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PubMed1994

A comparison of the forces required to produce tooth movement ex vivo through three types of pre-adjusted brackets when subjected to determined tip or torque values.

Friction in fixed appliance systems has received considerable attention in recent literature, although that attributable to varying second order (tip) and third order (torque) adjustments in either the bracket or the archwire has not been fully investigated. The ex vivo study of 0.022 x 0.028-inch slot Minitwin, Activa, and Standard Straight Wire brackets investigates friction when known values of tip or torque were applied to 0.018 x 0.025-inch stainless steel wires. The resistance to sliding of the wire through the ligated brackets was measured on a vertically-mounted Instron testing machine. The results showed that the self-ligating Activa brackets consistently produced less friction than the other conventionally tied brackets. Minitwin brackets were slightly more resistant to movement than the Standard brackets during torquing, but the converse was found when tip was applied. Increasing tip and torque (ranges tested 0-6 degrees and 0-25 degrees, respectively) produced almost linear increases in friction for all brackets, although increasing tip had the more profound effect on friction, particularly in Activa brackets.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Adaptive multimode lubrication in natural synovial joints and artificial joints.

To examine the lubrication mechanisms in both natural synovial joints and artificial joints with artificial cartilages, pendulum tests of pig shoulder joints and simulator tests of sliding pairs of a stainless steel spherical component and natural articular cartilage or artificial cartilage have been conducted. Firstly, it was shown in pendulum tests of pig shoulder joints that both concentration of hyaluronic acid or viscosity and adsorbed film formation of proteins and phospholipids exerted a significant effect on frictional behaviour in swinging motion immediately after a loading of 100 N. Under a high load of 1 kN, low friction was observed under wide-ranging viscosity conditions, since a high load similar to body weight probably enhanced the squeeze film effect due to improved congruity. Next, frictional behaviour of sliding pairs in knee joint models, consisting of a stainless steel spherical surface and either specimens of pig tibial cartilage or polyvinylalcohol (PVA) hydrogel, was examined during walking in simulator tests. In these tests, the influences of lubricant viscosity and addition of protein on frictional behaviour were evaluated. For both compliant materials, the appropriate addition of gamma-globulin to sodium hyaluronate (HA) solution maintained low friction and protected rubbing surfaces under thin film conditions. These phenomena are discussed from the viewpoint of adaptive multimode lubrication.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Investigation into the effect of proteoglycan molecules on the tribological properties of cartilage joint tissues.

The aim of this research was to investigate the role of the hydrophilic properties of the proteoglycan molecules within the cartilage matrix, on the tribological properties of joint tissues in the mixed and boundary lubricating regime. Bovine articular cartilage, bovine meniscus and bovine cartilage that had been degraded to remove the chondroitin sulphate from its proteoglycans were studied in order to investigate differences in their friction and compression responses. The tissues were tested on a sliding friction rig under nominal contact stresses of 0.5 and 4 MPa. The compression tests were carried out under a 0.8 MPa contact stress. The compression tests showed the cartilage and meniscus deforming at the same rates, but the degraded cartilage deformed more quickly to reach its equilibrium position in a shorter period of time. The friction tests carried out at a constant load revealed the friction of the meniscus rising more rapidly with loading time than the cartilage. The degraded cartilage followed an almost identical curve as the untreated cartilage. Although the reduced proteoglycan content of the degraded cartilage substantially altered the biphasic compression response, it did not have an effect on the frictional properties of the tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of phospholipidic boundary lubrication in rigid and compliant hemiarthroplasty models.

