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PubMed1999

Studies on the chemical identity and biological functions of pangamic acid.

Pangamic acid (6-O-(dimethylaminoacetyl)-D-gluconic acid) has been detected 1938 and described as a natural, universally occurring substance with multiple biological and medical functions. In this respect pangamic acid has been worldwide on the market since decades as a drug stimulating cellular respiration. In addition to the natural pangamic acid, diisopropylammonium dichloroacetate (DIPA), a synthetic product not found in biological material, is on the market requesting similar biological functions. In commercially available drugs on the German market declared as pangamic acid three separate substances can be found by chemical identification of pangamic acid, namely: gluconic acid, glycine and diisopropylamonium dichloroacetate. As biological functions have been found in vitro inhibition of Cu-dependent LDL oxidation by glycine due to chelation of Cu2+ ions and deterioration of mitochondrial respiratory control due to an increased state IV oxygen consumption rate at high concentrations of DIPA.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Influence of insufficient zinc on immune functions in NIDDM patients].

The serum zinc level and immune functions were analyzed in 34 patients with NIDDM before and after the treatment with zinc gluconate supplement during conventional therapy (after the blood glucose level stabilization). The results showed that before treatment the level of serum zinc and red cell C3b receptor rosette(RBCK-C3b RR), T-lymphocyte subgroup CD3, CD4, and CD4/CD8 were decreased(P < 0.01), while CD8, red cell immune complex rosette(RBC-ICR) were increased. After treatment with zinc gluconate for 1 month the serum zinc level, RBC-C3b RR, RBC-ICR, CD3 and CD4/CD8 became normal, CD8 also approached to normal. All the above figures were significantly different before and after zinc therapy. The data showed that various degrees of lowering of serum zinc and abnormal immune functions were present during the conventional antidiabetic therapy. Thus, zinc supplement should be used as an important adjunctive therapy for NIDDM patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990).

Packed cell volume, total plasma protein, serum sodium, potassium, and ionized Ca2+ concentrations, and blood pH were determined at the time of admission and following surgery in 147 horses with acute abdominal crisis. Horses were allotted to 3 categories on the basis of the surgical lesion: (1) nonstrangulating obstruction of the ascending or descending colon (category A, n = 76), (2) strangulating and nonstrangulating infarction of the cecum or ascending colon (category B, n = 37), and (3) strangulating and nonstrangulating infarction of the small intestine (category C, n = 25). Horses with low serum ionized Ca2+ concentration following surgery were given 23% calcium gluconate (100 to 300 ml) IV to effect, and ionized Ca2+ concentration was determined following treatment. The serum ionized Ca2+ concentrations of horses in categories A, B, and C before and after surgery were lower than our normal laboratory reference range. Prior to surgery, serum ionized Ca2+ concentration measured from horses in category B and C was lower than that in horses in category A. There was no difference in ionized Ca2+ concentration in serum samples obtained before surgery in horses from category B and C, and in serum samples obtained following surgery. There was a decrease in ionized Ca2+ concentration during surgery in horses in category A. There was no change between preoperative and postoperative ionized Ca2+ concentration in the samples obtained from horses in category B and C. After calcium gluconate administration, all horses with low serum ionized Ca2+ after surgery had concentrations within our normal range. Measurement of serum ionized Ca2+ in horses with an acute abdominal crisis is recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed2004

[Life threatening hyperkalemia: the value of the electrocardiogram].

