograms in neonates to 150 micrograms in adults. Iodine deficiency represents the first cause of avoidable mental deficiency in developed countries; it has not yet disappeared in Europe, especially in the East, where it is responsible for a high prevalence of goiter. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of neonatal transient hypothyroidism, with a high recall rate in programs of systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Data available in France suggest that screening for iodine deficiency should be performed during pregnancy, and that the minimal iodine concentration in formula milk should be increased to 10 micrograms/100 kcal for term infants and 20 micrograms/100 kcal for premature infants. Iodine deficiency is ideally prevented by the use of iodized salt. Because of the risk of iodine overexposure and secondary transient hypothyroidism, the use of iodinated antiseptics must be avoided in premature babies and neonates as well as in pregnant and lactating women. The fight against iodine deficiency, associated with oral stable preventive iodine administration, decreases sharply the risk of thyroid cancer in case of nuclear exposure, by diminishing thyroid uptake of iodine radioactive isotopes.

Adult↗