Hemiarthroplasty may benefit from materials which produce lower friction and improved boundary lubrication protection during start-up conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of phospholipidic boundary lubrication in both rigid and compliant hemiarthroplasty. An in vitro model was designed to dissociate the relative contribution of implant material compliance and the presence of phospholipid to the overall friction of a hemiarthroplasty contact using bovine articular cartilage. Normal bovine articular cartilage was articulated against four flat materials using reciprocating motion: (a) borosilicate glass: (b) borosilicate glass coated with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC); (c) polyurethane (PU) elastomer (Tecoflex SG93A, a medical-grade aliphatic thermoplastic PU, Thermedics Incorporated. Woburn, Massachusetts); and (d) surface-coated PU (Tecoflex SG93A substrate coated with lipid-attracting copolymer poly[methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-butyl methacrylate (BMA)]. Tests were conducted in physiologically simulated tribological conditions for a non-conformal point contact. Friction and lubrication analysis was performed using both static and kinetic coefficients of friction mu measured for each group as a function of time for a sliding distance of up to 60 m. Results showed that the inclusion of supplemental phospholipid, DPPC, on a rigid substrate significantly decreased mu in comparison with the control (cartilage-glass). Additionally, removal of phospholipid components from the articular cartilage surface produced a significantly greater start-up mu in comparison with normal cartilage at the test onset. The use of a material with a lower modulus resulted in lower mu for the entire duration of the test. Polyurethane elastomer coated with the lipid-attracting copolymer, poly(MPC-co-BMA), resulted in the lowest frictional response. As seen in this study, the improvement of low-modulus hemiarthroplasty may involve the optimization of chemical modification and incorporation of lipid-attracting MPC copolymers onto compliant materials. However, further tests are warranted to determine whether lipid-attracting MPC copolymers perform as well during long-time, in vivo wear studies.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed1991

Stress analysis of cushion form bearings for total hip replacements.

Cushion form bearings comprise a thin layer of low elastic modulus material on the articulating surface of the bearing, which can deform to help preserve a film of lubricant between the bearing surfaces and therefore reduce friction and wear. The long-term function of this type of bearing is dependent on the strength and durability of this compliant layer. Finite difference and finite element methods have been used to analyse the stress distribution in the compliant layer of cushion form bearing for artificial hip joints under physiological loading conditions. A good agreement between finite difference and finite element methods was found. Under normal loading, the highest value of the maximum shear stress was found to be at the interface between the compliant layer and the more rigid substrate close to the edge of the contact. The values of maximum shear stress in the centre of the contact close to the articulating surface were lower than in the equivalent Hertzian contact. A friction force acting at the surface had little effect on the stress distribution for coefficients of friction less than 0.05. However, for higher values of friction coefficient (larger than 0.2), corresponding to inadequate lubrication, the maximum shear stress increased by a factor of four and was found to be located at the surface. The analysis predicts that the mode of failure will be at the interface with the substrate under fluid film or mixed lubrication conditions and at the articulating surface when the bearing runs dry with higher levels of friction. Both failure modes have been observed experimentally under the conditions specified.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1998

Diamond coated total hip replacements.

Diamond has many superior, desired characteristics of implant materials such as low friction, high wear and corrosion resistance, and well bonding surface to bone. The potential of diamond for total hip replacement implants was studied in the form of amorphous diamond coatings on conventional metal implant materials. Amorphous diamond coatings (sp3 bonding fraction 80%, thickness 0.2 to 10 microns) were deposited on stainless steel AISI316L, Ti6A14V, and CoCrMo alloys using filtered pulsed plasma are discharge method. Superior attachment of coatings to the implant materials was achieved by using high energy plasma beams to deposit amorphous diamond and proper intermediate layers. Previously it was shown that these coatings are biocompatible causing no local tissue reactions. Tribologic studies using a pin on disk apparatus with coated or uncoated implant materials in 1 wt.% NaCl distilled water were performed. A simplified hip joint simulator was used for preliminary testing of metal on polyethylene and metal on metal artificial hip joints modified with amorphous diamond coating. The average coefficients of friction were typically in the range of 0.03 to 0.11 for amorphous diamond coated materials. In the case of metal on metal hip implants, the average friction during initial running in period was improved (coefficient of friction = 0.07) compared with the same metal on metal pair (coefficient of friction = 0.22) and sliding was significantly smoother. In pin on disk wear tests, the average wear factors obtained were 140.10(-6), 5.0.10(-6), and << 0.1.10(-6) mm3/Nm for the pairs of AISI316L, CoCrMo, and the same materials with amorphous diamond coating. The corrosion rates of these implant materials in 10 wt.% HCl solution were decreased by a factor of 10,000 to 15,000 and any damage of the coatings was not observed in 6 months. The results of the tests show that in all the combinations studied, amorphous diamond coating improved definitely the wear and corrosion resistance compared with the uncoated materials.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1993

Effect of solvent on collective motions in globular protein.