In two men, aged 19 and 64, with chronic renal insufficiency and subacute symptoms of malaise and weakness of the leg muscles, broad QRS complexes were seen in the ECG. The younger patient developed an asystole and resuscitation was unsuccessful. His blood potassium level was found to be 8.3 mmol/l. The older patient recovered after administration of calcium gluconate. His blood potassium level was found to be 8.5 mmol/l. An 80-year-old woman who was taking various drugs because of heart failure also complained of muscle weakness. Her blood potassium level was 7.2 mmol/l and her ECG showed narrow complexes. She recovered without calcium gluconate after a change in medication. Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening electrolyte disorder that may require immediate treatment. The changes in the ECG, especially widening of the QRS complexes, are the most important clues to the severity of the hyperkalemia. A treatment protocol based on ECG changes may reduce the mortality in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiological, clinical & pharmacological study of antimony-resistant visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) is reported to be losing its efficacy in Bihar as a first line drug for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Concerned with the increasing incidence of antimony-resistant VL patients in Bihar, we undertook an epidemiological, clinical and pharmacological study to formulate a scientific basis for choosing a suitable first line drug for VL. METHODS: Consecutive, fresh and parasitologically confirmed patients of VL from different geographical areas of Bihar were considered for inclusion in the study. Parasites isolated from patients were tested in vitro to assess their response to sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) to 20 microg/ml, response to 20 mg/kg of SAG for 5 days in experimentally induced VL in BALB/c mice from those isolates, and response to SAG in patients treated with SAG for 28 days. Similarly response in culture (1 microg/ml) to amphotericin B (AMB) of all 282 isolates, (1 mg/kg body wt for 20 days) in patients and infected BALB/c mice (1 mg/kg body wt for 5 days) was determined. Antimony levels of plasma were determined at 2, 8 and 24 h after intramuscular injection of SAG. Patients unwilling for SAG treatment or relapsed after SAG treatment and withdrawn from SAG group because of toxicity were treated with AMB. Plasma antimony levels were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometer. RESULTS: Though antimony sensitive and resistant patient were distributed in all 14 districts of Bihar studied, there was a significant variation from district to district. Of the 123 patients included in the SAG treatment group, 19 were withdrawn due to development of toxicity and 2 died; 178 patients were treated with AMB. No patient in AMB group developed any toxicity or died. Only 47 (46%) of 102 patients, 106 (37.6%) of 282 infected macrophages, 90 (52.9%) of 170 experimental infections were cured with SAG. Mc Nemar's test on paired comparisons showed statistical significance difference (P<0.01) between infected macrophage and experimental infection. AMB cured all patients, infected mice and cleared parasites from all isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Antimony resistant strains of L. donovani were wide spread over different geographical areas in Bihar. SAG cured lesser percentage of VL cases clinically compared to AMB and should be replaced by AMB as a first line drug.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Intratesticular injection of a balanced zinc solution for permanent sterilization of dogs.

Five male mature dogs with normal sex organs and normal pre-study semen evaluation received intratesticular injections of a sterile solution of balanced zinc gluconate. Semen without sperm could be collected on days 26, 30, 35 and 51 from 4 dogs. The dogs achieved penile erection but no ejaculation before these days. There were no significant adverse effects and no change in the dog behavior during the time that they were observed. Histopathological findings documented virtually complete fibrosis of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells on days 60 and 75. This preliminary study concludes that balanced zinc gluconate may be used to sterilize dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Medical management of hydrofluoric acid exposure.

Hydrofluoric acid burns are usually due to accidental exposure. Deep tissue injury may result, damaging nerves, blood vessels, tendons, and bone. Concentrated hydrofluoric acid may cause immediate pain; dilute solutions may result in a delay of symptoms for many hours. Symptoms are usually out of proportion to the observed injury. Appropriate first aid and medical management can dramatically affect the prognosis. Local treatment consists of copious water lavage and the application of topical neutralization agents. For more severe exposures, calcium gluconate injection or intraarterial infusion of calcium gluconate may be indicated as well. Life-threatening alterations of electrolytes can occur, with ensuing arrhythmias. Inhalation, ingestion, and ocular exposures require specialized treatment and referral.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

Identification of an operator sequence for the Bacillus subtilis gnt operon.

Expression of the Bacillus subtilis gluconate (gnt) operon is negatively regulated by the gnt repressor which is antagonized by D-gluconate or D-glucono-delta-lactone. The repressor specifically binds to a gnt operator near the gnt promoter. From the results of gel retardation assaying of the gnt repressor and various restriction enzyme digests of a fragment carrying the gnt promoter and the gntR gene, the gnt operator was found to be located within a 141-base pair region containing the gnt promoter. Deoxyribonuclease I protection experiments revealed that the gnt repressor protected a gnt promoter region, between -10 and +15, which contains a region showing dyad symmetry with a sequence showing half-symmetry, ATACTTGTA. A 35-base pair synthetic duplex DNA containing this region showing dyad symmetry specifically bound to the gnt repressor. Through cleavage at two AccI sites in the protected region an 8-base pair deletion was introduced into the region showing dyad symmetry, which made expression of the gnt promoter constitutive. A DNA fragment carrying this deletion did not bind to the repressor. These results clearly indicated that the gnt operator sequence is a sequence containing the region showing dyad symmetry located at the transcription initiation site of the gnt operon. It was also suggested that the gnt operon contains only one operator. The similarity in the recognition between the repressor-operator interaction of the gnt operon and those of Escherichia coli TrpR and its operators was discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study of passive Ca2+ flow through the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles. II. Stimulation of passive Ca2+ influx with monovalent cations and anions].

The initial rate of passive Ca2+ influx into "heavy" and "light" fractions of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles increases in the presence of univalent cation chlorides. Stimulation of passive Ca2+ influx decreases in the following order: KCl + valinomycin-KSCN- + valinomycin greater than KSI = NaCl greater than choline chloride. K-gluconate + valinomycin and K-gluconate have no effect on the passive Ca2+ influx into SR vesicles. It is supposed that KCl-stimulation of passive Ca2+ influx into SR vesicles under conditions used may be caused by depolarization of the SR membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Influence of acute experimental hypercalcemia on peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects.

