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PubMed1991

Cholera mystery.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Cholera↗
PubMed1995

The rise of neurogenetic determinism.

Dramatic advances in neuroscience are changing and enriching our understanding of brain and behaviour. But reductionist interpretations of these advances can cause great harm.

Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Biometrical and chromosome analyses of lines of Drosophila melanogaster selected for central excitation.

Lines of Drosophila melanogaster, bidirectionally selected for extreme and opposite expression of central excitatory state (CES), were subjected first to biometrical and then to chromosome analysis. The analyses revealed that low CES expression is partially dominant to high, at least two chromosomes (II and III) are correlated with CES expression, for the low line, both chromosomes, II and III, are necessary for low expression, cytoplasmic factors are involved with CES expression, and loci of minor effect on the X and Y chromosomes are correlated with CES expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Alterations in central neuropeptide expression, release, and receptor binding in rats bred for high anxiety: critical role of vasopressin.

To model aspects of trait anxiety/depression, Wistar rats were bred for extremes in either hyper (HAB)- or hypo(LAB)-anxiety as measured on the elevated plus-maze and in a variety of additional behavioral tests. Similar to psychiatric patients, HAB rats prefer passive stress-coping strategies, indicative of depression-like behavior, show hyper-reactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, and a pathological response to the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge test. Here we tested central mRNA expression, release patterns, and receptor binding of neuropeptides critically involved in the regulation of both anxiety-related behavior and the HPA axis. Thus, CRH, arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP), and oxytocin (OXT) were studied in brains of HAB and LAB males both under basal conditions and after exposure to a mild emotional stressor. In HAB rats, CRH mRNA was decreased in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis only. While no significant difference in CRH1-receptor binding was found in any brain area, CRH2-receptor binding was elevated in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial hypothalamus, and the central amygdala of HABs compared to LABs. AVP, but not OXT, mRNA expression as well as release of the neuropeptide, were higher in the PVN of HABs, whereas AVP V1a-receptor binding failed to show significant differences in any brain region studied. Remarkably, intra-PVN treatment of HABs with the AVP V1-receptor antagonist d (CH(2))(5) Tyr (Me) AVP resulted in a decrease in anxiety/depression-related behavior. The elevated expression and release of AVP within the PVN of HAB rats together with the behavioral effects of the AVP V1-receptor antagonist suggest a critical involvement of this neuropeptide in neuroendocrine and behavioral phenomena associated with trait anxiety/depression.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Is depression normal in human beings? A critique of the evolutionary perspective.

To the evolutionary biologist human beings at every stage of their development represent 'compromises' in their continual adaptation to their changing environments. Using a neo-Darwinian perspective, evolutionary psychiatrists such as Randolph Nesse (Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Michigan) argue that while natural selection does not shape disease itself, it does shape human traits and therefore vulnerability to disease. Accordingly, for him, depression is a human emotion which may represent a surviving positive response and is therefore not always pathological. This critique examines Nesse's principal arguments and reveals a number of weaknesses in those arguments. The article concludes with a review of the therapeutic and preventive implications of his evolutionary perspective on depressive states as well as some implications for mental health nurses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes toward genetic testing in patients with colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine risk perceptions and interest in genetic testing among African American and White patients with colorectal cancer. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: In this cross-sectional study, 98 patients with colorectal cancer participated in a brief structured telephone interview. Information was collected on knowledge and risk perceptions regarding colorectal cancer genetics, health behaviors, knowledge about the availability of genetic testing, and interest in genetic testing for colorectal cancer susceptibility. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of the participants were worried about their relatives' risk of colorectal cancer, and 64% were concerned about being a colorectal cancer susceptibility gene carrier. Although 81% of the participants reported that they had never heard about a genetic test for colorectal cancer susceptibility, 72% stated that they would want to take the test if it were available. Predictors of intention to have a genetic test were younger age, less advanced stage of disease, and more frequent thoughts about colorectal cancer being hereditary. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that the demand for genetic testing may be great, despite a general lack of knowledge about colorectal cancer genetics and the potential risks and limitations of testing. Education and counseling about cancer genetics and genetic testing may clarify misconceptions about hereditary colorectal cancer and help patients with colorectal cancer and their family members make informed decisions about whether to undergo testing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The fallacy of behavioral phenotyping without standardisation.

Behavioral phenotyping of mutant mice is a new and challenging task for the behavioral neuroscientist. Therefore, standardisation of the experimental conditions is required to permit comparisons between the results of experiments within and between laboratories. Once mutation-induced behavioral changes have been identified, phenotyping of mouse mutants should be performed along a systematic trajectory, which allows for an in-depth characterisation of the mutant under investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The importance of cultural inheritance in psychiatric genetics.

Cultural inheritance, a genetic-based inheritance system transmitted by the brain, has previously been proposed to underlie normal behaviour and mental disorders. In cultural inheritance epigenetic mechanisms are involved in gene expression. This paper proposes that since there are marked epigenetic mechanisms involved in the expression of genes underlying primary (idiopathic) mental disorders, epimutations, rather than genetic mutations, underlie these disorders.

Animals↗