Two molecular dynamics simulations on bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), have been made, one in vacuum, the other in water, in order to assess the effect of the solvent water on collective motions. Principal component analysis has been performed to determine collective modes, the principal components, which are assumed to behave as effectively independent harmonic oscillators. Projection of the protein's motion in water onto the plane defined by the first two principal components shows a clustering effect in the trajectory, absent in the vacuum trajectory. This is thought to be due to many local minima in the free energy surface caused by solute-solvent interactions. In order to assess the viscous effect of the solvent, friction coefficients for the principal components were determined by analyzing their velocity correlation functions in terms of the Langevin equation for an independent damped oscillator. Consistent with this analysis is that all modes have friction coefficients centered on the value of 47 cm-1 in a range of +/- 10 cm-1. With this friction coefficient, all modes of effective frequencies below 23.5 cm-1 display overdamped motion. By assuming the harmonic approximation for the conformational energy surface for BPTI in vacuum to be valid for BPTI in water, and treating each mode as an independent damped oscillator with a friction coefficient of 47 cm-1, the shift to higher frequencies in the water spectrum relative to the vacuum spectrum could be almost exactly reproduced, indicating this shift is due solely to the viscous effect of the solvent. By analyzing the time correlation functions of the first four principal components it is found that they can be very well described as independent damped oscillators each with a friction coefficient of 47 cm-1.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The functional width of the dentino-enamel junction determined by AFM-based nanoscratching.

The dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) constitutes a structurally unique interphase uniting two mineralized tissues with very different matrix composition and physical properties. Its excellent biomechanical properties have drawn interest as a biomimetic model for joining dissimilar materials. In order to characterize the functional width of the DEJ, nanoscratching experiments were performed on human third molars. Friction coefficients of enamel, of dentin, and at the DEJ were obtained with a nanoscratch tester attached to an atomic force microscope (AFM). Normal loads in the range of 50 to 600 microN were applied to a spherical diamond indenter (r = 10 microm), which was driven 10 microm across the sample surface, recording the lateral force. Imaging with an AFM facilitated exact positioning of the scratches. The friction coefficient of intertubular dentin was 0.31 +/- 0.05, significantly above the coefficient of enamel of 0.14 +/- 0.02. The increased friction of dentin is attributed to the higher content of organic phases. Scratches performed across the interphase between enamel and dentin showed a sharp monotonic change in the friction coefficient. The average width of the slope between the friction coefficients of dentin and enamel was 2.0 +/- 1.1 microm and is assumed to represent the functional width of the dentino-enamel junction. The effect of the scalloped structure of the DEJ on its functional width as determined by mechanical testing is discussed.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1993

Intermolecular forces between the motor protein and the filament.

Intermolecular forces between motor proteins and filaments were evaluated on the basis of the experimental data of an in vitro motility assay by considering the molecular friction in the movement system. The molecular friction was caused by a different mechanism from that of the hydrodynamic drag. However, the molecular frictional forces apparently gave the same expression as the hydrodynamic frictional forces. The resulting equation was very effective in examining the physical properties of the weak interaction in the dynein-microtubules system from basic experiments carried out by Vale et al. (1989). From careful analysis of their experimental data, it was concluded that the hydrodynamic friction was not dominant, even in the weak binding state. The electrostatic interaction between dynein-heads and microtubules in the weak binding state was analyzed by applying the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verway-Overbeek) theory in colloid science through the ionic dependence of one-dimensional diffusion. The interacting distance between charges which took part in the weak adhesion was estimated to be 3 nm. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of the sliding velocity was also investigated for the myosin-actin filaments and the kinesin-microtubules systems by fitting the ATP-dependence and the ionic dependence in ATP-driven active sliding.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

High frequency characteristics of elasticity of skeletal muscle fibres kept in relaxed and rigor state.

