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PubMed1994

New parasites on the block: emerging intestinal protozoa.

Several trends in clinical medicine have converged recently and placed intestinal protozoan infections in a position of increasing importance to health professionals. These trends include the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections that cause the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and result in associated opportunistic infections. The increasing use of powerful chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents to prevent rejection of transplanted tissues in human allograft recipients has predisposed these patients to intestinal parasitic infections, which often become chronic and debilitating. Large numbers of people engage in business, philanthropic work, and vacation travel on a worldwide basis. The number of susceptible, potential human hosts for parasitic infections will continue to increase in the coming years. We reviewed 4 protozoan infections that have recently attracted the interest of clinicians, either because they are newly discovered or because they are increasingly prevalent. These infections include cryptosporidiosis and recently described infections due to Cyclospora species. The AIDS pandemic has also been associated with both the discovery and the rapid emergence of human microsporidiosis. Isospora belli has received renewed attention because of chronic infections now observed in HIV-infected hosts.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1986

[Intestinal parasitoses].

While intestinal parasites are infrequent causes of acute diarrhea, investigations in travellers, children, homosexuals and immunocompromised persons who have had diarrhea for more than 2-4 weeks should include stool analyses for intestinal parasites. Intestinal helminthiases are treated with pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, thiabendazole, albendazole, praziquantel or niclosamide. For treatment of intestinal protozoa, ornidazole (or other benzimidazoles), diloxanide furoate and co-trimoxazole are drugs of first choice; at present spiramycin is recommended for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. When infections or symptoms persist after treatment, re-infection or immunodeficiency should be considered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Presence of non-Fab IgE binding molecules in the intestinal nematode parasite of mice Heligmosomoides polygyrus.

Unsuccessful attempts to identify serum parasite-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses in mice following infections with the intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus prompted us to explore the possibility that IgE bound within the parasite antigen could account for the false-positive results observed. A live-worm ELISA was developed. Following incubation, irrelevant IgE monoclonal antibody to DNP, IgE present in normal mouse serum, as well as IgE in immune serum were independently identified within live adult worms in this H. polygyrus-modified ELISA. It was concluded that in addition to parasite-specific IgE binding to H. polygyrus, the parasite may attract both parasite-specific and non-parasite-specific IgE via non-Fab IgE-binding molecules.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Parasites ana malabsorption.

Intestinal parasites not only cause diarrheal illnesses but may also cause significant malabsorption in man. Separation of true malabsorption caused by a particular parasite from other factors that may coexist with and even mimic malabsorption, such as malnutrition may be very difficult. Despite these problems, it appears that giardiasis, coccidiasis, strongyloidiasis and capillariasis cause malabsorption of many important nutrients. D. latum interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiological survey of the prevalence of parasites among children in Khan Younis governorate, Palestine.

The prevalence of intestinal parasites was determined for 1,370 children in Khan Younis Governorate, Gaza Strip. The age of the children ranged from 6 to 11 years. For stool samples, inspection, direct smear microscopy, flotation and sedimentation techniques were used. The general prevalence of intestinal parasites was 34.2%. Different types of intestinal parasites were detected during this survey: Ascaris lumbricoides seemed to be the most common parasite (12.8%), whereas Giardia lamblia had a prevalence of 8.0%, Entamoeba histolytica 7.0%, Entamoeba coli 3.6%, Trichuris trichiura 1.6% and Hymenolepis nana 1.0%. The prevalence of enterobiasis was determined using a scotch tape preparation. A total of 20.9% of the children examined were infected and there was sex variation in the prevalence of enterobiasis.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

[High prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis among indigenous people in Bolivar State, Venezuela].

The intestinal coccidioses caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitoses of major medical importance, but many epidemiological aspects of these infections are still unknown in Bolívar State, Venezuela. To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and especially of intestinal coccidiosis, an indigenous population in San Antonio de Morichal was evaluated from July 2003 to April 2004. Stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation were preserved in potassium dichromate 2.5% and examined by the formalin-ether concentration method and Kinyoun staining. Of the 160 indigenous people examined, 92.5% (148 cases) were infected. Entamoeba coli (58.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (38.8%), and Giardia lamblia (18.8%) were the most prevalent intestinal parasites. Coccidiosis prevalence was 13.1%, and cyclosporiasis was the most prevalent with 11.9% (19 cases). One subject with C. parvum oocysts and another with I. belli oocysts were diagnosed. There was no difference according to sex (p > 0.05) and age (chi2 = 5.6; f.g. = 6) among individuals infected with C. cayetanensis. Of these, two cases had only diarrhea. In conclusion, a high prevalence of intestinal coccidiosis infection was found among indigenous people from this community, with C. cayetanensis as the most prevalent infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood cryptosporidiosis and intestinal parasitosis in association with diarrhoea in Kwara State, Nigeria.

The faecal samples of one-hundred and ninety eight children aged 0-14 years with diarrhoea or loose watery stools attending the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (U.I.T.H) over a period of 18 months were examined for Cryptosporidium and other intestinal parasites, using a light microscope for direct smear and after concentration for formol-either method and staining with safranin-methylene blue technique. Thirty (15.1%) samples were positive for Crptospo-ridium oocyst while seventy (35.3%) were positive for regular intestinal parasites. The male-female ratio for positive cases for the two groups of entric pathogens were 1.3:1 and 3:2 respectively. Concomitant oocyst secretion occurred with other intestinal parasites except for hookworm. Also, the usual intestinal parasites were found more commonly in diarrhoea stools than in control stools where no oocyst was detected. 86.7% oocyst secretion occurred in the 0-2 years age group, but oocysts were not encountered after the age of 4 years. There was a positive correlation between Cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal parasitic agents of diarrhoea (P<0.01). The health implications of these findings are fully discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Intestinal opportunistic parasites among different groups of immunocompromised hosts.