Since hypercalcemia is thought to have a modifying effect on glucose metabolism, the possible influence of experimental hypercalcemia on peripheral insulin reaction was investigated in 6 healthy control subjects by the euglycemic clamp technique. Each of these subjects was randomly tested twice, in the normocalcemic as well as in the hypercalcemic state (infusion of calcium gluconate 15 mg/kg body wt. over a period of 180 min). Infusion of calcium gluconate caused a 27% increase in plasma calcium levels, whereas the plasma phosphate levels were not significantly changed during the eucalcemic and hypercalcemic clamp protocol. Steady state plasma insulin levels and plasma glucose levels were nearly identical between the 2 clamp protocols. Exogenous hypercalcemia had no significant influence on peripheral glucose utilization measured by the M-value (M = 4.83 +/- 0.6 mg/kg body wt./min in the eucalcemic state, 4.77 +/- 0.7 mg/kg body wt./min in the hypercalcemic state, n.s.). The present data indicate that at least acute experimental hypercalcemia has no significant influence on peripheral glucose utilization.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[New analytic criteria for the characterization of wines].

Isotopic analysis, determination of radioactivity are factors allowing a better characterization of wines. The analysis of the composition in stable isotopes of the constituants of wine can provide new analytic criteria for characterizing wines. Thus, the concentration of 13C in ethanol can allow the disclosure of an addition of cane sugar or maize sugar to the musts. A study of the composition in stable isotopes of the water of wines of a certain region made it possible to show a correlation between the amount of D and 18O in the water of wine, and the alcohlic concentration. The setting up of the curve showing the decrease of the radioactivity of 14C in the Girondewines allows a determination of the date, accurate to within one year, of these wines. The enzymatic determination of the gluconic acid present in the wines produced from crops attacked by Botrytis Cinerea allows one to estimate the type of rottenness of the grape; the gluconic acid, which is only present in very small quantities in wines produced from sound grapes, represents about 50 p. 100 of the fixed acides of the grapes affected by "noble rottenness" and up to 90 p. 100 in the case of adultarated grapes. Thanks to the recults obtained in 1976, standards are proposed to allow the characterization of the wines produced from grapes affected by "noble rottenness", so that they can be distinguished from, on the one hand, the wines produced from sound grapes, and on the other hand, the wines produced from adultarated grapes.

Carbon Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of two long-term chemotherapy regimens, with or without agents to modify skeletal repair, in multiple myeloma.

A randomized controlled trial was initiated in 1972 to compare two chemotherapeutic regimens [1-3-bis (2-chloroethyl) 1-nitrosourea (BCNU), cyclophosphamide, and prednisone versus melphalan and prednisone], to determine whether the two regimens are cross-resistant, and to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium fluoride, vitamin D, calcium gluconate, and fluoxymesterone in the promotion of bone healing. Initial responses (50%) and survival (36 mo median) for patients treated with the two chemotherapeutic regimens were the same. Patients on either regimen who failed to respond after 6 mo had a very low response rate to the alternative regimen (approximately 10%). Initially responding patients were randomly assigned to either an active drug regimen (sodium fluoride, vitamin D, calcium gluconate, fluoxymesterone) or placebo tablets. There was no significant difference in the low percentage of patients demonstrating bone improvement. Thus, the BCNU, cyclophosphamide, prednisone regimen is as effective as melphalan and prednisone. Fluoride, calcium, vitamin D, and androgenic steroids should not be routinely recommended in myeloma, as they seem to add little to effective chemotherapy and may contribute to morbidity.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1980

Blood and brain aluminium concentrations in mice after intra-pertioneal injection of different aluminium compounds.

Aluminium chloride, nitrate, lactate and gluconate was injected by intraperitoneal route to mice at equimolecular doses, equivalent to 54 and 5.4 mg/kg of metal. The blood aluminium concentrations were increased to very high values with gluconate (99.5 mg/l) to high values with lactate (4.5 mg/l) and to low values with nitrate and chloride (0.3 mg/l). Brain aluminium concentration was increased only with glutconate at the dose of 54 mg/kg. The quantity of aluminium found in blood and brain after intraperitoneal administration at equimolecular doses is very dependent of the preparation of aluminium used.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1994

ATP-induced unspecific channel in yeast mitochondria.