The viscoelastic properties of crossbridges in rigor state are studied by means of application of small length changes, completed within 30 microseconds, to isometric skinned fibre segments of the iliofibularis muscle of the frog in relaxed and rigor state and measurement of the tension response. Results are expressed as a complex Young's modulus, the real part of which denotes normalized stiffness, while the imaginary part denotes normalized viscous mechanical impedance. Young's modulus was examined over a wide frequency range varying from 5 Hz up to 50 kHz. Young's modulus can be interpreted in terms of stiffness and viscous friction of the half-sarcomere or in terms of elastic changes in tension and recovery upon a step length change. The viscoelastic properties of half-sarcomeres of muscle fibre segments in rigor state showed strong resemblance to those of activated fibres in that shortening a muscle fibre in rigor state resulted in an immediate drop in tension, after which half of the drop in tension was recovered. The following slower phases of tension recovery--a subsequent drop in tension and slow completion of tension recovery--as seen in the activated state, do not occur in rigor state. The magnitude of Young's moduli of fibres in rigor state generally decreased from a value of 3.12 x 10(7) N m-2 at 40 kHz to 1.61 x 10(7) N m-2 at about 100 Hz. Effects of increased viscosity of the incubation medium, decreased interfilament distance in the relaxed state and variation of rigor tension upon frequency dependence of complex Young's modulus have been investigated. Variation of tension of crossbridges in rigor state influenced to some extent the frequency dependence of the Young's modulus. Recovery in relaxed state is not dependent on the viscosity of the medium. Recovery in rigor is slowed down at raised viscosity of the incubation medium, but less than half the amount expected if viscosity of the medium would be the cause of internal friction of the half-sarcomere. Internal friction of the half-sarcomere in the relaxed fibre at the same interfilament distance as in rigor is different from internal friction in rigor. It will be concluded that time necessary for recovery in rigor cannot be explained by friction due to the incubation medium. Instead, recovery in rigor expressed by the frequency dependence of the Young's modulus has to be due to intrinsic properties of crossbridges. These intrinsic properties can be explained by the occurrence of state transitions of crossbridges in rigor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Actomyosin↗
PubMed1999

Electrokinetic properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane obtained from reconstitution studies.

Electrophoretic mobility data of SR vesicles reconstituted with uncharged and two mixtures of charged and uncharged lipids (Brethes, D., Dulon, D., Johannin, G., Arrio, B., Gulik-Krzywicki, T., Chevallier, J. 1986. Study of the electrokinetic properties of reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 246:355-356) were analyzed in terms of four models of the membrane-water interface: (I) a smooth, negatively charged surface; (II) a negatively charged surface of lipid bilayer covered with an electrically neutral surface frictional layer; (III) an electrically neutral lipid bilayer covered with a neutral frictional layer containing a sheet of negative charge at some distance above the surface of the bilayer; (IV) an electrically neutral lipid bilayer covered with a homogeneously charged frictional layer. The electrophoretic mobility was predicted from the numerical integration of Poisson-Boltzmann and Navier-Stokes equations. Experimental results were consistent only with predictions based on Model-III with charged sheet about 4 nm above the bilayer and frictional layer about 10 nm thick. Assuming that the charge of the SR membrane is solely due to that on Ca++-ATPase pumps, the dominant SR protein, the mobility data of SR and reconstituted SR vesicles are consistent with 12 electron charges/ATPase. This value compares well to the net charge of the cytoplasmic portion of ATPase estimated from the amino acid sequence (-11e). The position of the charged sheet suggests that the charge on the ATPase is concentrated in the middle of the cytoplasmic portion. The frictional layer of SR can be also assigned to the cytoplasmic portion of Ca++-ATPase. The layer has been characterized with hydrodynamic shielding length of 1. 1 nm. Its thickness is comparable to the height of the cytoplasmic portion of Ca++-ATPase.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between the conformity and the lubricating ability of synovial joints.