The present study was designed to find out the prevalence of different intestinal opportunistic parasites in different groups of immunocompromised hosts; patients suffering from malignancy with or without immuno-suppressive drugs, or with chronic renal failure, or diabetes mellitus, or subjects under cortisone therapy. Examination of stool samples collected from 427 immunocompromised hosts revealed the detection of intestinal opportunistic parasites in 98 samples, with a prevalence of 23%. Infection with opportunistic parasites was higher in males than in females (32.6% versus 12.9%). There was statistically significant association of infection with G. lamblia and Cryptosoporidium in the mixed infection detected. The highest group affected with the opportunistic parasites was the group of patients under corticosteroid therapy (31.7%), followed by patients suffering from renal failure (28.8%) and malignancy (25.7%), while the least group affected were the diabetic patients (8%). The highest prevalence rate was 10.3% for G. lamblia, being followed by E. histolytica (7%), C. parvum (6.3%), Microsporidia (2.3%) and the least one was for Strongyloides (0.7%). No cases of Isospora belli infection was detected. Relation between presence of opportunistic parasites and risk factors was discussed and evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

In vitro synthesized immunoglobulin A from nu/+ and reconstituted nu/nu mice against a dominant surface antigen of Giardia lamblia.

Nu/+ mice (ZU.ICR-strain) experimentally infected with Giardia lamblia (clone GS/M-83-H7) cleared the infection by day 45 postinfection (p.i.). Athymic nu/nu mice were reconstituted with immune Peyer's patch lymphocytes obtained from self-healed nu/+ littermates and thus acquired the potential to decrease their intestinal parasite mass. Intestinal B-cells from self-healed nu/+ mice as well as from immune-reconstituted athymic nude mice synthesized in vitro parasite-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA). This IgA was subsequently analyzed by immunoblotting, showing a predominant reaction with the major surface antigen (a 72,000-Da polypeptide) characterizing the Giardia clone in question. The hypothesis on the causative role of intestinal IgA and immune lymphocytes in the control of G. lamblia infection thus deserves further attention.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Activation of host constitutive immune defence by an intestinal trypanosome parasite of bumble bees.

Many parasites, including important species that affect humans and livestock, must survive the harsh environment of insect guts to complete their life-cycle. Hence, understanding how insects protect themselves against such parasites has immediate practical implications. Previously, such protection has been thought to consist mainly of mechanical structures and the action of lectins. However, recently it has become apparent that gut infections may interact with the host immune system in more complex ways. Here, using bumble bees, Bombus terrestris and their non-invasive gut trypanosome, Crithidia bombi, as a model system we investigated the effects of parasitic infection, host resources and the duration of infections on the host immune system. We found that infection doubled standing levels of immune defence in the haemolymph (the constitutive pro-phenoloxidase system), which is used as a first, general defence against parasites. However, physical separation of the parasite from the haemolymph suggests the presence of a messenger system between the gut and the genes that control the pro-phenoloxidase system. Surprisingly, we found no direct effect of host resource-stress or duration of the infection on the immune system. Our results suggest a novel and tactical response of insects to gut infections, demonstrating the complexity of such host-parasite systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The role of nutritional therapy in the treatment of equine Cushing's syndrome and laminitis.

Equine Cushing's syndrome, a relatively common and complex condition, is difficult to treat with conventional medicine. Cushing's syndrome involves a hyperplasia or adenoma of the anterior pituitary gland. Biochemical alterations include increased endogenous cortisol, insulin resistance, elevated adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and decreased thyroid hormone levels. Symptoms include hirsutism with no loss of the winter coat in summer, refractory laminitis, weight problems (over- or underweight), polyuria/polydipsia (Pu/Pd), frequent infections, lowered immunity to intestinal parasites, decreased intestinal wall integrity, and infertility. Laminitis (an inflammation of the laminae of the foot) is a common and often fatal complication of Cushing's syndrome that tends to be refractory to conventional treatment. One of the most common therapies is phenylbutazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) known to cause significant changes in the permeability of the intestinal wall. Recent research has shown an intestinal bacterial exotoxin to be one of the triggering factors in laminitis. By removing phenylbutazone and healing the intestinal wall, laminitis becomes more responsive to treatment. Good hoof-care combined with nutritional management and the application of other modalities, including acupuncture and Chinese and Western herbs, can complete the healing process. The successful treatment of equine Cushing's syndrome is one of the best examples of treating a disease using the holistic approach. While each case requires different combinations of modalities, the outcome is usually positive with individually selected treatments.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

[Evaluation of parasitic risks for the population bordering on the Mbeubeuss public waste disposal, Dakar].

The authors carried out a parasitologic survey on 367 inhabitants of Malika, a village located in the immediate surroundings of M'Beubeuss disposal, as well as on 433 other residents of Keur Massar, a location 2 km farther, in order to assess parasitic hazards encountered by people neighbouring this disposal. As far as intestinal parasitosis are concerned, the prevalence rate was significantly higher in Malika (61.3%) than in Keur Massar (48.5%) The sex, social and economic status, level of education as well as the time of dwelling in the neighbouring area were identified as the risk factors of intestinal parasitism. Only the last one can be considered as significantly and independently related to a risk of intestinal parasitism. As for malaria, the plasmodial index in Malika was 6% versus 7.6% in Keur Massar (no significant difference). Thus, if it does exist for neighbouring people, an infestation risk by intestinal parasites related to exposure duration, contrarily, it does not exist for malaria. Appropriate steps should be taken to prevent the hazards encountered by inhabitants of surrounding villages.

Adolescent↗