ATP induced swelling of isolated yeast mitochondria suspended in an isoosmotic solution of potassium gluconate. Valinomycin stimulated the swelling rate, indicating that K+ influx in the presence of ATP is rate-controlling. This swelling was inhibited by ADP, phosphate (probably acting on the external face of the inner membrane), and Mg2+, which forms a complex with ATP. ATP-induced swelling did not require working F0-F1-ATPase since it was not inhibited by oligomycin and uncoupler. CTP and GTP also induced a swelling. ATP also induced mitochondrial swelling in potassium glutamate, chloride, and acetate but not in phosphate solutions. Sodium, but not ammonium, can replace potassium ion. It is probable that the ATP-channel opening also necessitates an electrogenic cation influx. Respiration also induced swelling of mitochondria suspended in isoosmotic potassium gluconate solution. ATP- or respiration-induced swelling were inhibited equally by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, propranolol, and Zn2+ but not by quinine; all these drugs inhibit the H+/K+ exchange. It was concluded that this unspecific channel is not open under conditions used to measure oxidative phosphorylation. Its physiological role remains unknown.

Acetates↗
PubMed1995

Lipid peroxidation in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with early retina degenerative lesions: effects of an oral zinc supplementation.

DESIGN: Placebo for 3 months, followed by 30 mg/day zinc gluconate in identical capsules. SETTING: Diabetic out patients clinic at the University Hospital, Grenoble. SUBJECTS: Diabetic patients cared for type I diabetes mellitus. 22 patients began the study, 4 dropped out. 10 patients suffered of an early retinopathy, 8 patients had no retinopathy. INTERVENTIONS: In this order: T0 biological measurements, 3 months placebo treatment, T1 biological measurements, 3 months zinc gluconate treatment, T2 biological measurements. Plasma Zn, Cu, Se, thiobarbituric acid reactants and antioxidant enzymes were measured [plasma and red glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), red cell superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD)]. RESULTS: Lower plasma zinc level in the two groups. An increase in zinc level was observed and was more important in diabetic patients with no retinopathy (P = 0.05). The thiobarbituric acid reactants were above the reference values in all the patients, and were decreased at T2 (P < 0.05). Increase of GPx activity after zinc supplementation in patients with retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Zinc deficiency in insulin-dependent diabetic patients is corrected by a zinc supplementation. Moreover this supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation. The effects of zinc are different in diabetic patients with or without retinopathy. The increase in Se-GPx activity observed in patients with retinopathy could be linked to the protective effect of zinc on the protein itself.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of calcium-regulating pharmacological preparations on the formation of a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the system of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord].

A model of spinal pain syndrome induced by a generator of abnormally increased excitation in the system of dorsal horns of the spinal cord with penicillin was used to test the calcium channel blockers OF5015 and nimotop, as well as calcium gluconate for their effects. The drugs were administered orally, intraperitoneally, intracisternally and applied to the spinal cord in combination with penicillin which was used to induce the pain syndrome. The action of the agents were compared with that of analgin. OF5015 given in a dose orally was shown to attenuate the pain syndrome to a greater extent than analgin. Nimotop and calcium gluconate given orally or intrasystematically failed to affect the pain syndrome. When applied to the spinal cord, all the drugs substantially attenuated the pain syndrome or prevented its development.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of a chloride channel inhibitor and of media with a decreased concentration of chlorine ions on spontaneous oocyte maturation in the common frog and the clawed toad].

Chloride-deficient media (irrespective of anions substituted for chloride) increased the rate of spontaneous maturation of follicle-enclosed (FEOs) and denuded oocytes in Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis. The chloride channel blocker SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) (10 microM) significantly decreased the rate of the spontaneous maturation of the FEOs and oocytes. The addition of 10 mM (instead of 2.7 mM) calcium ions to the gluconate solution significantly increased the rate of the spontaneous maturation of FEOs of R. temporaria if it was low in the gluconate solution, and decreased it if it was close to 100%.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1977

[Evoked hypercalcemia test and the pentagastrin test in assessing the functional state of the parafollicular apparatus of the thyroid in hyper- and hypothyroidism].

Calcium gluconate test (Ca ++ 10 mg/kg) was carried, for three hours, in 28 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 6--with hypothyroidism and 8 healthy subjects. Pentagastrin (Peptavlon)--2 microgram/kg/h was applied in 25 patients with thyrotoxicosis, 7 with hypothyroidism and 11 healthy subjects. A slowed down calcemia normalization was observed after calcium gluconate infusion in case of thyrotoxicosis and especially in hypothyroidism. Calcemia in the thyrotoxicosis, with pentagastrin test, is more decreased in thyrotoxicosis as compared with the healthy subjects, whereas in hypothyroidism the decrease is less or absent. In hypothyroidism, a deteriorated function of the parafollicular apparatus is thought to be involved, or a lack of sensitivity of the target cells of that hormone. Final conclusions are difficult to be drawn in hyperthyroidism because several explanations of the two positive test are possible.

Calcium↗