OBJECTIVE: To relate conformity of sliding surfaces with the lubricating ability of synovial joints. DESIGN: Measurement of start-up friction in the stifles of various animals. Assessment of conformity by Hertzian contact area. BACKGROUND: Past studies showed that the start-up friction in synovial joints sharply increased with the loading duration. The reasons why the friction increased and why the increasing rate is different in different joints were, however, not found. METHODS: Nine stifle joints from various animals were used. A robotic arm was used to give the compressive force and the sliding motion to the joint. Start-up friction was measured by a universal force sensor. The principal curvatures of the sliding surfaces were directly measured by a radius-gauge. Hertzian contact area was calculated from the principal curvatures of the sliding surfaces. RESULTS: The duration until the frictional coefficient reached 0.1 was related to the Hertzian contact area. CONCLUSION: The conformity of sliding surfaces is related to the lubrication ability in synovial joints. The squeeze-film mechanism plays an important role in joint lubrication.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Investigation of nanotribological properties of self-assembled monolayers with alkyl and biphenyl spacer chains (invited).

Understanding the relationships between molecular structure and nanotribological performance of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are quite important for molecular tailoring for efficient lubrication. For this purpose, SAMs, having alkyl and biphenyl spacer chains with different surface terminal groups (-CH3, -COOH, and -OH), and head groups (-SH and -OH), were prepared. The influence of spacer chains, surface terminal groups, and head groups on adhesion, friction and wear properties were investigated by contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The relative stiffness of SAMs was determined by force modulation mode AFM and indentation experiments using load-displacement curves. The friction properties of SAMs are explained using a molecular spring model in which local stiffness governs the friction properties. Micropatterned SAMs specimen were fabricated and studied to verify the molecular spring model. The influence of relative humidity, temperature and velocity on adhesion and friction was studied. The failure mechanisms of SAMs and substrates were investigated by wear and continuous microscratch AFM technique. Based on these studies, the adhesion, friction and wear mechanisms of SAMs at molecular scale are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nanotribological characterization of molecularly thick lubricant films for applications to MEMS/NEMS by AFM.

Molecularly thick perfluoropolyether (PFPE) films are considered to be good protective films for micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) to reduce stiction, friction, and improve their durability. Understanding the nanotribological performance and mechanisms of these films are quite important for efficient lubrication for MEMS/NEMS devices. These devices are used in various operating environments and their effect on friction, adhesion and durability needs to be clarified. For this purpose, mobile and chemically bonded PFPE films were deposited by dip coating technique. The friction and adhesion properties of these films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of rest time, velocity, relative humidity, and temperature on nanotribological properties of these films was studied. Durability of these films was also measured by repeated cycling tests. The adhesion, friction mechanisms of PFPE at molecular scale, and the mechanisms of the effect of operating environment and durability are subject of this paper. This study found that adsorption of water, formation of meniscus and its change during sliding, viscosity, and surface chemistry properties play a big role on the friction, adhesion, and durability of the lubricant films.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

An in vitro comparison of the motion behavior of different bipolar endoprostheses.

The relative motion of 3 different bipolar endoprostheses was evaluated in vitro. A paired fresh acetabulum was frozen at 0 degrees C and defrosted 12 hours before the experiment. Three bipolar endoprostheses were evaluated: UNIQHIP system (United Orthopedics), UHR system (Osteonics), and AML system (Depuy). The surface roughness and spherical roundness of outer shells and inner heads of the bipolar prostheses were measured before the experiments. The acetabulum and outer shell of the bipolar prostheses were fixed on a Bionix 858 material testing system axially by separate fixation tools. The axial load of 1,400 N and 2,800 N was than applied on the specimen. The axis was rotated from 0 degrees to 90 degrees at the speed of 1 degree/s. All 3 outer shells were tested to this paired acetabulum randomly and separately. The frictional torque on the outer bearing surface of the different prostheses was recorded by the material testing system. The frictional torque on the inner bearing surface was also measured by the same procedure as was done for the outer bearing. The final results were statistically compared by the 1-way analysis of variance test method. Bipolar prostheses of the UHR system showed the largest frictional torque on outer bearing when it was loaded with 1,400 N and 2,800 N. The final results showed that all the bipolar prostheses had ideal motion behavior when functioning under the loading of 1,400 N. The frictional torque on the inner bearing was found to be larger than the frictional torque on the outer bearing in some prostheses when the loading was increased to 2,800 N. Thus, the bipolar endoprostheses functioned as unipolar prostheses. The only relative motion remained between the outer bearing surface and the acetabulum. This effect causes complications, such as implant protrusion in the acetabulum.

Hip Prosthesis↗
PubMed2005

Enhanced lubricity in mixed alkanethiol monolayers.

The frictional properties of two-component mixed alkanethiol monolayers were investigated with frictional force microscopy. With large chain length differences, the two types of molecules segregated into large islands and reveal similar frictional properties as those of single-component monolayers. With small chain length differences, the completely mixed monolayers display a decreased friction as compared with single-component monolayers. This observation indicates that development of gauche kinks in the top portion of the mixed monolayers can enhance lubrication rather than increase friction, perhaps due to suppression of other energy dissipation channels.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Non-electrostatic factors govern the hydrodynamic properties of articular cartilage proteoglycan.

The hydrodynamic frictional resistance to water flow exerted by articular cartilage proteoglycan is shown to be similar to that of proteoglycan isolated from Swarm rat chondrosarcoma, and independent of the state of aggregation of the proteoglycan. Frictional resistance is dependent, however, on the chain segments of the constituent chondroitin-sulphate and keratan-sulphate chains of the proteoglycan. Frictional resistance offered by chondroitin sulphate was independent of pH over the range 3.2-8.7. This confirms previous studies, associated with varying ionic strength and chemical modification of ionic groups of chondroitin sulphate, which showed that the frictional resistance offered by this molecule is independent of electrostatic factors. Water-structure-breaking and hydrogen-bond-breaking solvents were also without major effects on the flow resistance offered by chondroitin sulphate. An overall secondary structure of chondroitin sulphate was not evident, as it showed no significant difference to dextran in terms of its temperature dependence of relative viscosity. Local regions of rigid secondary structure, as manifested through inter-residue hydrogen bonding between sugar residues, is likely to control flow resistance as periodate-oxidized chondroitin sulphate and periodate-oxidized and reduced preparations showed a significant decrease in their frictional resistance to water.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Contact forces at the sliding interface: mixed versus pure model alkane monolayers.

Classical molecular dynamics simulations of an amorphous carbon tip sliding against monolayers of n-alkane chains are presented. The tribological behavior of tightly packed, pure monolayers composed of chains containing 14 carbon atoms is compared to mixed monolayers that randomly combine equal amounts of 12- and 16-carbon-atom chains. When sliding in the direction of chain cant under repulsive (positive) loads, pure monolayers consistently show lower friction than mixed monolayers. The distribution of contact forces between individual monolayer chain groups and the tip shows pure and mixed monolayers resist tip motion similarly. In contrast, the contact forces "pushing" the tip along differ in the two monolayers. The pure monolayers exhibit a high level of symmetry between resisting and pushing forces which results in a lower net friction. Both systems exhibit a marked friction anisotropy. The contact force distribution changes dramatically as a result of the change in sliding direction, resulting in an increase in friction. Upon continued sliding in the direction perpendicular to chain cant, both types of monolayers are often capable of transitioning to a state where the chains are primarily oriented with the cant along the sliding direction. A large change in the distribution of contact forces and a reduction in friction accompany this transition.

Journal Article↗